Crop modeling defines opportunities and challenges for drought escape, water capture, and yield increase using chilling-tolerant sorghum

ABSTRACTMany crop species, particularly those of tropical origin, are chilling sensitive so improved chilling tolerance can enhance production of these crops in temperate regions. For the cereal crop sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) early planting and chilling tolerance have been investigated for >50 years, but the potential value or tradeoffs of this genotype × management change has not been formally evaluated with modeling. To assess the potential of early-planted chilling-tolerant grain sorghum in the central US sorghum belt, we conducted CERES-Sorghum simulations and characterized scenarios under which this change would be expected to enhance (or diminish) drought escape, water capture, or yield. We conducted crop growth modeling for a full- and short-season hybrids under rainfed systems that were simulated to be planted in early (mid-April), normal (mid-May), and late (mid-June) planting dates from 1986 to 2015 in four locations in Kansas representative of the central US sorghum belt. Simulations indicated that early planting will generally lead to lower initial soil moisture, longer growing periods, and higher evapotranspiration. Early planting is expected to extend the growing period by 20% for short- or full-season hybrids, reduce evaporation during fallow periods, and increase plant transpiration in the two-thirds of years with the highest precipitation (mean > 428 mm), leading to 11% and 7% increase grain yield for short- and full-season hybrids, respectively. Thus, in this major sorghum growing region early planting could reduce risks of terminal droughts, extend seasons, and increase rotation options, suggesting that further development of chilling tolerant hybrids is warranted.

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Nitrogen Demand of Cut Chrysanthemums in Relation to Shoot Height and Planting Date

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.523c ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 523c-523

Author(s):

Siegfried Zerche

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Plant Density ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

N Uptake ◽

Planting Date ◽

Dry Matter Accumulation ◽

Planting Dates ◽

Shoot Height ◽

Climate Conditions ◽

Growing Period

Refined nutrient delivery systems are important for environmentally friendly production of cut flowers in both soil and hydroponic culture. They have to be closely orientated at the actual nutrient demand. To solve current problems, express analysis and nutrient uptake models have been developed in horticulture. However, the necessity of relatively laborious analysis or estimation of model input parameters have prevented their commercial use up to now. For this reason, we studied relationships between easily determinable parameters of plant biomass structure as shoot height, plant density and dry matter production as well as amount of nitrogen removal of hydroponically grown year-round cut chrysanthemums. In four experiments (planting dates 5.11.91; 25.3.92; 4.1.93; 1.7.93) with cultivar `Puma white' and a fixed plant density of 64 m2, shoots were harvested every 14 days from planting until flowering, with dry matter, internal N concentration and shoot height being measured. For each planting date, N uptake (y) was closely (r2 = 0.94; 0.93; 0.84; 0.93, respectively) related to shoot height (x) at the time of cutting and could be characterized by the equation y = a * × b. In the soilless cultivation system, dry matter concentrations of N remained constant over the whole growing period, indicating non-limiting nitrogen supply. In agreement with constant internal N concentrations, N uptake was linearly related (r2 = 0.94 to 0.99) to dry matter accumulation. It is concluded that shoot height is a useful parameter to include in a simple model of N uptake. However, in consideration of fluctuating greenhouse climate conditions needs more sophisticated approaches including processes such as water uptake and photosynthetically active radiation.

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Crop modeling defines opportunities and challenges for drought escape, water capture, and yield increase using chilling‐tolerant sorghum

Plant Direct ◽

10.1002/pld3.349 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (9) ◽

Author(s):

Rubí Raymundo ◽

Sarah Sexton‐Bowser ◽

Ignacio A. Ciampitti ◽

Geoffrey P. Morris

Keyword(s):

Crop Modeling ◽

Yield Increase

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Influence of farmers' knowledge of climate change on production of citrus and tomato in Nigeria

South African Journal of Agricultural Extension (SAJAE) ◽

10.17159/2413-3221/2020/v48n2a539 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

Author(s):

O. Adebisi-Adelani ◽

M. Akeredolu

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Value Chain ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Structured Interview ◽

Adaptation Strategies ◽

Planting Dates ◽

Horticultural Crops ◽

Pests And Diseases ◽

Growing Period

ABSTRACT Production is the basis of value-chain which is a key factor in Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA) in Nigeria. Thus, for successful production of horticultural crops the importance of climate cannot be overemphasized. Therefore, in this era of climate change there is the need to study farmers' knowledge of climate change and their production level. The study was carried out in Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was used to arrive at a study population of 441 tomato and citrus farmers. Data were collected using Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), structured interview schedule and secondary data (FAOSTAT). It was analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentage and pie charts) and inferential statistics (Pearson Product Moment Correlation). There existed no significant relationship between knowledge level of respondents and change in production of both crops. The reason for this could be that no matter what the level of knowledge one may have on the subject of climate change it does not have anything to do with production, adaptation strategies is the key. Citrus and tomato farmers' adaptation strategies to climate change includes among others crop management, use of varieties resistant to pests and diseases, altering the timing or location of cropping activities, different planting dates and shortened length of growing period. In conclusion climate change has affected the production of horticultural crops therefore for ATA to have a good footing there is the need to focus on the adaptation strategies that can combat the effect of climatic changes. Key words: Horticultural crops, Horticultural farmers, Climate, Production, Knowledge,

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Copper fertilizer practices in Manitoba

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/p06-064 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 86 (4) ◽

pp. 1139-1152 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

T. B. Goh ◽

R. E. Karamanos

Keyword(s):

Management Practices ◽

Water Solubility ◽

Crop Species ◽

Side Band ◽

Yield Increase ◽

Cu Deficiency ◽

Series Of Experiments ◽

Chamber Studies ◽

Growth Chamber Studies ◽

Low Solubility

Soil testing criteria for copper (Cu) in Manitoba were established in the mid-1980s and were primarily based on growth chamber studies for a range of crop species. A multitude of Cu products and fertilizer placement methods are practiced with insufficient research in support of them. Hence, we attempted to develop agronomic and economic Cu fertilizer management practices for soils of Manitoba through a series of experiments for crop species at two locations with DTPA-extractable Cu levels of 0.12 and 0.25 mg kg-1 soil, respectively. These experiments involved broadcast and incorporation of CuSO4·5H2O (25% Cu), CuEDTA (7% Cu), and a low (<1%) and a high (>60%) water solubility Cu oxysulphate (12.5 and 12% Cu, respectively). Four rates of side-banded liquid CuEDTA (0, 0.28, 0.56 or 1.12 kg Cu ha-1) or seedrow-placed granular products (0, 1.12, 2.24 and 4.48 kg ha-1) as above, were either superimposed or were compared directly with broadcast and incorporation of the same rates. This study confirmed that DTPA extractable Cu levels of less 0.2 mg kg-1 soil are deficient, whereas DTPA-extractable Cu levels of greater than 0.2, but less than 0.4 mg kg-1 are marginal. Broadcast and incorporation of CuSO4·5H2O at rates as low as 2 kg Cu ha-1 or side banding of 0.28 to 0.56 kg Cu ha-1 of liquid CuEDTA provide maximum economic grain yield increases in soils with either deficient or marginal Cu levels. Seedrow applied granular Cu products may provide a maximum agronomic and economic yield increase only in soils with marginal soil Cu levels. Low solubility Cu products do not correct Cu deficiency, whereas CuEDTA, although agronomically equal to CuSO4·5H2O and high solubility oxysulphates, may have a disadvantage due to its high cost. Key words: Deficient, marginal, sulphate, oxysulphate, chelate, seedrow, side band, broadcast

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Response of soya beans to planting date in south-eastern Queensland. II.* Vegetative and reproductive development

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9740723 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 25 (5) ◽

pp. 723 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

RJ Lawn ◽

DE Byth

Keyword(s):

Seed Yield ◽

Vegetative Growth ◽

Growth Period ◽

Reproductive Development ◽

Planting Date ◽

Biological Efficiency ◽

Vegetative Development ◽

Planting Dates ◽

Growing Period ◽

Seed Yields

Vegetative and reproductive development of a range of soya bean cultivars was studied over a series of planting dates in both hill plots and row culture at Redland Bay, Qld. Responses in the extent of vegetative and reproductive development were related to changes in the phasic developmental patterns. The duration and extent of vegetative development for the various cultivar-planting date combinations were closely associated with the length of the period from planting to the cessation of flowering. Thus, vegetative growth was greatest for those planting dates which resulted in a delay in flowering and/or extended the flowering phase. Similarly, genetic lateness of maturity among cultivars was associated with more extensive vegetative development. Seed yield per unit area increased within each cultivar as the length of the growing period was extended until sufficient vegetative growth occurred to allow the formation of closed canopies under the particular agronomic conditions imposed. Further increases in the length of the period of vegetative growth failed to increase seed yield, and in some cases seed yields were actually reduced. Biological efficiency of seed production (BE) was negatively correlated with the length of the vegetative growth period. Differences in BE among cultivar-planting date combinations were large. It is suggested that maximization of seed yield will necessitate an optimum compromise between the degree of vegetative development and BE. Optimum plant arrangement will therefore vary, depending on the particular cultivar-planting date combination. ___________________ \*Part I, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 24: 67 (1973).

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Early Planting Dates Maximize Soybean Yield in Kentucky

cftm ◽

10.2134/cftm2018.10.0085 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 180085

Author(s):

Carrie Knott ◽

James Herbek ◽

John James

Keyword(s):

Planting Dates ◽

Soybean Yield ◽

Early Planting

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Effects of phosphorus deficiency and recovery fertilization on growth, mineral concentration, and ultrastructure of Scots pine needles

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x94-317 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 24 (12) ◽

pp. 2459-2468 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

V. Palomäki ◽

T. Holopainen

Keyword(s):

Scots Pine ◽

Phosphorus Deficiency ◽

Ultrastructural Level ◽

First Year ◽

Mineral Concentration ◽

Growing Period ◽

Recovery Treatment ◽

Further Development ◽

Complete Nutrient Solution ◽

Nutrient Solutions

During the first year of a 2-year field experiment (1989–1990), 3-year-old Scots pine (Pinussylvestris L.) seedlings were watered with phosphorus-deficient nutrient solutions containing no phosphorus (0%) or 30% of the optimal phosphorus supply. A complete nutrient solution was used as the control. In the second growing period, the seedlings were divided into two groups, a deficiency and a recovery treatment, to follow the further development of, and recovery from, symptoms. Phosphorus contents in both current- and previous-year needles in both deficiency groups decreased clearly during the first growing period. Limited growth was observed at both deficiency levels after 10 weeks of treatment. The first ultrastructural symptom, swelling of cristae and subsequent dilatation of whole mitochondria, was observed after 16 weeks of treatment in the current-year needles. In addition to this symptom, the previous-year needles had an increase in the number and translucency of plastoglobuli, a decrease of granum thylakoids, and an increase in the density of the stroma in chloroplasts. After the second growing period, the same changes were observable in the phosphorus-deficient seedlings. In the young needles grown during the recovery fertilization period, slight swelling of mitochondria was detected and recovery of the previous-year needles was not complete. The results of this experiment suggest that the swelling of mitochondria is a characteristic symptom of phosphorus deficiency at the ultrastructural level in different needle generations. All the symptoms, when occurring together, may be used in identifying a moderate phosphorus-deficiency stress in seedlings.

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Morphology and fitness components of wild × crop F1 hybrids of Sorghum bicolor (L.) in Ethiopia: implications for survival and introgression of crop genes in the wild pool

Plant Genetic Resources ◽

10.1017/s1479262113000129 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 196-205 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Asfaw Adugna ◽

Endashaw Bekele

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Natural Hybridization ◽

Relative Fitness ◽

F1 Hybrids ◽

Transgenic Crop ◽

Fitness Components ◽

Crop Species ◽

In The Wild ◽

Sorghum Bicolor L ◽

Made In

Natural hybridization between wild/weedy and crop species often results in rare hybrids, which can be more weedy and difficult to control. Moreover, the advent of transgenic crop plants raises questions of biosafety risk assessment on the consequences of rare hybrids with possible fitness enhancing genes on the environment. This study aimed at measuring the fitness components of wild–crop sorghum hybrids for various juvenile survival and adult morphological and fertility characters as part of the risk assessment of transgenic sorghum in Africa where the crop was believed to have first domesticated and serves as the major staple. Out of a pool of hybrids made in 2010 from 23 wild sorghum accessions and two released cultivated sorghum varieties using hand emasculation techniques, seven were selected for the field study of their fitness components in 2011. The study confirmed that crop–wild hybrids of sorghum are fertile. Two approaches were followed (relative fitness and mid-parent heterosis) which showed that most of the hybrids were as fit as their wild parents, and in some cases they showed mid-parent heterosis for the measured traits. The results of this study highlighted a potential risk that hybrids carrying crop genes (including herbicide resistance transgenes) could pose because they could be more weedy than their wild/weedy parents if transgenic sorghum is deployed in regions where the wild and cultivated sorghum populations coexist, such as in Ethiopia and in other parts of Africa.

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Effects of planting date and dinocap applications on the control of powdery mildew and yields of seed and seed oil in coriander

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859699008011 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 135 (2) ◽

pp. 193-197

Author(s):

A. KALRA ◽

T. N. PARAMESWARAN ◽

N. S. RAVINDRA ◽

M. GOPAL RAO ◽

SUSHIL KUMAR

Keyword(s):

Powdery Mildew ◽

Disease Severity ◽

Seed Oil ◽

Planting Date ◽

Planting Dates ◽

Early Planting ◽

Early Maturing ◽

Levels Of Control

Experiments were conducted during 1992/93 and 1993/94 to determine the effect of different planting dates and dinocap applications on control of powdery mildew and yields of early and late maturing coriander cultivars. Early plantings resulted in lower overall disease severity values for both the cultivars, but the late maturing cultivar S-33 benefited more than RD-44, an early maturing cultivar. Early planting resulted in smaller increases in yield in RD-44 but provided considerable economic gains in S-33. Further, it was possible to achieve similar levels of control of powdery mildew and yields in coriander with fewer dinocap applications by early plantings of both the cultivars. Therefore, to reduce the fungicide inputs, it is important that emphasis should be placed on early plantings for managing powdery mildew especially in environments conducive for its development.

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