scholarly journals Scaling between stomatal size and density in forest plants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Congcong Liu ◽  
Christopher D Muir ◽  
Ying Li ◽  
Li Xu ◽  
Mingxu Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Carbon Gain ◽  
Stomatal Size ◽  
Area Minimization ◽  
Plant Water Use ◽  
Area Increase ◽  
Phylogenetic Regression ◽  
Forest Plants ◽  
The Cost

The size and density of stomatal pores limit the maximum rate of leaf carbon gain and water loss (gmax) in land plants. Stomatal size and density are negatively correlated at broad phylogenetic scales, such that species with small stomata tend to have greater stomatal density, but the consequences of this relationship for leaf function have been controversial. The prevailing hypothesis posits that the negative scaling of size and density arises because species that evolved higher gmax also achieved reduced allocation of epidermal area to stomata (stomatal-area minimization). Alternatively, the negative scaling of size and density might reflect the maintenance of a stable mean and variance in gmax despite variation in stomatal size and density, which would result in a higher allocation of epidermal area to achieve high gmax (stomatal-area increase). Here, we tested these hypotheses by comparing their predictions for the structure of the covariance of stomatal size and density across species, applying macroevolutionary models and phylogenetic regression to data for 2408 species of angiosperms, gymnosperms, and ferns from forests worldwide. The observed stomatal size-density scaling and covariance supported the stomatal-area increase hypothesis for high gmax. Thus, contrary to the prevailing view, higher gmax is not achieved while minimizing stomatal area allocation but requires increasing epidermal area allocated to stomata. Understanding of optimal stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, and plant water-use efficiency used in Earth System and crop productivity models will thus be improved by including the cost of higher gmax both in construction cost of stomata and opportunity cost in epidermal space.

scholarly journals Growth and leaf epidermal response of three Sesamum indicum varieties to industrial effluent irrigation

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
AA Abdul Rahaman ◽  
OM Olaniran ◽  
FA Oladele
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Industrial Effluent ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Sesamum Indicum ◽  
Proper Treatment ◽  
Trichome Density ◽  
Stomatal Index ◽  
Stomatal Size ◽  
Epidermal Features

The effect of industrial effluents was studied with respect to growth and leaf anatomy of three Sesamum indicum varieties (NGB 00931, NGB 00937 and NGB 00939). Industrial effluents (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) from two industries are used to irrigate the plants. Although, the control plants possessed larger leaves and longer stems than the effluent-treated plants, at lower concentration, the plant growth is relatively higher. Gradual decrease in the germination of seeds and seedling growth with increase in effluent concentration was observed. The best germination and seedling growth was observed at the 25% concentration. Leaf epidermal features (stomatal density, stomatal index, stomatal size, trichome density, tricome index, trichome size and number of epidermal cells) are more influenced in the effluent-treated plants than in the control plants from the Peace Standard Pharmaceutical Industry than in the effluent from the Global Soap & Detergent Industry. Thus the industrial effluents can be safely used for irrigation purposes with proper treatment and dilution at 25%.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 52(1), 1-6, 2017

scholarly journals Changes in Foliar Functional Traits of S. pyrenaicus subsp. carpetanus under the Ongoing Climate Change: A Retrospective Survey

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 395
Author(s):  
Rosina Magaña Ugarte ◽  
Adrián Escudero ◽  
Daniel Sánchez Mata ◽  
Rosario G. Gavilán
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Adaptive Plasticity ◽  
Mountain Areas ◽  
Stomatal Size ◽  
Physiological Approach ◽  
Stomatal Traits

The sensitivity of stomatal behavior and patterning (i.e., distribution, density, size) to environmental stimuli, renders them crucial for defining the physiological performance of leaves. Thus, assessing long-term modifications in stomatal traits in conserved specimens arises as a valuable eco-physiological approach to predict how the rising trend of warmer, drier summers could affect plant fitness; particularly in mountain areas already experiencing climate aggravation and lacking the related monitoring schemes like Mediterranean high-mountains. Variations in foliar and stomatal traits were studied in conserved specimens of Senecio pyrenaicus subsp. carpetanus from Sierra de Guadarrama over the past 71 years. Our findings revealed decreasing trends in leaf width, stomatal size, and increasing tendency in stomatal density, all correlated with the recent 30-year climate exacerbation in these mountains. This evidenced a positive selection favoring traits that allow safeguarding plant performance under drier, hotter weather conditions. The significant relation between stomatal traits and climatic variables upholds the role of stomatal patterning in sensing environmental cues in this species, feasibly optimizing physiological responses involved in the growth–water loss trade-off. The transition to smaller, densely packed stomata observed in recent decades could indicate local-adaptive plasticity in this species, enhancing stomatal response, as coarser environmental conditions take place in Sierra de Guadarrama.

scholarly journals Stomatal Density In Miscanthus Leaves

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-48
Author(s):  
Žaneta Pauková ◽  
Zuzana Jureková
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
The South ◽  
Stomatal Size ◽  
Stomatal Length ◽  
Non Destructive

Abstract In this study, the number of stomata per unit area was determined in the perennial energy grass of two genotypes Miscanthus × giganteus (Greef et Deuter) and M. sinensis ‘Tatai’ on arable land in the South-western Slovakia. The dynamics of stomatal density per mm2 was determined by non-destructive method in three randomly selected clumps. The number of stomata per mm2 of area varied from 125 ±23 to 327 ±47, stomatal length ranged from 33.9 ±4.7 μm to 35.3 ±3.4 μm, and stomatal width ranged from 17.5 ±2.3 μm to 18.8 ±2.8 μm in the two genotypes. We confirmed ontogenetic heterogeneity of leaf area size and stomatal size parameters.

WATER REQUIREMENTS, AVAILABILITY AND DEVELOPMENT RESTRAINTS FOR INCREASED CROP PRODUCTIVITY IN CANADA

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-44
Author(s):  
MARTIN OOSTERVELD ◽  
WALTER NICHOLAICHUK
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Specialty Crops ◽  
Irrigation Development ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Water Diversions ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

When crop productivity is restricted because of the availability of water, the amount of water required to remove the limitation is known as the soil water deficit. Most regions of Canada have a water deficit even though annual precipitation may appear more than sufficient for maximum needs. Soils have insufficient storage capacity to take crops through extended periods without rain. All crops will suffer from a water deficit, but the impact on yield varies among species and the timing of the stress. Similarly, supplemental irrigation to eliminate the deficit results in varying yield response, depending on the severity and timing of stress. The greatest potential response from irrigation occurs in the southern Prairies and the interior valley in British Columbia. Productivity per unit area can be increased at least 400%. The long-term limitation to development on the prairies is a regional water shortage, which can only be overcome by huge investments in water diversions from north-flowing rivers. Irrigation development in Ontario is presently economically attractive and water sources can be developed locally. It is expected that geometric growth in irrigation development will take place, particularly if several dry years occur in succession. In the most humid portions of Canada, encompassing the five eastern provinces, irrigation development is likely to be limited to small areas of fruit and specialty crops where a small increase in yield justifies the cost of irrigation equipment.Key words: Irrigation, crop productivity, water deficit, water resources, development limitations

scholarly journals Stomata Detector: High-throughput automation of stomata counting in a population of African rice (Oryza glaberrima) using transfer learning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie B. Cowling ◽  
Hamidreza Soltani ◽  
Sean Mayes ◽  
Erik H. Murchie
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Transfer Learning ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Batch Process ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Oryza Glaberrima ◽  
Detection Model ◽  
Science Community ◽  
Dynamic Structures

AbstractStomata are dynamic structures that control the gaseous exchange of CO2 from the external to internal environment and water loss through transpiration. The density and morphology of stomata have important consequences in crop productivity and water use efficiency, both are integral considerations when breeding climate change resilient crops. The phenotyping of stomata is a slow manual process and provides a substantial bottleneck when characterising phenotypic and genetic variation for crop improvement. There are currently no open-source methods to automate stomatal counting. We used 380 human annotated micrographs of O. glaberrima and O. sativa at x20 and x40 objectives for testing and training. Training was completed using the transfer learning for deep neural networks method and R-CNN object detection model. At a x40 objective our method was able to accurately detect stomata (n = 540, r = 0.94, p<0.0001), with an overall similarity of 99% between human and automated counting methods. Our method can batch process large files of images. As proof of concept, characterised the stomatal density in a population of 155 O. glaberrima accessions, using 13,100 micrographs. Here, we present developed Stomata Detector; an open source, sophisticated piece of software for the plant science community that can accurately identify stomata in Oryza spp., and potentially other monocot species.

scholarly journals Acquired Traits Contribute More to Drought Tolerance in Wheat Than in Rice

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Preethi Vijayaraghavareddy ◽  
Ramu S. Vemanna ◽  
Xinyou Yin ◽  
Paul C. Struik ◽  
Udayakumar Makarla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Wheat Cultivar ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Carbon Gain ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Ros Scavenging

Drought tolerance is governed by constitutive and acquired traits. Combining them has relevance for sustaining crop productivity under drought. Mild levels of stress induce specific mechanisms that protect metabolism when stress becomes severe. Here, we report a comparative assessment of “acquired drought tolerance (ADT)” traits in two rice cultivars, IR64 (drought susceptible) and Apo (tolerant), and a drought-tolerant wheat cultivar, Weebill. Young seedlings were exposed to progressive concentrations of methyl viologen (MV), a stress inducer, before transferring to a severe concentration. “Induced” seedlings showed higher tolerance and recovery growth than seedlings exposed directly to severe stress. A novel phenomic platform with an automated irrigation system was used for precisely imposing soil moisture stress to capture ADT traits during the vegetative stage. Gradual progression of drought was achieved through a software-controlled automated irrigation facility. This facility allowed the maintenance of the same level of soil moisture irrespective of differences in transpiration, and hence, this platform provided the most appropriate method to assess ADT traits. Total biomass decreased more in IR64 than in Apo. The wheat cultivar showed lower levels of damage and higher recovery growth even compared to Apo. Expression of ROS-scavenging enzymes and drought-responsive genes was significantly higher in Apo than in IR64, but differences were only marginal between Apo and Weebill. The wheat cultivar showed significantly higher stomatal conductance, carbon gain, and biomass than the rice cultivars, under drought. These differences in ADT traits between cultivars as well as between species can be utilised for improving drought tolerance in crop plants.

Harnessing leaf photosynthetic traits and antioxidant defence for multiple stress tolerance in three premium indigenous rice landraces of Jeypore tract of Odisha, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Debabrata Panda ◽  
Biswajeet Mohanty ◽  
Prafulla K. Behera ◽  
Jijnasa Barik ◽  
Swati S. Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Antioxidant Defence ◽  
Potential Donor ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Multiple Stresses ◽  
Stomatal Size ◽  
Rice Landraces ◽  
Psii Activity ◽  
Check Variety ◽  
Use Efficiency

The aim of the present research was to compare the effects of different abiotic stresses (drought, salinity and submergence) on growth, photosynthesis and PSII activity along with antioxidant defence of three premium rice landraces, namely Kalajeera, Machhakanta and Haladichudi from Jeypore tract of Odisha, India to evaluate their performance under multiple stresses and possibility of using in the pre-breeding programs. Results showed that drought, salinity and submergence significantly reduced plant growth, leaf photosynthesis, water use efficiency (WUE), carboxylation efficiency (CE), PSII activity and SPAD chlorophyll index, and the highest effect was observed in susceptible check variety (IR64). In addition, the indigenous rice lines showed better stomatal traits such as stomatal density (SD), stomatal size (SS) and stomatal number per leaf area (S/LA). Notably, higher activities of antioxidative enzymes and proline accumulation was observed in studied indigenous rice landraces and were found comparable with the drought and salinity tolerant (N22) and submergence tolerant (FR13A) check varieties. Based on our findings it was revealed that these landraces can be expected to possess an adequate level of tolerance to drought, salinity and submergence and showed adaptive fitness to multiple stresses during seedling stage. These landraces can be considered as potential donor for future rice pre-breeding program.

scholarly journals Mutagenic effects of ultraviolet (UV-C) irradiation on the anatomy of three species of Capsicum

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-116
Author(s):  
KA Abdul Kareem ◽  
TJ Olobatoke ◽  
AA Abdul Rahaman ◽  
OT Mustapha
Keyword(s):  
Ultraviolet Irradiation ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Capsicum Frutescens ◽  
Leaf Epidermis ◽  
Stomatal Index ◽  
Stomatal Size ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Mutagenic Effects ◽  
Uv C

UV radiant seedlings of Capsicum annuum, C. Chinenese and Capsicum frutescens were studied anatomically to observe the UV effects on the leaf epidermis, stem and root ultrastructures. While there is a higher percentage of stomatal index in the UV-exposed plants compared to the controlled, unexposed plants, there is no correlation in the stomatal density and stomatal size between the exposed and unexposed plants to the ultraviolet irradiation. There was also no correlation between the stomatal size and the stomatal density in both treatments (exposed and unexposed) in all the plants. Significant differences were observed in the stomatal index on both leaf surfaces between the exposed and controlled plants of C. frutescens and C. annuum. Cell walls of the stem and root wereobserved to be thicker in the UV-exposed plants. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.54(2), 111-116, 2019

scholarly journals Enhancement of Fixation Nitrogen in Food Legumes

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edi Wiraguna
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Food Legumes ◽  
Food Productivity ◽  
Induced Mutants ◽  
The Cost

Increasing the capability of nitrogen fixation in legumes is crucial because the population has been risen dramatically and predicted to be doubled by 2050. In order to feed this high population, food productivity needs to be increased. A solution to overcome this problem is through improvement of crop productivity by applying fertilizer. However, the application of fertilizer such as nitrogen is over the recommended amount and the cost is high at approximately $US 40 billion per year. Therefore, legumes are important in order to minimize the cost and enhance soil fertility through nitrogen fixation (nodulation). To achieve high nitrogen fixation, agriculture managements such as minimum tillage, breeding programs and induced mutants have been developed. In breeding program, it was found that BT-477 had high nitrogen fixation and drought tolerant based on selection among 7 common bean genotypes. Induced mutants were applied by soaking swollen seeds in EMS and resulted to higher number of nodules (10x).

NUTRITION BACKGROUND EFFECT ON PRODUCTIVITY OF OATS

10.12737/3816 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-90
Author(s):  
Ахметзянов ◽  
Marsel Akhmetzyanov ◽  
Таланов ◽  
Ivan Talanov
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
The Cost

Owing to the agriculture intensification increasing, unreasonably extensive use of chemicals, comprehensive mechanization, intensive tillage, together with an increase in productivity leads to noticeable undesirable results. The contamination grow, the infectiousness of fields by pests and diseases of agricultural crops increases, due to decomposition of humus, the soil fertility gradually decreases, and the quality of the products is deteriorating by the presence of hazardous compounds for health, ecological balance is disturbed environment. In this connection, so that to solve these problems, it is necessary to develop farming biologzation, namely the expansion of perennial grasses, reducing the use of fertilizers, pesticides and other chemicals, the use of intermediate crops for fodder and green manure, the use of crop residues and organic fertilizers, the use of advanced tillage methods. In recent years, the study of some specific biologzation elements are held in Russia too, but without an integrated approach. An intensification of the use of biological means of soil fertility was contributed to: creation an optimum density of the addition of the soil; creation better moisture content of crops; phytosanitary condition of crops. The maximum crop productivity (4.03 tons per hectare) was obtained, when adding straw and stubbly green manure, the cost of 1 ton of grain was decreased, compared with mineral background to 281.4 rubles, the net income was higher to 1593.6 rubles per hectare, the profitability of oat production was 52.8%, against 32.5% on a mineral background.

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