scholarly journals The geometry of the representation of decision variable and stimulus difficulty in the parietal cortex

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gouki Okazawa ◽  
Christina E. Hatch ◽  
Allan Mancoo ◽  
Christian K. Machens ◽  
Roozbeh Kiani
Keyword(s):  
Decision Variable ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Task Context ◽  
Firing Rates ◽  
Neural Ensembles ◽  
Decision Variables ◽  
Action Representations ◽  
Opposite Response ◽  
And Task

SummaryLateral intraparietal (LIP) neurons represent formation of perceptual decisions involving eye movements. In circuit models for these decisions, neural ensembles that encode actions compete to form decisions. Consequently, decision variables (DVs) are represented as partially potentiated action plans, where ensembles increase their average responses for stronger evidence supporting their preferred actions. As another consequence, DV representation and readout are implemented similarly for decisions with identical competing actions, irrespective of input and task context differences. Here, we challenge those core principles using a novel face-discrimination task, where LIP firing rates decrease with supporting evidence, contrary to conventional motion-discrimination tasks. These opposite response patterns arise from similar mechanisms in which decisions form along curved population-response manifolds misaligned with action representations. These manifolds rotate in state space based on task context, necessitating distinct readouts. We show similar manifolds in lateral and medial prefrontal cortices, suggesting a ubiquitous representational geometry across decision-making circuits.

Effects of payoff and task context on academic risk taking.

1991 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret M. Clifford ◽  
Fen-chang Chou
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Task Context ◽  
Academic Risk ◽  
And Task

scholarly journals Religiosity in The Decision to Use Islamic Banking Products

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-225
Author(s):  
Indra Kurniawan
Keyword(s):  
Significant Influence ◽  
Joint Effect ◽  
Islamic Banking ◽  
Decision Variable ◽  
Decision Variables

This study aims to examine the effect of religiosity on decisions to use Islamic banking products; whether there is an influence between the facilities on the decision to use Islamic banking products; whether there is an influence between knowledge on the decision to use Islamic banking products; and whether there is an influence between promotion on the decision to use Islamic banking products. Based on the results of research and discussion, it can be concluded. First, religiosity does not have a significant effect on the variables of customer decisions in using banking products. Second, the facility has a significant influence on the customer's decision variable in using Islamic banking products. Third, knowledge has a significant influence on customer decision variables in using Islamic banking products. Fourth, the promotion has a significant influence on customer decision variables in using Islamic banking products. Fifth, religiosity does not affect, while facilities, knowledge, and promotions have a joint effect on customer decisions in using sharia banking products at BNI Syariah.

scholarly journals OPTIMIZATION OF B-SERIES PROPELLER DESIGN AS KCR 60 PROPULSOR TO ACHIEVE OPTIMAL PERFORMANCE USING MATHEMATICAL MODEL

JOURNAL ASRO ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Akhmat Nuryadin ◽  
Abdul Rahman ◽  
Cahyanto Cahyanto
Keyword(s):  
Objective Function ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Diameter Ratio ◽  
Decision Variable ◽  
Propeller Design ◽  
A Value ◽  
Decision Variables ◽  
Blade Area ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
Constraint Variable

The process of designing a propeller as a ship propulsor is an important step to produce a propeller that has the ability to achieve the desired target speed of the ship. Propeller optimization is an effort to produce a propeller design with optimal capabilities. This propeller design uses a B-series propeller where this propeller is commonly used as ship propulsor. Optimization steps to find the optimal propeller, namely: determining the objective function, determining the decision variable, and determining the constraint variable. The objective function of this optimization is to determine the Advanced-optimal (J-opt) coefficient value for the propeller. The J-opt coefficient must have a value greater than the J-Design coefficient (J-d) value and the smallest possible value (minimization function). For decision variables include picth diameter ratio (P / D) and Blade area ratio (Ae / Ao) and number of leaves (Z). While the constraint variables are: the pitch diameter ratio value of the B-series propeller (0.5≤P/D≤1.4), the blade area ratio B-series (0.3≤Ae/Ao≤1, 05) as well as the number of blade (2≤Z≤7). From the calculation results of the optimization of the B-series propeller design for the KCR 60, the optimum value is different for each blade. the propeller with the number of blade 2 (Z = 2) obtained the optimum propeller with the value of J-opt =0.77098733, Ae/Ao=0.3, P/D=1.13162337, KT = 0.165632781, 10KQ=0, 27546033 and efficiency=0.73198988. Popeller with number of blades 3 (Z=3) obtained optimum propeller with J-opt value=0.77755594, Ae/Ao=0.3, P/D=1.06370107, KT=0.168069763, 10KQ=0.28984068 and efficiency=0.70590799. Propeller with number of blades 4 (Z=4) obtained optimum propeller with J-opt value=0.78478688, Ae/Ao=0.45954773, P/D=1.03798312, Kt=0.172147709, 10Kq= 0.3091063 and efficiency=0.67797119. Propeller with blades number 5(Z=5) obtained optimum propeller with J-opt value=0.78575616, Ae/Ao=0.65607164, P/D=1.02716571, KT=0.174099168, 10KQ=0.31376705 and efficiency=0.67547177. Propeller with blades number 6 (z=6) obtained optimum propeller with J-opt value=0.78867357, Ae/Ao=0.71124343, P/D=1.0185055, KT=0.176525247, 10KQ=0.32215257 and efficiency =0.66705719. Propeller with number of blades 7 (Z=7) obtained optimum propeller with J-opt value=0.7949898, Ae/Ao=0.69772623, P/D=1.01780081, KT=0.181054792, KQ=0.34011349 , and efficiency =0.64804328.Keywords : KCR, Optimization,Wageningen B-series.

Qualitative simulation of organization quality specific immune decision-making of manufacturing enterprises based on QSIM algorithm simulation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Qiang Liu ◽  
Xiaoli Qu ◽  
Danyu Zhao ◽  
Yu Guo
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Simulation Method ◽  
Engineering Management ◽  
Decision Variable ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
Qualitative Simulation ◽  
Manufacturing Enterprises ◽  
Decision Variables ◽  
Organization Quality ◽  
Simulation Results

Quality is the core of the enterprise, strengthening organization quality specific immune is the key channel. Organization quality specific immune belongs to science and engineering management field, QSIM qualitative simulation method that refer to computational simulation algorithm is widely used in the science and engineering management field, QSIM qualitative simulation method can solve science and engineering management issues effectively. In this study, qualitative simulation QSIM theory is used to analyze and reason the organization quality specific immune decision of manufacturing enterprises. Combined with the pressure-state-response framework, the management mechanism of organization quality specific immune is analyzed according to state variables, decision variables, system variables and environment variables, and further the qualitative simulation rules for organization quality specific immune decision-making are set according to the causal relationships among variables of organization quality specific immune. This study sets organization quality monitor, organization quality defense and organization quality memory as the decision variables, uses QSIM algorithm for simulating organization quality specific immune decision-making reasoning, compares with the influences of single decision variable and multi-decision variables on organization quality specific immune system through simulation results. Simulation results indicate that QSIM algorithm simulation can be used to simulate and reason organization quality specific immune decision-making in order to help manufacturing enterprises reasonably enhance organization quality specific immune performance and quality performance through three decision variables of organization quality monitor, organization quality defense and organization quality memory. The simulation results will provide new revelation for organization quality specific immune decision-making of manufacturing enterprises.

scholarly journals Harvest scheduling with spatial aggregation for two and three strip cut system under shelterwood management

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 271-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Konoshima ◽  
R. Marušák ◽  
A. Yoshimoto
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Aggregation ◽  
Decision Variable ◽  
Scheduling Problem ◽  
Harvest Scheduling ◽  
Aggregation Method ◽  
Management Units ◽  
Decision Variables ◽  
Optimal Harvest ◽  
Cutting System ◽  
Sequential Cuts

We propose a spatial aggregation method to solve an optimal harvest scheduling problem for strip shelterwood management. Strip shelterwood management involves either a two-cut system with a preparatory-removal cut cycle, or a three-cut system with a preparatory-establishment-removal cut cycle. In this study we consider these connected sequential cuts as one decision variable, then employ conventional adjacency constraints to seek the best combination of sequential cuts over space and time. Conventional adjacency constraints exclude any spatially-overlapped strips in the decision variables. Our results show the proposed approach can be used to analyze a strip shelterwood cutting system that requires "connectivity" of management units.

scholarly journals Routing for Hazardous Materials Transportation in Urban Areas

Symmetry ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhang ◽  
Feng ◽  
Yang ◽  
Ding
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Hazardous Materials ◽  
Work Load ◽  
Decision Variable ◽  
Daily Production ◽  
Hazardous Materials Transportation ◽  
Decision Variables ◽  
Hazmat Transportation ◽  
Local Risk

Hazardous materials (HAZMAT) are important for daily production in cities, which usually have a high population. To avoid the threat to public safety and security, the routes for HAZMAT transportation should be planned legitimately by mitigating the maximum risk to population centers. For the objective of min-max local risk in urban areas, this study has newly proposed an optimization model where the service of a link for HAZMAT transportation was taken as the key decision variable. Correspondingly, the symmetric problem of min-max optimization takes significant meanings. Moreover, in consideration of the work load of solving the model under a lot of decision variables, a heuristic algorithm was developed to obtain an optimal solution. Thereafter, a case study was made to test the proposed model and algorithm, and the results were compared with those generated by deterministic solving approaches. In addition, this research is able to be an effective reference for authorities on the management of HAZMAT transportation in urban areas.

scholarly journals The effects of age and task context on Stroop task performance

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 514-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon A. Mutter ◽  
Jenniffer C. Naylor ◽  
Emily R. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Stroop Task ◽  
Task Context ◽  
And Task

Direct Solution of Fuzzy Project Crashing Problem with Fuzzy Decision Variables using Tabu Search and Simulated Annealing Algorithms

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tolunay Göçken
Keyword(s):  
Simulated Annealing ◽  
Tabu Search ◽  
Normal Activity ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
Decision Variable ◽  
Fuzzy Decision ◽  
Project Duration ◽  
Decision Variables ◽  
Important Field ◽  
Annealing Algorithms

Project management is a very important field employed for scheduling activities and monitoring the progress, in competitive and fluctuating environments. Project crashing analysis is concerned with shortening the project duration time by accelerating some of its activities at an additional cost. In reality, because of uncertain environment conditions there can be ambiguity in the parameters of the problem. The uncertainty in the parameters can be modeled via fuzzy set theory. Using fuzzy models give the chance of better project scheduling with more stability under uncertain environmental factors. In this study, a fuzzy project crashing problem with fuzzy decision variable - occurrence time of events - and fuzzy normal activity duration times is handled. The fuzzy project crashing problem is solved without any transformation process by employing a fuzzy ranking method and the tabu search and simulated annealing algorithms.

Task Context and Frontal Lobe Activation in the Stroop Task

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 867-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darlene Floden ◽  
Antonino Vallesi ◽  
Donald T. Stuss
Keyword(s):  
Stroop Task ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Task Context ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Task

The ability to step outside a routine—to select a new response over a habitual one—is a cardinal function of the frontal lobes. A large body of neuroimaging work now exists pointing to increased activation within the anterior cingulate when stimuli evoke competing responses (incongruent trials) relative to when responses converge (congruent trials). However, lesion evidence that the ACC is necessary in this situation is inconsistent. We hypothesized that this may be a consequence of different task procedures (context) used in lesion and neuroimaging studies. The present study attempted to reconcile the lesion and the fMRI findings by having subjects perform clinical and experimental versions of the Stroop task during BOLD fMRI acquisition. We examined the relationship of brain activation patterns, specifically within the anterior cingulate and left dorsolateral frontal regions, to congruent and incongruent trial types in different task presentations or contexts. The results confirmed our hypothesis that ACC activity is relatively specific to unblocked–uncued incongruent Stroop conditions that have not been used in large neuropsychological studies. Moreover, the size of the behavioral Stroop interference effect was significantly correlated with activity in ACC and left dorsolateral regions, although in different directions. The current results are discussed in terms of previous proposals for the functional roles of these regions in activating, monitoring, and task setting, and the relation of these findings to the disparate reports in recent case series is considered.

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