scholarly journals Developmental innovations promote species diversification in mushroom-forming fungi

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torda Varga ◽  
Csenge Földi ◽  
Viktória Bense ◽  
László G. Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Adaptive Radiation ◽  
Fruiting Body ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Spore Dispersal ◽  
Developmental Type ◽  
Diversification Rates ◽  
The Third ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
Functional Biology

AbstractFungi evolved complex fruiting body (‘mushroom’) morphologies as adaptations to efficient spore dispersal in terrestrial habitats. Mushroom-forming fungi (Agaricomycetes) display a graded series of developmental innovations related to fruiting body morphology, however, how these evolved is largely unknown, leaving the functional biology and evolutionary principles of complex multicellularity in the third largest multicellular kingdom poorly known. Here, we show that developmental innovations of mushroom-forming fungi that enclose the spore-producing surface (hymenophore) in a protected environment display significant asymmetry in their evolution and are associated with increased diversification rates. ‘Enclosed’ development and related tissues (partial and universal veils) evolved convergently and became a widespread developmental type in clades in which it emerged. This probably mirrors increased fitness for protected fruiting body initials in terrestrial habitats, by better coping with environmental factors such as desiccation or predators, among others. We observed similar patterns in the evolution of complex hymenophore architectures, such as gills, pores or teeth, which optimize biomass-to-propagule number ratios and were found to spur diversification in mushrooms. Taken together, our results highlight new morphological traits associated with the adaptive radiation of mushroom-forming fungi and present formal phylogenetic testing of hypotheses on the reproductive ecology of a poorly known but hyperdiverse clade.

scholarly journals Exploring diversification drivers in golden orbweavers

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Turk ◽  
Simona Kralj-Fišer ◽  
Matjaž Kuntner
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Sexual Size Dimorphism ◽  
Male Body ◽  
Diversification Rates ◽  
Size Dimorphism ◽  
Extinction Rates ◽  
Intermediate Phenotypes ◽  
Dispersal Propensity ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Class Models

AbstractHeterogeneity in species diversity is driven by the dynamics of speciation and extinction, potentially influenced by organismal and environmental factors. Here, we explore macroevolutionary trends on a phylogeny of golden orbweavers (spider family Nephilidae). Our initial inference detects heterogeneity in speciation and extinction, with accelerated extinction rates in the extremely sexually size dimorphic Nephila and accelerated speciation in Herennia, a lineage defined by highly derived, arboricolous webs, and pronounced island endemism. We evaluate potential drivers of this heterogeneity that relate to organisms and their environment. Primarily, we test two continuous organismal factors for correlation with diversification in nephilids: phenotypic extremeness (female and male body length, and sexual size dimorphism as their ratio) and dispersal propensity (through range sizes as a proxy). We predict a bell-shaped relationship between factor values and speciation, with intermediate phenotypes exhibiting highest diversification rates. Analyses using SSE-class models fail to support our two predictions, suggesting that phenotypic extremeness and dispersal propensity cannot explain patterns of nephilid diversification. Furthermore, two environmental factors (tropical versus subtropical and island versus continental species distribution) indicate only marginal support for higher speciation in the tropics. Although our results may be affected by methodological limitations imposed by a relatively small phylogeny, it seems that the tested organismal and environmental factors play little to no role in nephilid diversification. In the phylogeny of golden orbweavers, the recent hypothesis of universal diversification dynamics may be the simplest explanation of macroevolutionary patterns.

scholarly journals Delimitation, new species and teleomorph-anamorph relationships in Codinaea, Dendrophoma, Paragaeumannomyces and Striatosphaeria (Chaetosphaeriaceae)

MycoKeys ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 17-74
Author(s):  
Martina Réblová ◽  
Jana Nekvindová ◽  
Jacques Fournier ◽  
Andrew N. Miller
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Axenic Culture ◽  
Monophyletic Clade ◽  
Morphological Comparison ◽  
The Family ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
First Time

The Chaetosphaeriaceae are a diverse group of pigmented, predominantly phialidic hyphomycetes comprised of several holomorphic genera including Chaetosphaeria, the most prominent genus of the family. Although the morphology of the teleomorphs of the majority of Chaetosphaeria is rather uniform, their associated anamorphs primarily exhibit the variability and evolutionary change observed in the genus. An exception from the morphological monotony among Chaetosphaeria species is a group characterised by scolecosporous, hyaline to light pink, multiseptate, asymmetrical ascospores and a unique three-layered ascomatal wall. Paragaeumannomyces sphaerocellularis, the type species of the genus, exhibits these morphological traits and is compared with similar Chaetosphaeria with craspedodidymum- and chloridium-like synanamorphs. Morphological comparison and phylogenetic analyses of the combined ITS-28S sequences of 35 isolates and vouchers with these characteristics revealed a strongly-supported, morphologically well-delimited clade in the Chaetosphaeriaceae containing 16 species. The generic name Paragaeumannomyces is applied to this monophyletic clade; eight new combinations and five new species, i.e. P. abietinussp. nov., P. eleganssp. nov., P. granulatussp. nov., P. sabinianussp. nov. and P. smokiensissp. nov., are proposed. A key to Paragaeumannomyces is provided. Using morphology, cultivation studies and phylogenetic analyses of ITS and 28S rDNA, two additional new species from freshwater and terrestrial habitats, Codinaea paniculatasp. nov. and Striatosphaeria castaneasp. nov., are described in the family. A codinaea-like anamorph of S. castanea forms conidia with setulae at each end in axenic culture; this feature expands the known morphology of Striatosphaeria. A chaetosphaeria-like teleomorph is experimentally linked to Dendrophoma cytisporoides, a sporodochial hyphomycete and type species of Dendrophoma, for the first time.

Occurrence of the quarantine mite pest Aculus schlechtendali (Acari: Eriophyidae) in apple orchards of Serra Gaúcha, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1190
Author(s):  
Noeli Juarez Ferla ◽  
Darliane Evangelho Silva ◽  
Denise Navia ◽  
Joseane Moreira Do Nascimento ◽  
Liana Johann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Country Report ◽  
The Third ◽  
Apple Leaves ◽  
Potential Pest ◽  
Relative Measurements ◽  
Aculus Schlechtendali

The aim of this work is to report the presence of Aculus schlechtendali (Nalepa, 1890) (Prostigmata: Eriophyidae) (Apple rust mite—ARM), in apple orchards of Serra Gaúcha, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Surveys were conducted from apple leaves of Gala cultivar in a commercial orchard of Vacaria County (S 28' 34.540 W 050' 52.153) in the Northeast region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, between November 2016 and January of 2017. The morphological traits and the relative measurements matched with those of A. schlechtendali. This is the first report of this mite pest in Brazil, so far regulated as a quarantine pest, and the third country report in South America. Consideration on the potential pest status of ARM is discussed.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF CLEAN FLEECE WEIGHT TO AGE IN THREE BREEDS OF RANGE SHEEP

1958 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. Slen ◽  
E. C. Banky
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Additional Increase ◽  
Maximum Production ◽  
The Third ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Fleece Weight ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

A total of 1,457 clean fleece weights, representing 7 years of production and adjusted for certain environmental factors, were used in this study. The data were analysed to determine the relationship of clean fleece weight to age in the Rambouillet, Romnelet, and Canadian Corriedale breeds of range sheep maintained under Western Canadian conditions.In general, maximum fleece weight was attained by the second year of production and was maintained until the end of the fourth year in all breeds. At that time a significant (p <.01) decline occurred which continued until the end of the seventh year. Among the Rambouillet and Romnelet ewes which were born and raised as singles, a small additional increase in average fleece weight occurred in the third year. Ewes born and raised as singles tended to produce more wool than twins but the differences were significant (p <.01) only in the Romnelet shearlings. The data suggest that in twins maximum production occurred at a slightly earlier age and that the subsequent decline began sooner than in singles.

scholarly journals Cooperation and conflict in the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (8-9-10) ◽  
pp. 371-382
Author(s):  
James M. Medina ◽  
P.M. Shreenidhi ◽  
Tyler J. Larsen ◽  
David C. Queller ◽  
Joan E. Strassmann
Keyword(s):  
Dictyostelium Discoideum ◽  
Fruiting Body ◽  
Sexual Cycle ◽  
Evolution Of Cooperation ◽  
Bacterial Symbionts ◽  
Spore Dispersal ◽  
Social Amoeba ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

The social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum has provided considerable insight into the evolution of cooperation and conflict. Under starvation, D. discoideum amoebas cooperate to form a fruiting body comprised of hardy spores atop a stalk. The stalk development is altruistic because stalk cells die to aid spore dispersal. The high relatedness of cells in fruiting bodies in nature implies that this altruism often benefits relatives. However, since the fruiting body forms through aggregation there is potential for non-relatives to join the aggregate and create conflict over spore and stalk fates. Cheating is common in chimeras of social amoebas, where one genotype often takes advantage of the other and makes more spores. This social conflict is a significant force in nature as indicated by rapid rates of adaptive evolution in genes involved in cheating and its resistance. However, cheating can be prevented by high relatedness, allorecognition via tgr genes, pleiotropy and evolved resistance. Future avenues for the study of cooperation and conflict in D. discoideum include the sexual cycle as well as the relationship between D. discoideum and its bacterial symbionts. D. discoideum’s tractability in the laboratory as well as its uncommon mode of aggregative multicellularity have established it as a promising model for future studies of cooperation and conflict.

scholarly journals Ecogeographical variation of 12 morphological traits withinPinus tabulaeformis: the effects of environmental factors and demographic histories

2016 ◽  
pp. rtw033 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingfei Ji ◽  
Jianming Deng ◽  
Buqing Yao ◽  
Renfei Chen ◽  
Zhexuan Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Morphological Traits

Dysponetus joeli sp. nov. (Polychaeta: Chrysopetalidae) from the north-east Atlantic, with a cladistic analysis of the genus and a key to species

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 989-996
Author(s):  
Frederic Olivier ◽  
Paulo Lana ◽  
Veronica Oliveira ◽  
Tim Worsfold
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
English Channel ◽  
Unique Combination ◽  
Parsimony Analysis ◽  
Key To Species ◽  
East Atlantic ◽  
The Third ◽  
North East ◽  
The North

We describe Dysponetus joeli sp. nov. from shallow maerl habitats in the north-east Atlantic (English Channel and Bay of Biscay). Dysponetus joeli differs from congeneric species by a unique combination of characters, including a large syllid-like pharynx, 2–4 simple serrated neurochaetae (closely similar to notochaetae, but much smaller and more delicate), D-shaped chaetal spines and ventral cirri on the third segment. A phylogenetic parsimony analysis based on morphological traits suggests that Dysponetus is not monophyletic unless it includes the closely related genera Vigtorniella and Pseudodysponetus, which are well delineated inside the dysponetid clade. Chaetal spines seem to be secondarily derived from paleae and to have originated in infaunal dysponetid forms. They should not be considered as plesiomorphic, but as evidence to support the clade made up by Dysponetus–Vigtorniella and Pseudodysponetus as delineated by a phylogenetic analysis.

Neural Mechanisms and Children’s Intellectual Development

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 618-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hikaru Takeuchi ◽  
Ryuta Kawashima
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Intellectual Development ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Brain Volume ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
The Third ◽  
Human Brain Development ◽  
Human Brains ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Later Phase

Human psychometric intelligence can predict a number of important social and academic outcomes. Substantial parts of the variances of human intelligence and the brain volume supporting those abilities are explained by environmental factors, and during childhood, human brains have higher plasticity and also 60% of variance of intelligence that is explained by environmental factors. Here, we review the representative environmental factors known to affect human intellectual development during each developmental stage. We describe what is (and what is not) being investigated to determine how these factors affect human brain development through analyses of volumetrical and cortical structures. In conclusion, environmental factors that affect children’s intellectual development lead to three patterns of brain structural change. The first is global change in the brain structure, observed more often in the earlier phase of development. The second is structural changes concentrated in the medial prefrontal and adjacent areas and medial temporal areas, which are likely to be induced by stress in many cases. The third is sporadic region-specific change, likely to be primarily caused by use-dependent plasticity of the areas that is often observed in the later phase of development. These changes may underlie the alterations in children’s intellectual development that is induced by environmental factors.

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