scholarly journals Assessing the Mortality Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Florida State Prisons

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neal Marquez ◽  
Aaron Littman ◽  
Victoria Rossi ◽  
Michael Everett ◽  
Erika Tyagi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Prison Population ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Florida Department ◽  
Incarcerated Populations ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Department Of Corrections ◽  
State Prisons ◽  
Excess Deaths

Background The increased risk of COVID-19 infection among incarcerated individuals due to environmental hazards is well known and recent studies have highlighted the higher rates of infection and mortality prisoners in the United States face due to COVID-19. However, the impact of COVID-19 on all-cause mortality rates in incarcerated populations has not been studied. Methods Using data reported by the Florida Department of Corrections on prison populations and mortality events we conducted a retrospective cohort study of all individuals incarcerated in Florida state prisons between 2015 and 2020. We calculated excess deaths by estimating age-specific expected deaths from mortality trends in 2015 through 2019 and taking the difference between observed and expected deaths during the pandemic period. We calculated life table measures using standard demographic techniques and assessed significant yearly changes using bootstrapping. Findings The Florida Department of Corrections reported 510 total deaths from March 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020 among the state prison population. This was 42% higher (rate ratio 1.42, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.89) than the expected number of deaths in light of mortality rates for previous years. Reported COVID-19 deaths in a month were positively correlated with estimated excess deaths (80.4%, p <.01). Using age-specific mortality estimates, we found that life expectancy at age 20 declined by 4 years (95% CI 2.06-6.57) between 2019 and 2020 for the Florida prison population. Interpretation The Florida prison population saw a significant increase in all-cause mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic period, leading to a decrease in life expectancy of more than four years. Life years lost by the Florida prison population were likely far greater than those lost by the general United States population, as reported by other studies. This difference in years lost highlights the need for increased interventions to protect vulnerable incarcerated populations during pandemics. Funding Vital Projects Fund, Arnold Ventures, US Centers for Disease Control

Abstract MP017: Television Viewing and Life Expectancy in the United States

Circulation ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 125 (suppl_10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter T Katzmarzyk ◽  
I-Min Lee
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Prospective Cohort ◽  
Television Viewing ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sedentary Behaviors ◽  
Prospective Cohort Studies ◽  
All Cause Mortality

Introduction: Sedentary behaviors such as television viewing are ubiquitous in modern society. Several prospective studies have demonstrated an association between television viewing and incident obesity and type 2 diabetes as well as cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. Hypothesis: We tested the null hypothesis that television viewing has no impact on life expectancy in the United States. Methods: A prevalence-based cause-deleted methodology was used to estimate the gains in life expectancy in the population that would be expected under current mortality patterns if television viewing was eliminated as a potential risk factor in the United States. The population attributable fraction (PAF, calculated using adjusted relative risk (RR) = ∑P(RR-1/RR)) was computed from the RR of all-cause mortality associated with television viewing (2–3.9 h and ≥4 h versus < 2 h) obtained from a meta-analysis of available prospective cohort studies, and the estimated case prevalence (P) of television viewing obtained from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005–06) and the prospective cohort studies. The resulting PAF was applied to mortality rates among 18+ year olds living in the United States and an abridged life table analysis was used to estimate the potential gains in life expectancy. Results: Three prospective cohort studies contributed data to the meta-analysis, yielding summary RR estimates for all-cause mortality of 1.17 (95% CI: 1.04 – 1.32) and 1.49 (95% CI: 1.22–1.82) for 2–3.9 h and ≥4 h of television viewing versus <2 h, respectively. The estimated case prevalences of television viewing in the U.S. population were 23.8%, 45.7% and 37.2% for <2 h, 2–3.9 h and ≥4 h of television viewing, respectively. The estimated gain in life expectancy in the US population associated with television viewing was 1.38 years. The lower and upper limits from a sensitivity analysis which involved simultaneously varying the estimates of RR (using the upper and lower bounds of the 95% CI) and the prevalence of television viewing (± 20%) were 0.48 years and 2.50 years. Conclusions: Reducing sedentary behaviors such as television viewing has the potential to increase life expectancy in the United States.

Prison Education in the United States of America

2021 ◽  
pp. 1108-1118
Author(s):  
Uju C. Ukwuoma
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Prison Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prison Education ◽  
Complete Evaluation ◽  
Learning And Teaching ◽  
Federal Prisons ◽  
The Us ◽  
State Prisons

The United States of America ranks third among the most populous countries in the world behind India and China. However, the US ranks first among countries with the most prison population. Recent statistics from the Office of Justice program in the US Department of Justice show that about 2.5 million people are locked up in prisons or the so-called correctional facilities across the United States. These facilities are made up of nearly 2000 state prisons scattered among the 50 states, 102 federal prisons, about 2300 and 3300 juvenile prisons and local jails respectively, including 79 Indian Country jails (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2016; Wagner & Rabuy, 2015). This chapter looks at the state of prison education in the US through the prism of racism. However, the chapter does not claim to have a complete evaluation of the situation of learning and teaching in penitentiaries in the US.

scholarly journals Rising morbidity and mortality in midlife among white non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st century

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (49) ◽  
pp. 15078-15083 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Case ◽  
Angus Deaton
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Hispanic Americans ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Hispanic Men ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Inability To Work ◽  
Education Groups ◽  
Drug And Alcohol

This paper documents a marked increase in the all-cause mortality of middle-aged white non-Hispanic men and women in the United States between 1999 and 2013. This change reversed decades of progress in mortality and was unique to the United States; no other rich country saw a similar turnaround. The midlife mortality reversal was confined to white non-Hispanics; black non-Hispanics and Hispanics at midlife, and those aged 65 and above in every racial and ethnic group, continued to see mortality rates fall. This increase for whites was largely accounted for by increasing death rates from drug and alcohol poisonings, suicide, and chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis. Although all education groups saw increases in mortality from suicide and poisonings, and an overall increase in external cause mortality, those with less education saw the most marked increases. Rising midlife mortality rates of white non-Hispanics were paralleled by increases in midlife morbidity. Self-reported declines in health, mental health, and ability to conduct activities of daily living, and increases in chronic pain and inability to work, as well as clinically measured deteriorations in liver function, all point to growing distress in this population. We comment on potential economic causes and consequences of this deterioration.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and excess mortality in the United States: A county-level analysis

PLoS Medicine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. e1003571
Author(s):  
Andrew C. Stokes ◽  
Dielle J. Lundberg ◽  
Irma T. Elo ◽  
Katherine Hempstead ◽  
Jacob Bor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
The United States ◽  
County Level ◽  
Level Variation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Excess Deaths

Background Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) excess deaths refer to increases in mortality over what would normally have been expected in the absence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Several prior studies have calculated excess deaths in the United States but were limited to the national or state level, precluding an examination of area-level variation in excess mortality and excess deaths not assigned to COVID-19. In this study, we take advantage of county-level variation in COVID-19 mortality to estimate excess deaths associated with the pandemic and examine how the extent of excess mortality not assigned to COVID-19 varies across subsets of counties defined by sociodemographic and health characteristics. Methods and findings In this ecological, cross-sectional study, we made use of provisional National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) data on direct COVID-19 and all-cause mortality occurring in US counties from January 1 to December 31, 2020 and reported before March 12, 2021. We used data with a 10-week time lag between the final day that deaths occurred and the last day that deaths could be reported to improve the completeness of data. Our sample included 2,096 counties with 20 or more COVID-19 deaths. The total number of residents living in these counties was 319.1 million. On average, the counties were 18.7% Hispanic, 12.7% non-Hispanic Black, and 59.6% non-Hispanic White. A total of 15.9% of the population was older than 65 years. We first modeled the relationship between 2020 all-cause mortality and COVID-19 mortality across all counties and then produced fully stratified models to explore differences in this relationship among strata of sociodemographic and health factors. Overall, we found that for every 100 deaths assigned to COVID-19, 120 all-cause deaths occurred (95% CI, 116 to 124), implying that 17% (95% CI, 14% to 19%) of excess deaths were ascribed to causes of death other than COVID-19 itself. Our stratified models revealed that the percentage of excess deaths not assigned to COVID-19 was substantially higher among counties with lower median household incomes and less formal education, counties with poorer health and more diabetes, and counties in the South and West. Counties with more non-Hispanic Black residents, who were already at high risk of COVID-19 death based on direct counts, also reported higher percentages of excess deaths not assigned to COVID-19. Study limitations include the use of provisional data that may be incomplete and the lack of disaggregated data on county-level mortality by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and sociodemographic and health characteristics. Conclusions In this study, we found that direct COVID-19 death counts in the US in 2020 substantially underestimated total excess mortality attributable to COVID-19. Racial and socioeconomic inequities in COVID-19 mortality also increased when excess deaths not assigned to COVID-19 were considered. Our results highlight the importance of considering health equity in the policy response to the pandemic.

scholarly journals A first analysis of excess mortality in Switzerland in 2020

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0253505
Author(s):  
Isabella Locatelli ◽  
Valentin Rousson
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Loss Of Life ◽  
Key Indicator ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Standardized Mortality Rate ◽  
Official Data

Objective To quantify excess all-cause mortality in Switzerland in 2020, a key indicator for assessing direct and indirect consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Using official data on deaths in Switzerland, all-cause mortality in 2020 was compared with that of previous years using directly standardized mortality rates, age- and sex-specific mortality rates, and life expectancy. Results The standardized mortality rate was 8.8% higher in 2020 than in 2019, returning to the level observed 5–6 years before, around the year 2015. This increase was greater for men (10.6%) than for women (7.2%) and was statistically significant only for men over 70 years of age, and for women over 75 years of age. The decrease in life expectancy in 2020 compared to 2019 was 0.7%, with a loss of 9.7 months for men and 5.3 months for women. Conclusions There was an excess mortality in Switzerland in 2020, linked to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, as this excess only concerned the elderly, the resulting loss of life expectancy was restricted to a few months, bringing the mortality level back to 2015.

Prison Education in the United States of America

2018 ◽  
pp. 121-135
Author(s):  
Uju C. Ukwuoma
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Prison Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prison Education ◽  
Complete Evaluation ◽  
Learning And Teaching ◽  
Federal Prisons ◽  
The Us ◽  
State Prisons

The United States of America ranks third among the most populous countries in the world behind India and China. However, the US ranks first among countries with the most prison population. Recent statistics from the Office of Justice program in the US Department of Justice show that about 2.5 million people are locked up in prisons or the so-called correctional facilities across the United States. These facilities are made up of nearly 2000 state prisons scattered among the 50 states, 102 federal prisons, about 2300 and 3300 juvenile prisons and local jails respectively, including 79 Indian Country jails (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2016; Wagner & Rabuy, 2015). This chapter looks at the state of prison education in the US through the prism of racism. However, the chapter does not claim to have a complete evaluation of the situation of learning and teaching in penitentiaries in the US.

Virtual Life Sentences: An Exploratory Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica S. Henry ◽  
Christopher Salvatore ◽  
Bai-Eyse Pugh
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Initial Data ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Future Research ◽  
State Prisons ◽  
Natural Life ◽  
Life Sentences

Virtual life sentences are sentences with a term of years that exceed an individual’s natural life expectancy. This exploratory study is one of the first to collect data that establish the existence, prevalence, and scope of virtual life sentences in state prisons in the United States. Initial data reveal that more than 31,000 people in 26 states are serving virtual life sentences for violent and nonviolent offenses, and suggest racial disparities in the distribution of these sentences. This study also presents potential policy implications and suggestions for future research.

scholarly journals Drought severity and all-cause mortality rates among adults in the United States: 1968–2014

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie M. Lynch ◽  
Robert H. Lyles ◽  
Lance A. Waller ◽  
Azar M. Abadi ◽  
Jesse E. Bell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Drought Severity ◽  
All Cause Mortality

scholarly journals Changes in Excess Mortality from End Stage Renal Disease in the United States from 1995 to 2013

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bethany J. Foster ◽  
Mark M. Mitsnefes ◽  
Mourad Dahhou ◽  
Xun Zhang ◽  
Benjamin L. Laskin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
General Population ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Excess Risk ◽  
Calendar Time ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Functioning Kidney

Background and objectivesIndividuals with ESRD have a very high risk of death. Although mortality rates have decreased over time in ESRD, it is unknown if improvements merely reflect parallel increases in general population survival. We, therefore, examined changes in the excess risk of all-cause mortality—over and above the risk in the general population—among people treated for ESRD in the United States from 1995 to 2013. We hypothesized that the magnitude of change in the excess risk of death would differ by age and RRT modality.Design, setting, participants, & measurementsWe used time-dependent relative survival models including data from persons with incident ESRD as recorded in the US Renal Data System and age-, sex-, race-, and calendar year–specific general population mortality rates from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. We calculated relative excess risks (analogous to hazard ratios) to examine the association between advancing calendar time and the primary outcome of all-cause mortality.ResultsWe included 1,938,148 children and adults with incident ESRD from 1995 to 2013. Adjusted relative excess risk per 5-year increment in calendar time ranged from 0.73 (95% confidence interval, 0.69 to 0.77) for 0–14 year olds to 0.88 (95% confidence interval, 0.88 to 0.88) for ≥65 year olds, meaning that the excess risk of ESRD-related death decreased by 12%–27% over any 5-year interval between 1995 and 2013. Decreases in excess mortality over time were observed for all ages and both during treatment with dialysis and during time with a functioning kidney transplant (year by age and year by renal replacement modality interactions were both P<0.001), with the largest relative improvements observed for the youngest persons with a functioning kidney transplant. Absolute decreases in excess ESRD-related mortality were greatest for the oldest persons.ConclusionsThe excess risk of all-cause mortality among people with ESRD, over and above the risk in the general population, decreased significantly between 1995 and 2013 in the United States.

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