scholarly journals Perception of invisible masked objects in early infancy

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (27) ◽  
pp. e2103040118
Author(s):  
Yusuke Nakashima ◽  
So Kanazawa ◽  
Masami K. Yamaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Early Infancy ◽  
First Year ◽  
Backward Masking ◽  
Feed Forward ◽  
Recurrent Processing ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Visual Backward Masking

Recurrent loops in the visual cortex play a critical role in visual perception, which is likely not mediated by purely feed-forward pathways. However, the development of recurrent loops is poorly understood. The role of recurrent processing has been studied using visual backward masking, a perceptual phenomenon in which a visual stimulus is rendered invisible by a following mask, possibly because of the disruption of recurrent processing. Anatomical studies have reported that recurrent pathways are immature in early infancy. This raises the possibility that younger infants process visual information mainly in a feed-forward manner, and thus, they might be able to perceive visual stimuli that adults cannot see because of backward masking. Here, we show that infants under 7 mo of age are immune to visual backward masking and that masked stimuli remain visible to younger infants while older infants cannot perceive them. These results suggest that recurrent processing is immature in infants under 7 mo and that they are able to perceive objects even without recurrent processing. Our findings indicate that the algorithm for visual perception drastically changes in the second half of the first year of life.

scholarly journals Perception of invisible masked objects in early infancy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuke Nakashima ◽  
So Kanazawa ◽  
Masami K. Yamaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Early Infancy ◽  
First Year ◽  
Backward Masking ◽  
Recurrent Processing ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Visual Backward Masking

AbstractRecurrent loops in the visual cortex play a critical role in visual perception, which is likely not mediated by purely feedforward pathways. However, the development of recurrent loops is poorly understood. The role of recurrent processing has been studied using visual backward masking, a perceptual phenomenon in which a visual stimulus is rendered invisible by a following mask, possibly because of the disruption of recurrent processing. Anatomical studies have reported that recurrent pathways are immature in early infancy. This raises the possibility that younger infants process visual information mainly in a feedforward manner, and thus, they might be able to perceive visual stimuli that adults cannot see because of backward masking. Here, we show that infants under 7 months of age are immune to visual backward masking and that masked stimuli remain visible to younger infants while older infants cannot perceive them. These results suggest that recurrent processing is immature in infants under 7 months and that they are able to perceive objects even without recurrent processing. Our findings indicate that the algorithm for visual perception drastically changes in the second half of the first year of life.

The critical role of experience in the early development of multisensory perception

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (0) ◽  
pp. 200
Author(s):  
David J. Lewkowicz
Keyword(s):  
Selective Attention ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Early Experience ◽  
Multisensory Perception ◽  
First Year ◽  
Early Deprivation ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Perceptual Skills ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Perceptual Narrowing

Human infancy is a time of rapid neural and behavioral development and multisensory perceptual skills emerge during this time. Both animal and human early deprivation studies have shown that experience contributes critically to the development of multisensory perception. Unfortunately, Bodison because the human deprivation studies have only studied adult responsiveness, little is known about the more immediate effects of early experience on multisensory development. Consequently, we have embarked on a program of research to investigate how early experience affects the development of multisensory perception in human infants. To do so, we have focused on multisensory perceptual narrowing, an experience-dependent process where initially broad perceptual tuning is narrowed to match the infant’s native environment. In this talk, I first review our work demonstrating that multisensory narrowing characterizes infants’ response to non-native (i.e., monkey) faces and voices, that the initially broad tuning is present at birth, that narrowing also occurs in the audiovisual speech domain, and that multisensory narrowing is an evolutionarily novel process. In the second part of the talk, I present findings from our most recent studies indicating that experience has a seemingly paradoxical effect on infant response to audio–visual synchrony, that experience narrows infant response to amodal language and intonational prosody cues, and that experience interacts with developmental changes in selective attention during the first year of life resulting in dramatic developmental shifts in human infants’ selective attention to the eyes and mouth of their interlocutors’ talking faces.

scholarly journals Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumor of Infancy: Presentation of a Case Affecting the Mandible

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Souhir Khemiri ◽  
Jihene Feki ◽  
Afef Khanfir ◽  
Mohamed Abdelmoula ◽  
Mounir Frikha
Keyword(s):  
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy ◽  
Surgical Excision ◽  
Neuroectodermal Tumor ◽  
Early Infancy ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
First Year ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Anterior Mandible

Abstract- Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy (MNTI) is a rare and distinctive neoplasm of early infancy with rapid expansile growth and a high rate of recurrences. Most commonly the lesion affects the maxilla of infants during the first year of life, but it may also occur in the mandible, skull, brain, epididymis, and other rare locations. Common treatment methods’ include surgical excision and resection of the tumor. The aim of this article was to show the diagnosis and treatment of a 7-month-old patient with melanotic neuroectodermal tumor occurred in the anterior mandible and to demonstrate the effectiveness of the neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Letter to the Editor

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 93 (6) ◽  
pp. 1021-1022
Author(s):  
Brian S. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Early Infancy ◽  
First Year ◽  
Significant Percentage ◽  
Letter To The Editor ◽  
Neonatal Circumcision ◽  
First Year Of Life

It is important to know the data that Wiswell and associates have compiled and reported concerning circumcision in children after the neonatal period.1 Of interest would be whether or not a significant percentage of parents who sought late circumcision for their children might have chosen neonatal circumcision with more adequate counselling, or perhaps sought the procedure in early infancy if such an option existed? It appears that only 20% of infants received late circumcision during the first year of life.

The Congenital Isolated Apical Ventricular Septal Defect

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 516-518
Author(s):  
Samuel O. Sapin ◽  
Paul A. Junkel ◽  
Ah Lin Wong ◽  
Karen G. Simandle
Keyword(s):  
Ventricular Septal Defect ◽  
Antibiotic Prophylaxis ◽  
Septal Defect ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Spontaneous Closure ◽  
Early Infancy ◽  
First Year ◽  
Pediatric Cardiologist ◽  
Cost Effective Approach ◽  
First Year Of Life

Congenital isolated apical VSDS can be found from early infancy through adolescence. Spontaneous closure is common in the first year of life. The defects are almost always small and rarely cause symptoms or require surgery. Antibiotic prophylaxis for infectious endocarditis is indicated. The auscultatory findings are characteristic and distinctive, and when present, referral for an echocardiogram or to a pediatric cardiologist is not necessary. The most cost-effective approach to the diagnosis is the use of the stethoscope and an educated ear.

scholarly journals Association between Gut Microbiota and Infant’s Temperament in the First Year of Life in a Chinese Birth Cohort

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 753
Author(s):  
Ying Wang ◽  
Xiaoli Chen ◽  
Yun Yu ◽  
Yanqun Liu ◽  
Qing Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
First Year ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Microbiota Diversity ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Infant temperament characteristics play a critical role in children’s developmental pathways and can predict adulthood psychopathology. The diversity and composition of the gut microbiota are associated with human temperament in both adults and young children. However, the relationship between the gut microbiota and temperament in 12-month-old infants is rarely studied; this developmental period is when temperament reaches a relatively stable stage. We used high-throughput sequencing methods to explore whether temperament characteristics were associated with gut microbiota diversity and composition. Infants’ fecal samples were collected at 12 months of age for the gut microbiota analysis. Based on the primary caregivers’ reports, infants’ temperaments were measured using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-revised (IBQ-R). This study included 51 infants, including 20 boys and 31 girls, with a mean age of 12.25 months. Results showed that soothability was positively correlated with maternal education level (β = 0.29, p = 0.043, adjust p = 0.025) and the abundance of Bifidobacterium genera (β = 0.62, p = 0.004, adjust p = 0.002). Conversely, cuddliness was negatively correlated with the abundance of Hungatella genera. There was no significant difference in temperament based on gender. This study demonstrated that gut microbiota composition was associated with temperament in 12-month-old infants. These results point to the importance of gut microbiota balance. Future studies on the mechanisms behind the gut microbiota affecting temperament are warranted.

To attract or to repel, that is the question (for the visual cortex)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Fornaciai ◽  
Joonkoo Park
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Backward Masking ◽  
Serial Dependence ◽  
Perceptual Adaptation ◽  
Feedback Processing ◽  
Stimulus Representation ◽  
Active Stabilization ◽  
High Level ◽  
Visual Backward Masking

Despite noisy and discontinuous input, vision is remarkably stable and continuous. Recent work suggests that such a remarkable feat is enabled by an active stabilization process that integrates information over time, resulting in attractive serial dependence. However, precise mechanisms underlying serial dependence are still unknown. Here, we demonstrate that suppressing high-level modulatory signal on early cortical activity via visual backward masking completely abolishes the serial dependence effect, indicating the critical role of cortical feedback processing on serial dependence. Moreover, we show that the absence of modulatory feedback results in a robust repulsive aftereffect, as in perceptual adaptation, after only 50 ms of stimulation, indicating the presence of a local neurocomputational process for an automatic and spontaneous recalibration of the stimulus representation. These findings collectively illustrate the interplay between two contrasting cortical computational mechanisms at short timescales that serve as a basis for our perceptual experience.

Backward Masking Performance in Schizophrenic Patients and their Healthy Relatives

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
E. Chkonia ◽  
M. Roynishvili ◽  
A. Kezeli ◽  
M.H. Herzog ◽  
A. Brand
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Backward Masking ◽  
Level Information ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Information Processing Deficits ◽  
The One ◽  
Visual Backward Masking

Over the past years, studies of unaffected first-degree relatives of schizophrenic patients have reported cognitive deficits in the domains of executive functions, memory, and attention. However, these deficits may rely on lower level information processing deficits. Here, we investigated visual information processing with a visual backward masking task. A vernier target was followed by a grating mask. Observers had to indicate the offset direction of the vernier. We determined the SOA between the vernier and the grating onset for schizophrenic patients, their healthy first order relatives, and a healthy control group. Schizophrenic patients needed SOAs about three times longer than healthy controls to reach a predefined criterion level. Backward masking performance of unaffected relatives was significantly better than the one of patients but significantly worse than performance of controls. This result adds further evidence that low level deficits as determined by visual backward masking are endophenotypes of schizophrenia.

scholarly journals In Situ and Home Care Nasopharyngeal Intubation Improves Respiratory Condition and Prevents Surgical Procedures in Early Infancy of Severe Cases of Robin Sequence

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Cristina Drago Marquezini Salmen ◽  
Ilza Lazarini Marques
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Treatment Protocol ◽  
Early Infancy ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
First Year ◽  
Severe Respiratory Distress ◽  
Feeding Difficulties ◽  
Hospitalization Time ◽  
Robin Sequence ◽  
First Year Of Life

Aim. To evaluate the clinical outcome of infants with Robin Sequence (RS) and severe respiratory obstruction managed with nasopharyngeal intubation (NPI).Methods. This prospective study was conducted with 107 infants with RS admitted to the Hospital for Craniofacial Anomalies of the University of São Paulo (HRAC-USP), from July 2003 to June 2010, diagnosed with severe RS and treated with NPI. The infants were followed up for the first year of life. Clinical findings, morbidity, and mortality were recorded.Results. Of the 223 infants with RS admitted to the hospital in the period studied, 149 were diagnosed with severe respiratory distress and 107 (71.81%) matched all the inclusion criteria. Of those, 78 (73%) presented Isolated Robin Sequence and 29 (27%) presented other syndromes or anomalies associated with RS. NPI treatment lasted an average of 57 days and the mean hospitalization time was 18 days. Although all infants presented feeding difficulties, 85% were fed orally and only 15% underwent gastrostomy. Morbidity was 14% and no deaths occurred.Conclusions. The children treated with the RS treatment protocol adopted at the HRAC-USP had improved respiratory and feeding difficulties, required a shorter hospitalization time, and presented low morbidity and mortality during the first year of life. The general outcome prevented surgical procedures in early infancy.

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