scholarly journals Perception of invisible masked objects in early infancy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuke Nakashima ◽  
So Kanazawa ◽  
Masami K. Yamaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Early Infancy ◽  
First Year ◽  
Backward Masking ◽  
Recurrent Processing ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Visual Backward Masking

AbstractRecurrent loops in the visual cortex play a critical role in visual perception, which is likely not mediated by purely feedforward pathways. However, the development of recurrent loops is poorly understood. The role of recurrent processing has been studied using visual backward masking, a perceptual phenomenon in which a visual stimulus is rendered invisible by a following mask, possibly because of the disruption of recurrent processing. Anatomical studies have reported that recurrent pathways are immature in early infancy. This raises the possibility that younger infants process visual information mainly in a feedforward manner, and thus, they might be able to perceive visual stimuli that adults cannot see because of backward masking. Here, we show that infants under 7 months of age are immune to visual backward masking and that masked stimuli remain visible to younger infants while older infants cannot perceive them. These results suggest that recurrent processing is immature in infants under 7 months and that they are able to perceive objects even without recurrent processing. Our findings indicate that the algorithm for visual perception drastically changes in the second half of the first year of life.

scholarly journals Perception of invisible masked objects in early infancy

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (27) ◽  
pp. e2103040118
Author(s):  
Yusuke Nakashima ◽  
So Kanazawa ◽  
Masami K. Yamaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Early Infancy ◽  
First Year ◽  
Backward Masking ◽  
Feed Forward ◽  
Recurrent Processing ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Visual Backward Masking

Recurrent loops in the visual cortex play a critical role in visual perception, which is likely not mediated by purely feed-forward pathways. However, the development of recurrent loops is poorly understood. The role of recurrent processing has been studied using visual backward masking, a perceptual phenomenon in which a visual stimulus is rendered invisible by a following mask, possibly because of the disruption of recurrent processing. Anatomical studies have reported that recurrent pathways are immature in early infancy. This raises the possibility that younger infants process visual information mainly in a feed-forward manner, and thus, they might be able to perceive visual stimuli that adults cannot see because of backward masking. Here, we show that infants under 7 mo of age are immune to visual backward masking and that masked stimuli remain visible to younger infants while older infants cannot perceive them. These results suggest that recurrent processing is immature in infants under 7 mo and that they are able to perceive objects even without recurrent processing. Our findings indicate that the algorithm for visual perception drastically changes in the second half of the first year of life.

To attract or to repel, that is the question (for the visual cortex)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Fornaciai ◽  
Joonkoo Park
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Backward Masking ◽  
Serial Dependence ◽  
Perceptual Adaptation ◽  
Feedback Processing ◽  
Stimulus Representation ◽  
Active Stabilization ◽  
High Level ◽  
Visual Backward Masking

Despite noisy and discontinuous input, vision is remarkably stable and continuous. Recent work suggests that such a remarkable feat is enabled by an active stabilization process that integrates information over time, resulting in attractive serial dependence. However, precise mechanisms underlying serial dependence are still unknown. Here, we demonstrate that suppressing high-level modulatory signal on early cortical activity via visual backward masking completely abolishes the serial dependence effect, indicating the critical role of cortical feedback processing on serial dependence. Moreover, we show that the absence of modulatory feedback results in a robust repulsive aftereffect, as in perceptual adaptation, after only 50 ms of stimulation, indicating the presence of a local neurocomputational process for an automatic and spontaneous recalibration of the stimulus representation. These findings collectively illustrate the interplay between two contrasting cortical computational mechanisms at short timescales that serve as a basis for our perceptual experience.

The critical role of experience in the early development of multisensory perception

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (0) ◽  
pp. 200
Author(s):  
David J. Lewkowicz
Keyword(s):  
Selective Attention ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Early Experience ◽  
Multisensory Perception ◽  
First Year ◽  
Early Deprivation ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Perceptual Skills ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Perceptual Narrowing

Human infancy is a time of rapid neural and behavioral development and multisensory perceptual skills emerge during this time. Both animal and human early deprivation studies have shown that experience contributes critically to the development of multisensory perception. Unfortunately, Bodison because the human deprivation studies have only studied adult responsiveness, little is known about the more immediate effects of early experience on multisensory development. Consequently, we have embarked on a program of research to investigate how early experience affects the development of multisensory perception in human infants. To do so, we have focused on multisensory perceptual narrowing, an experience-dependent process where initially broad perceptual tuning is narrowed to match the infant’s native environment. In this talk, I first review our work demonstrating that multisensory narrowing characterizes infants’ response to non-native (i.e., monkey) faces and voices, that the initially broad tuning is present at birth, that narrowing also occurs in the audiovisual speech domain, and that multisensory narrowing is an evolutionarily novel process. In the second part of the talk, I present findings from our most recent studies indicating that experience has a seemingly paradoxical effect on infant response to audio–visual synchrony, that experience narrows infant response to amodal language and intonational prosody cues, and that experience interacts with developmental changes in selective attention during the first year of life resulting in dramatic developmental shifts in human infants’ selective attention to the eyes and mouth of their interlocutors’ talking faces.

scholarly journals Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumor of Infancy: Presentation of a Case Affecting the Mandible

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Souhir Khemiri ◽  
Jihene Feki ◽  
Afef Khanfir ◽  
Mohamed Abdelmoula ◽  
Mounir Frikha
Keyword(s):  
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy ◽  
Surgical Excision ◽  
Neuroectodermal Tumor ◽  
Early Infancy ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
First Year ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Anterior Mandible

Abstract- Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy (MNTI) is a rare and distinctive neoplasm of early infancy with rapid expansile growth and a high rate of recurrences. Most commonly the lesion affects the maxilla of infants during the first year of life, but it may also occur in the mandible, skull, brain, epididymis, and other rare locations. Common treatment methods’ include surgical excision and resection of the tumor. The aim of this article was to show the diagnosis and treatment of a 7-month-old patient with melanotic neuroectodermal tumor occurred in the anterior mandible and to demonstrate the effectiveness of the neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

scholarly journals Brain Tumor Biobank Development for Precision Medicine: Role of the Neurosurgeon

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilie Darrigues ◽  
Benjamin W. Elberson ◽  
Annick De Loose ◽  
Madison P. Lee ◽  
Ebonye Green ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Next Generation Sequencing ◽  
Precision Medicine ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
First Year ◽  
Histopathological Diagnosis ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Cancer Predisposition Syndrome ◽  
Generation Sequencing

Neuro-oncology biobanks are critical for the implementation of a precision medicine program. In this perspective, we review our first year experience of a brain tumor biobank with integrated next generation sequencing. From our experience, we describe the critical role of the neurosurgeon in diagnosis, research, and precision medicine efforts. In the first year of implementation of the biobank, 117 patients (Female: 62; Male: 55) had 125 brain tumor surgeries. 75% of patients had tumors biobanked, and 16% were of minority race/ethnicity. Tumors biobanked were as follows: diffuse gliomas (45%), brain metastases (29%), meningioma (21%), and other (5%). Among biobanked patients, 100% also had next generation sequencing. Eleven patients qualified for targeted therapy based on identification of actionable gene mutations. One patient with a hereditary cancer predisposition syndrome was also identified. An iterative quality improvement process was implemented to streamline the workflow between the operating room, pathology, and the research laboratory. Dedicated tumor bank personnel in the department of neurosurgery greatly improved standard operating procedure. Intraoperative selection and processing of tumor tissue by the neurosurgeon was integral to increasing success with cell culture assays. Currently, our institutional protocol integrates standard histopathological diagnosis, next generation sequencing, and functional assays on surgical specimens to develop precision medicine protocols for our patients. This perspective reviews the critical role of neurosurgeons in brain tumor biobank implementation and success as well as future directions for enhancing precision medicine efforts.

Blindsight and the Role of the Phenomenal Qualities of Visual Perceptions

1998 ◽  
pp. 205-209
Author(s):  
Ralph Schumacher
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Visual Experience ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Broad Concept ◽  
Essential Properties

The aim of this paper is to defend a broad concept of visual perception, according to which it is a sufficient condition for visual perception that subjects receive visual information in a way which enables them to give reliably correct answers about the objects presented to them. According to this view, blindsight, non-epistemic seeing, and conscious visual experience count as proper types of visual perception. This leads to two consequences concerning the role of the phenomenal qualities of visual experiences. First, phenomenal qualities are not necessary in order to see something, because in the case of blindsight, subjects can see objects without experiences phenomenal qualities. Second, they cannot be intentional properties, since they are not essential properties of visual experiences, and because the content of visual experiences cannot be constituted by contingent properties.

scholarly journals Acute Bronchiolitis: Is There a Role for Lung Ultrasound?

Diagnostics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Di Mauro ◽  
Ammirabile ◽  
Quercia ◽  
Panza ◽  
Capozza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Management ◽  
Lung Ultrasound ◽  
Ultrasound Examination ◽  
Diagnostic Algorithm ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Radiographic Examination ◽  
First Year ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
First Year Of Life

Introduction: Viral bronchiolitis is a common cause of lower respiratory tract infection in the first year of life, considered a health burden because of its morbidity and costs. Its diagnosis is based on history and physical examination and the role of radiographic examination is limited to atypical cases. Thus far, Lung Ultrasound (LUS) is not considered in the diagnostic algorithm for bronchiolitis. Methods: PubMed database was searched for trials reporting on lung ultrasound examination and involving infants with a diagnosis of bronchiolitis. Results: Eight studies were suitable. Conclusions: This review analyzed the current evidence about the potential usefulness of LUS in the clinical management of bronchiolitis. Literature supports a peculiar role of LUS in the evaluation of the affected children, considering it as a reliable imaging test that could benefit the clinical management of bronchiolitis.

The use of visual information in non-native speech sound discrimination across the first year of life

2015 ◽  
Vol 137 (4) ◽  
pp. 2432-2432 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Kyle Danielson ◽  
Padmapriya A. Kandhadai ◽  
Janet F. Werker
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Speech Sound ◽  
First Year ◽  
Native Speech ◽  
Sound Discrimination ◽  
First Year Of Life

scholarly journals Water Balance and ‘Salt Wasting' in the First Year of Life: The Role of Aldosterone-Signaling Defects

2016 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Bizzarri ◽  
Stefania Pedicelli ◽  
Marco Cappa ◽  
Stefano Cianfarani
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
First Year ◽  
Salt Wasting ◽  
First Year Of Life
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