scholarly journals Nucleosome patterns in four plant pathogenic fungi with contrasted genome structures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Clairet ◽  
Nicolas LAPALU ◽  
Adeline Simon ◽  
Jessica L. Soyer ◽  
Muriel Viaud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Genome Structure ◽  
Axenic Culture ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Environment Control

Fungal pathogens represent a serious threat towards agriculture, health, and environment. Control of fungal diseases on crops necessitates a global understanding of fungal pathogenicity determinants and their expression during infection. Genomes of phytopathogenic fungi are often compartmentalized: the core genome contains housekeeping genes whereas the fast-evolving genome mainly contains transposable elements and species-specific genes. In this study, we analysed nucleosome landscapes of four phytopathogenic fungi with contrasted lifestyles and genome organisations to describe and compare nucleosome repartition patterns in relation with genome structure and gene expression level. We combined MNase-seq and RNA-seq analyses to concomitantly map nucleosome-rich and transcriptionally active regions during fungal growth in axenic culture; we developed the tool MSTS to analyse and visualise data obtained from MNase-seq experiments in combination with other genomic data and notably RNA-seq expression data. We observed different characteristics of nucleosome profiles between species, as well as between genomic regions within the same species. We further linked nucleosome repartition and gene expression. Our findings support that nucleosome positioning and occupancies are subjected to evolution, in relation with underlying genome sequence modifications. Understanding genomic organisation and its role in expression regulation is the next gear to understand complex cellular mechanisms and their evolution.

scholarly journals Double Gamers—Can Modified Natural Regulators of Higher Plants Act as Antagonists against Phytopathogens? The Case of Jasmonic Acid Derivatives

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 8681
Author(s):  
Nicolò Orsoni ◽  
Francesca Degola ◽  
Luca Nerva ◽  
Franco Bisceglie ◽  
Giorgio Spadola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Phaeomoniella Chlamydospora ◽  
Horticultural Crops

As key players in biotic stress response of plants, jasmonic acid (JA) and its derivatives cover a specific and prominent role in pathogens-mediated signaling and hence are promising candidates for a sustainable management of phytopathogenic fungi. Recently, JA directed antimicrobial effects on plant pathogens has been suggested, supporting the theory of oxylipins as double gamers in plant-pathogen interaction. Based on these premises, six derivatives (dihydrojasmone and cis-jasmone, two thiosemicarbazonic derivatives and their corresponding complexes with copper) have been evaluated against 13 fungal species affecting various economically important herbaceous and woody crops, such as cereals, grapes and horticultural crops: Phaeoacremonium minimum, Neofusicoccum parvum, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, Fomitiporia mediterranea, Fusarium poae, F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae,F. sporotrichioides, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizoctonia solani,Sclerotinia spp. and Verticillium dahliae. The biological activity of these compounds was assessed in terms of growth inhibition and, for the two mycotoxigenic species A. flavus and F. sporotrichioides, also in terms of toxin containment. As expected, the inhibitory effect of molecules greatly varied amongst both genera and species; cis-jasmone thiosemicarbazone in particular has shown the wider range of effectiveness. However, our results show that thiosemicarbazones derivatives are more effective than the parent ketones in limiting fungal growth and mycotoxins production, supporting possible applications for the control of pathogenic fungi.

scholarly journals In vitro interactions between primycin and different statins in their effects against some clinically important fungi

2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ildikó Nyilasi ◽  
Sándor Kocsubé ◽  
Miklós Pesti ◽  
Gyöngyi Lukács ◽  
Tamás Papp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Rhizopus Oryzae ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Titration Method ◽  
Antifungal Activities ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogenic ◽  
The Given ◽  
In Vitro Interactions

The in vitro antifungal activities of primycin (PN) and various statins against some opportunistic pathogenic fungi were investigated. PN completely inhibited the growth of Candida albicans (MIC 64 μg ml−1) and Candida glabrata (MIC 32 μg ml−1), and was very effective against Paecilomyces variotii (MIC 2 μg ml−1), but had little effect on Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus or Rhizopus oryzae (MICs >64 μg ml−1). The fungi exhibited different degrees of sensitivity to the statins; fluvastatin (FLV) and simvastatin (SIM) exerted potent antifungal activities against a wide variety of clinically important fungal pathogens. Atorvastatin, rosuvastatin and lovastatin (LOV) had a slight effect against all fungal isolates tested, whereas pravastatin was completely ineffective. The in vitro interactions between PN and the different statins were investigated using a standard chequerboard titration method. When PN was combined with FLV, LOV or SIM, both synergistic and additive effects were observed. The extent of inhibition was higher when these compounds were applied together, and the concentrations of PN and the given statin needed to block fungal growth completely could be decreased by several dilution steps. Similar interactions were observed when the variability of the within-species sensitivities was investigated.

scholarly journals Green Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Eucalyptus globules and Their Fungicidal Ability Against Pathogenic Fungi of Apple Orchards

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilal Ahmad ◽  
Krishnan Venugopal ◽  
Kalyanaraman Rajagopal ◽  
Savitha De Britto ◽  
Boregowda Nandini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Inhibition Rate ◽  
Fungal Growth Inhibition ◽  
Eucalyptus Globules

Eucalyptus globules belonging to the Myrtaceae family was explored for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and for biological applications. The aqueous extract of the synthesized zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs) was characterized using UV-visible spectrophotometer, FTIR, SEM and TEM. The aqueous broth was observed to be an efficient reducing agent, leading to the rapid formation of ZnNPs of varied shapes with sizes ranging between 52–70 nm. In addition, antifungal activity of the biosynthesized ZnNPs was evaluated against major phytopathogens of apple orchards. At 100 ppm of ZnNPs, the fungal growth inhibition rate was found to be 76.7% for Alternaria mali, followed by 65.4 and 55.2% inhibition rate for Botryosphaeria dothidea and Diplodia seriata, respectively. The microscopic observations of the treated fungal plates revealed that ZnNPs damages the topography of the fungal hyphal layers leading to a reduced contraction of hyphae. This considerable fungicidal property of ZnNPs against phytopathogenic fungi can have a tremendous impact on exploitation of ZnNPs for fungal pest management and ensure protection in fruit crops.

scholarly journals Characterization of a Ustilago maydisGene Specifically Induced during the Biotrophic Phase: Evidence for Negative as Well as Positive Regulation

2000 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 329-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph W. Basse ◽  
Stefan Stumpferl ◽  
Regine Kahmann
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Axenic Culture ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Sexual Cycle ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Plant Infection ◽  
Molecular Events ◽  
Sequence Elements ◽  
Potential Applications

ABSTRACT The phytopathogenic basidiomycete Ustilago maydisrequires its host plant, maize, for completion of its sexual cycle. To investigate the molecular events during infection, we used differential display to identify plant-induced U. maydis genes. We describe the U. maydis gene mig1 (for “maize-induced gene”), which is not expressed during yeast-like growth of the fungus, is weakly expressed during filamentous growth in axenic culture, but is extensively upregulated during plant infection.mig1 encodes a small, highly charged protein of unknown function which contains a functional N-terminal secretion sequence and is not essential for pathogenic development. Adjacent tomig1 is a second gene (mdu1) related tomig1, which appears to result from a gene duplication.mig1 gene expression during the infection cycle was assessed by fusing the promoter to eGFP. Expression ofmig1 was absent in hyphae growing on the leaf surface but was detected after penetration and remained high during subsequent proliferation of the fungus until teliospore formation. Successive deletions as well as certain internal deletions in the mig1promoter conferred elevated levels of reporter gene expression during growth in axenic culture, indicative of negative regulation. During fungal growth in planta, sequence elements between positions −148 and −519 in the mig1 promoter were specifically required for high levels of induction, illustrating additional positive control. We discuss the potential applications of mig1 for the identification of inducing compounds and the respective regulatory genes.

scholarly journals Dimethylformamide Inhibits Fungal Growth and Aflatoxin B1 Biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus by Down-Regulating Glucose Metabolism and Amino Acid Biosynthesis

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 683
Author(s):  
Lin Pan ◽  
Peng Chang ◽  
Jing Jin ◽  
Qingli Yang ◽  
Fuguo Xing
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Amino Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Inhibition Mechanism ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Acid Biosynthesis

Aflatoxins (AFs) are secondary metabolites produced by plant fungal pathogens infecting crops with strong carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Dimethylformamide (DMF) is an excellent solvent widely used in biology, medicine and other fields. However, the effect and mechanism of DMF as a common organic solvent against fungal growth and AFs production are not clear. Here, we discovered that DMF had obvious inhibitory effect against A. flavus, as well as displayed complete strong capacity to combat AFs production. Hereafter, the inhibition mechanism of DMF act on AFs production was revealed by the transcriptional expression analysis of genes referred to AFs biosynthesis. With 1% DMF treatment, two positive regulatory genes of AFs biosynthetic pathway aflS and aflR were down-regulated, leading to the suppression of the structural genes in AFs cluster like aflW, aflP. These changes may be due to the suppression of VeA and the subsequent up-regulation of FluG. Exposure to DMF caused the damage of cell wall and the dysfunction of mitochondria. In particular, it is worth noting that most amino acid biosynthesis and glucose metabolism pathway were down-regulated by 1% DMF using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. Taken together, these RNA-Seq data strongly suggest that DMF inhibits fungal growth and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production by A. flavus via the synergistic interference of glucose metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis and oxidative phosphorylation.

scholarly journals Identification of pathogenic fungi in garlic bulbs during storage and in the root zone during plant growth

2021 ◽  
pp. 105-109
Author(s):  
M. A. Filyushin ◽  
O. A. Danilova ◽  
T. M. Seredin
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Dry Rot ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Genus Fusarium ◽  
Fungal Phytopathogens

Relevance and methods. Losses of agricultural crops are associated not only with the development of diseases during the growing season, but also during post-harvest storage. Garlic is a popular vegetable and aromatic crop in world. Significant losses in garlic yield during cultivation and storage are associated with fungal pathogens, the most harmful of which are representatives of the genus Fusarium. In the Moscow region, the defeat of garlic by Fusarium occurs annually, but with varying intensity. At the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center (FSVC), it was shown that rot and wilting of garlic plants is caused by a complex of pathogenic fungi, including mainly different species of Fusarium. At the same time, the ratio of Fusarium species in the pathogenic complex changes from year to year, new Fusarium species and their races are registered. The aim of this study was to identify fungal phytopathogens causing dry rot of garlic cloves during post-harvest storage. To carry out the work, garlic bulbs of cultivars Dubkovsky and Strelets were taken from the FSVC storage.Results. As a result of visual examination, cloves with symptoms of dry rot were identified. The diseased cloves tissues were plated on potato dextrose agar to obtain fungal colonies. Analysis of the morphological and cultural characteristics of fungal isolates, as well as the nucleotide sequences of four DNA regions (ITS spacers, genes EF1α, RPB1, and RPB2) showed that the causative agent of dry rot of garlic cloves is the pathogenic fungus Fusarium proliferatum. In addition, in the field, identification was carried out based on the analysis of the sequences of spacers ITS and the EF1αgene of phytopathogenic fungi inhabiting the root zone of garlic plants. As a result, two species of fungi of the genus Fusarium (F. proliferatum and F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae), as well as the species Rhizoctonia solani, Volutella rosea, and Ceratobasidium sp. were found in the root zone of garlic cultivars.

scholarly journals A high-throughput virtual screening in Grid for new tubulin-targeted inhibitors of plant fungal pathogens

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 335-339
Author(s):  
P. A. Karpov ◽  
O. M. Demchuk ◽  
O. V. Rayevsky ◽  
S. P. Ozheredov ◽  
S. I. Spivak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Screening ◽  
Binding Site ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Targeted Inhibitors ◽  
Β Tubulin ◽  
High Throughput Virtual Screening

Aim. To select new tubulin-targeted inhibitors of plant fungal pathogens based on results of high-throughput virtual screening in Grid. Methods. Protein and ligand spatial structure modelling (I-Tasser, Grid), design and virtual screening ligands library (UCSF Dock 6, Grid), molecular docking (CCDC Gold), molecular dynamics simulation (Gromacs, Grid). Results. 240 structural models of tubulin molecules (82 α-, 111 β- and 47 γ-tubulin) from 62 species of phytopathogenic fungi were constructed. It was found that imidazole ligands, demonstrate strongest affinity to α- and β-tubulin. It was found that among α-, β- and γ-tubulin, taxol binding site of β-tubulin possess the strongest potential as the fungicidal drugs target. It was selected 50 leader compounds: 23 with affinity for GTP/GDF-exchange site and 27 with affinity for taxol-binding site. Conclusions. It was found, that in phytopathogenic fungi, taxol binding site of β-tubulin are the main fungicid drug target (in compare to other tubulin site or isotype). The highest affinity was predicted for the compounds F0478-0219, F0478-0166 and β-tubulin from Puccinia graminis f. sp. Tritici, as well as for the compound F0478-0385 and β-tubulin from Magnaporthe oryzae. Keywords: pathogenic fungi, fungicides, tubulin, virtual screening, Grid.

Inhibition of Plant-Pathogenic Fungi by a Corn Trypsin Inhibitor Overexpressed in Escherichia coli

1999 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 1320-1324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi-Yuan Chen ◽  
Robert L. Brown ◽  
Alan R. Lax ◽  
Thomas E. Cleveland ◽  
John S. Russin
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Trypsin Inhibitor ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Conidium Germination

ABSTRACT The cDNA of a 14-kDa trypsin inhibitor (TI) from corn was subcloned into an Escherichia coli overexpression vector. The overexpressed TI was purified based on its insolubility in urea and then refolded into the active form in vitro. This recombinant TI inhibited both conidium germination and hyphal growth of all nine plant pathogenic fungi studied, including Aspergillus flavus,Aspergillus parasiticus, and Fusarium moniliforme. The calculated 50% inhibitory concentration of TI for conidium germination ranged from 70 to more than 300 μg/ml, and that for fungal growth ranged from 33 to 124 μg/ml depending on the fungal species. It also inhibited A. flavus and F. moniliforme simultaneously when they were tested together. The results suggest that the corn 14-kDa TI may function in host resistance against a variety of fungal pathogens of crops.

scholarly journals Auxofuran, a Novel Metabolite That Stimulates the Growth of Fly Agaric, Is Produced by the Mycorrhiza Helper Bacterium Streptomyces Strain AcH 505

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 3550-3557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Riedlinger ◽  
Silvia D. Schrey ◽  
Mika T. Tarkka ◽  
R�diger Hampp ◽  
Manmohan Kapur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Synthetic Analogue ◽  
Related Gene ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Gene Expression Response ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Expression Response

ABSTRACT The mycorrhiza helper bacterium Streptomyces strain AcH 505 improves mycelial growth of ectomycorrhizal fungi and formation of ectomycorrhizas between Amanita muscaria and spruce but suppresses the growth of plant-pathogenic fungi, suggesting that it produces both fungal growth-stimulating and -suppressing compounds. The dominant fungal-growth-promoting substance produced by strain AcH 505, auxofuran, was isolated, and its effect on the levels of gene expression of A. muscaria was investigated. Auxofuran and its synthetic analogue 7-dehydroxy-auxofuran were most effective at a concentration of 15 μM, and application of these compounds led to increased lipid metabolism-related gene expression. Cocultivation of strain AcH 505 and A. muscaria stimulated auxofuran production by the streptomycete. The antifungal substances produced by strain AcH 505 were identified as the antibiotics WS-5995 B and C. WS-5995 B completely blocked mycelial growth at a concentration of 60 μM and caused a cell stress-related gene expression response in A. muscaria. Characterization of these compounds provides the foundation for molecular analysis of the fungus-bacterium interaction in the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis between fly agaric and spruce.

scholarly journals The Role of Yeasts as Biocontrol Agents for Pathogenic Fungi on Postharvest Grapes: A Review

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1650
Author(s):  
Alessandra Di Canito ◽  
María Alejandra Mateo-Vargas ◽  
Monica Mazzieri ◽  
Jesús Cantoral ◽  
Roberto Foschino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Wine Grapes ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
Chemical Pesticide ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Saccharomyces Yeasts

In view of the growing concern about the impact of synthetic fungicides on human health and the environment, several government bodies have decided to ban them. As a result, a great number of studies have been carried out in recent decades with the aim of finding a biological alternative to inhibit the growth of fungal pathogens. In order to avoid the large losses of fruit and vegetables that these pathogens cause every year, the biological alternative’s efficacy should be the same as that of a chemical pesticide. In this review, the main studies discussed concern Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces yeasts as potential antagonists against phytopathogenic fungi of the genera Penicillium and Aspergillus and the species Botrytis cinerea on table grapes, wine grapes, and raisins.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document