scholarly journals Comprehensive analysis of chemical and biological problems associated with browning agents used in aquatic studies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin Scharnweber ◽  
Sari Peura ◽  
Katrin Attermeyer ◽  
Stefan Bertilsson ◽  
Lucas Bolender ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Zooplankton Abundance ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Biological Impacts ◽  
Ro Concentrate ◽  
Global Carbon ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Inland waters receive and process large amounts of colored organic matter from the terrestrial surroundings. These inputs dramatically affect the chemical, physical, and biological properties of water bodies, as well as their roles as global carbon sinks and sources. To understand the complex changes associated with allochthonous inputs, experiments are needed. However, manipulative studies, especially at ecosystem scales, require large amounts of dissolved organic matter with optical and chemical properties resembling indigenous organic matter. Here we compared the chemical and biological impacts of two leonardite products (HuminFeed (HF) and SuperHume (SH)) and a freshly derived reverse osmosis concentrate of organic matter (RO) in a set of comprehensive mesocosm- and laboratory-scale experiments and analyses. The chemical properties of RO concentrate and the leonardite products were very different with leonardite products being low and RO being high in carboxylic functional groups. Light had a strong impact on the properties of leonardite products, including loss of color and increased particle formation. Furthermore, HF had drastic impacts on bacteria as light stimulated bacterial production and modified community composition, while dark conditions appeared to inhibit bacterial processes. While none of the browning agents inhibited the growth of the tested phytoplankton, Gonyostomum semen, leonardite products had detrimental effects on zooplankton abundance and Daphnia reproduction. We conclude that the effects of browning agents extracted from leonardite are in sharp contrast to those originating from terrestrially-derived DOM. Hence, they should be used with great caution in experimental studies on the consequences of terrestrial carbon for aquatic systems.

scholarly journals Structure Determination of C23H19N4OBr from Synchrotron Data

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (a1) ◽  
pp. C141-C141
Author(s):  
Ozen Ozgen ◽  
Engin Kendi ◽  
Semra Koyunoglu ◽  
Akgul Yesilada ◽  
Hwo-Shuenn Sheu
Keyword(s):  
Powder Diffraction ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Cell Parameters ◽  
Fundamental Understanding ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Radiation Research ◽  
And Chemical Properties

A significant part of medicine is based on the discovery and development of drugs. It is very important to know the crystal structure of pharmaceutical compounds for fundamental understanding of structure, physical and chemical properties. Many of these materials are available only as powders. So any structural information must be obtained from powder diffraction. I am going to present following the stages while solving the structure of C23H19N4OBr, 2-[3-phenyl-4(m-bromophenyl)-2-pyrazolin-1-yl]-3-methyl-4(3H)-quinazolinone, from 2-pyrazolines derivatives. The compounds are known to display various biological properties such as fungicidal insecticidal, anti bacterial, anti viral activities, pharmacological properties such as antiinflammatory agents and have industral properties(1). The powder diffraction data was collected with Debye Scherrer camera at the BL01C2 beamline at room temperature in National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center(NSRRC), Taiwan. X-ray of wavelength was 1.0333Å. This compound crystallizes in orthorhombic system space group P bca, Z=8, unit cell parameters of a=25.83(1)Å, b=15.55(5)Å, c=10.63(3)Å, and V=4266.0(10)Å3. Reliability factors were reached Rwp=0.075, Rp=0.053, RB=0.086 ve S=1.31 after Rietveld refinement.

scholarly journals Physical properties and particle-size fractions of soil organic matter in crop-livestock integration

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 1299-1310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Tirloni ◽  
Antonio Carlos Tadeu Vitorino ◽  
Anderson Cristian Bergamin ◽  
Luiz Carlos Ferreira de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Environmental Stability ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Crop-livestock integration represents an interesting alternative of soil management, especially in regions where the maintenance of cover crops in no-tillage systems is difficult. The objective of this study was to evaluate soil physical and chemical properties, based on the hypothesis that a well-managed crop-livestock integration system improves the soil quality and stabilizes the system. The experiment was set up in a completely randomized design, with five replications. The treatments were arranged in a 6 x 4 factorial design, to assess five crop rotation systems in crop-livestock integration, and native forest as reference of soil undisturbed by agriculture, in four layers (0.0-0.05; 0.05-0.10; 0.10-0.15 and 0.15-0.20 m). The crop rotation systems in crop-livestock integration promoted changes in soil physical and chemical properties and the effects of the different systems were mainly detected in the surface layer. The crops in integrated crop-livestock systems allowed the maintenance of soil carbon at levels equal to those of the native forest, proving the efficiency of these systems in terms of soil conservation. The systems influenced the environmental stability positively; the soil quality indicator mineral-associated organic matter was best related to aggregate stability.

Allophane and imogolite: role in soil biogeochemical processes

Clay Minerals ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Parfitt
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Young Forests ◽  
Labile P ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
By Products ◽  
And Chemical Properties

AbstractThe literature on the formation, structure and properties of allophane and imogolite is reviewed, with particular emphasis on the seminal contributions by Colin Farmer. Allophane and imogolite occur not only in volcanic-ash soils but also in other environments. The conditions required for the precipitation of allophane and imogolite are discussed. These include pH, availability of Al and Si, rainfall, leaching regime, and reactions with organic matter. Because of their excellent water storage and physical properties, allophanic soils can accumulate large amounts of biomass. In areas of high rainfall, these soils often occur under rain forest, and the soil organic matter derived from the forest biomass is stabilized by allophane and aluminium ions. Thus the turnover of soil organicmatter in allophanicsoils is slower than that in non-allophanicsoils. The organic matter appears to be derived from the microbial by-products of the plant material rather than from the plant material itself. The growth of young forests may be limited by nitrogen supply but growth of older forests tends to be P limited. Phosphorus is recycled through both inorganic and organic pathways, but it is also strongly sorbed by Al compounds including allophane. When crops are grown in allophanic soils, large amounts of labile P are required and, accordingly, these soils have to be managed to counteract the large P sorption capacity of allophane and other Al compounds, and to ensure an adequate supply of labile P. Because of their physical and chemical properties, allophanic soils are excellent filters of heavy metals and pathogens.

scholarly journals Changes in the soil’s biological and chemical properties due to the land use

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 228-236
Author(s):  
Eva Horáková ◽  
Lubica Pospíšilová ◽  
Vitězslav Vlček ◽  
Ladislav Menšík
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Humic Substances ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Biological Stability ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Basal Soil Respiration ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Increasing the soil productivity is challenged by the increasing biotic threat to plants and microorganisms, by the resistance to agrochemicals, and by the declining soil health. Soil management strategy is, therefore, aimed at erosion prevention and the minimisation of soil organic matter losses. A key factor in an agroecosystem is the appropriate biological stability. It is essential not only at present, but also for further sustainable agriculture. This study was based on the hypothesis that afforestation and conversion from arable land to permanent grassland improves the organic matter status and biological stability in the agroecosystem. The experiment was conducted from 2014 to 2018 in the Uhřice bio-corridor (Kroměříž region, the Czech Republic). Haplic Luvisol has been investigated for its basic biological and chemical properties after the arable land was converted to a natural vegetation system. The afforested segment (F), permanent grassland segment (G), and arable land segment (A) have been sampled in the upper soil horizon (0–0.30 m). Standard analytical methods were applied for the determination of the basic soil properties. A principal component analysis and factor analysis were used for interpreting the connection between the parameters of the soil organic carbon, the humic substances, the humic acids, and the fulvic acids, the agrochemical properties of the soil (the pH, the content of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, etc.), and the soil biological properties (basal soil respiration (BSR), the ratios of the N/BSR, NG/BSR, etc.). After five years of investigation, the differences in the studied parameters were evident. The factor analysis and multivariate exploratory techniques showed that the soil properties were grouped based on the management into three different categories – F, G and A. The different land use directly influenced the quality and stability of the humic substances, basal soil respiration, and carbon and nitrogen utilisation. In comparison to the arable land, the forest and grassland were considered to have a higher accumulation potential of carbon and nitrogen. A negative correlation between the soil basal respiration (r = –0.95); total nitrogen (r = –0.93); total organic carbon (C<sub>ox</sub>) content (r = –0.82); and partial Ca (r = –0.82) was found. A positive correlation (r = 0.80) between the humic substances (C-HS) and soil reaction (pH) was determined.

Composting winery wastes with clinoptilolite. Suitability for land application.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chronis Kolovos ◽  
Maria Doula ◽  
Stamatios Kavasilis ◽  
Georgios Zagklis ◽  
Gerasimos Tsitselis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Winery Waste ◽  
And Chemical Properties

&lt;p&gt;Soil application of raw winery wastes is a procedure of doubtful appropriateness, mainly because of waste properties, i.e. very acidic pH; high electrical conductivity; and high content of polyphenols. The disposal of winery waste on soils may cause various environmental and health hazards as for example soil overloading with polyphenols and salts, phytotoxicity to plants, odor nuisance etc. Pathogens, which may still be present in the decomposed material could spread plants and soil diseases, while waste piles attract insects, pests, domestic rodents and wildlife which may threaten public and animal health. Despite these facts, many wine producers discharge winery waste to the nearby agricultural or forest ecosystems, without treatment although this type of agricultural waste could be a significant source of organic matter and nutrients.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In general, degradation of winery waste is a slow procedure which becomes even slower under the xerothermic climatic conditions in Greece, which may slow down the microbially mediated decomposition of organic matter and nutrients cycling; degradation of winery waste piles takes more than 5 years to be completed naturally. However, the final products are of doubtful appropriateness for fertilization use, mainly because of low quality organic matter and low nutrients content (lost mainly due to the exposure of piles to uncontrolled environmental conditions for years).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This study aims to highlight the advantages of composting winery wastes by using also other agricultural wastes and additives as feedstock to produce a safe and environment friendly compost, appropriate for application to agricultural ecosystems. For this a 41 hectares vineyard in North Greece of about 400 tn grapes yield annually and generation of approximately 100 tn of waste was selected. Winery waste was collected after harvesting and wine-making period of 2018 and composted with cow manure, wheat straw and clinoptilolite up to 5%.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Composting phase lasted 5 months, and during this period the pile was monitored as regard temperature, moisture and oxygen content. After composting completion, the final product was fully characterized in terms of its physical and chemical properties, considering national legislation organic materials reuse on soils. The outcomes of this study show a great potential for managing such waste types by composting using clinoptilolite in the feedstock materials since the final product has suitable physical and chemical properties for many crops, i.e. slight alkaline pH, low electrical conductivity, low polyphenol content and high content of available nutrient, therefore can be used as soil amendment or organic fertilizer.&lt;/p&gt;

Control of soil development on the Tanana River floodplain, interior Alaska

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 941-955 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Van Cleve ◽  
C.T. Dyrness ◽  
G.M. Marion ◽  
R. Erickson
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Vegetation Development ◽  
River Floodplain ◽  
Soil Particle Size ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Alluvial soils on the Tanana River floodplain near Fairbanks, Alaska, were examined for development of physical and chemical properties in relation to soil depth and across a 200-year vegetation development sequence. Development was mediated by ecosystem controls including successional time, vegetation, terrace height, soil physical and chemical properties, and microclimate. These controls interact and are conditioned by the state factors time, flora, topography, parent material, and climate, respectively. On early-successional (<5 years) lower alluvial surfaces, terrace height above groundwater, soil particle size, and microclimate (through soil surface evaporation) interacted through capillary rise to produce salt-affected surface soil. Calcium salts of carbonate and sulfate were the principal chemicals encountered in these soils. Establishment of a vegetation cover between 5 and 10 years introduced evapotranspiration as a new mechanism, along with capillarity, to control moisture suction gradients. In addition, newly formed surface litter layers further helped eliminate evaporation and formation of high salt content surface soil. Continued sedimentation raised terrace elevation, so on older terraces only infrequent flood events influenced soil development. Moreover, in these successional stages, only the highest river stages raised groundwater levels, so transpiration and capillarity influenced water movement to tree root systems. During the first 25–30 years of succession, plant deposition of organic matter and nitrogen, associated with the growth of alder, markedly changed soil properties. Nearly 60% (or 240 g•m−2) of the 400 g•m−2 nitrogen encountered at 100 years was accumulated during this early period. After 100 years of vegetation development, soil carbonate content dropped to about half the peak values of about 1600 g•m−2 encountered between 4 and 25 years. By the time white spruce was the dominant forest type at 180 years, carbonate carbon declined to about 500 g•m−2, one-third that of the 1600 g•m−2 high. By this time surface soil pH declined from high values of 7.5 to between 5.5 and 6.0. Organic carbon continued to accumulate to about 6300 g•m−2 in the white spruce stage, twice that encountered in the alder–poplar stage at 25 years. Indices of moisture retention were most strongly related to either soil particle size (low moisture tension and available moisture range) or vegetation-mediated soil organic matter content (high moisture tension). Cation exchange capacity was most strongly related to a vegetation-mediated index of organic matter (OM) content (%N, %C, or %OM).

scholarly journals Enzymatic Activity and Certain Chemical Properties of Grey-Brown Podzolic Soil (Haplic Luvisol) Amended with Compost of Tobacco Wastes

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 61-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicja Szwed ◽  
Justyna Bohacz
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Podzolic Soil ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Test Plant ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Soil Material ◽  
Light Soil

Abstract The paper addresses the effect of a compost prepared from tobacco wastes with an admixture of bark and straw on the enzymatic activity and certain chemical properties of a grey-brown podzolic soil amended with that compost. The study was conducted under the conditions of a pot experiment in which the soil material was collected from the surface horizon of the grey-brown podzolic soil. The effect of the application of the compost was compared with soil without such amendment. The test plant was maize cv. Kosmo 230. Fertilisation of the light soil with the compost studied caused changes in the enzymatic activity of the soil that were related both to the dose of the compost and to the kind of enzyme studied. With increase in the dose of the compost there was an increase in dehydrogenase activity (highest dose) and a significant decrease in the activity of acid phosphatase. Moreover, it was observed that tobacco compost was a significant source that enriched the light soil in organic matter, total nitrogen, and available forms of phosphorus, magnesium and potassium, which was evident in increased yields of maize grown as the test plant. Significant correlations were also demonstrated between a majority of the biochemical and chemical parameters, which indicates that those parameters characterise well the biological properties of a grey-brown podzolic soil amended with tobacco compost.

scholarly journals Influence of Soil Properties on the Phytotoxicity of Atrazine, Ametryne, Prometryne, and Diuron in Puerto Rican Soils

1969 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. Liu ◽  
H. Cibes Viadé
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Property ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Dosage Prediction ◽  
Concentration Series ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Thirteen soils representing a wide range of physical and chemical properties were used in this study. Four herbicides including Atrazine, Ametryne, Prometryne, and Diuron were applied at a concentration series from 0.5 to 32 p.p.m. to each soil, with the exception of Caño Tiburones soil. Kanota oat (Avena sativa L.) was chosen as an indicator plant. ED50  values were obtained for the various soil types. The result indicated that ED50  values varied greatly with different soil types. Simple, partial, and multiple correlations were made among ED50  values and different soil properties. It was found that the organic matter was the major soil property which contributed chiefly to the phytotoxicity of herbicides. A theoretical relationship between percent soil organic matter and p.p.m.w. of herbicides required for 50-percent fresh-weight reduction of oat was obtained for herbicide dosage-prediction purpose.

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