scholarly journals On the Contribution of Reproductive and Offspring Investment on Fertility: Human and Animal Societies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anuraag Bukkuri
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Assortative Mating ◽  
Simple Game ◽  
Reproduction Rate ◽  
Mating Group ◽  
Speciation Event ◽  
The World ◽  
Reproductive Rates ◽  
Offspring Investment ◽  
Animal Societies

Differences in investment into reproduction or offspring rearing are plentiful throughout the world, from the cells inside our bodies to complex sociological interactions among humans. Such differences can lead to profound impacts on species' fitness, fertility, and reproductive rates, sometimes in startling ways. In this paper, we create a simple game-theoretical model to qualitatively investigate the effects of such differential investment. We focus on fertility in human societies and show that more wealthy individuals produce more offspring within a a mating group. However, when assortative mating mechanisms are introduced, this effectively leads to a speciation event, and a higher reproduction rate for poorer individuals is noticed, capturing what we call the "wealthy-to-poor switch". We discuss extensions and implications of this work to nupital gifts in ecology and to clonal competition in cancer cell lines under the influence of treatment.

COMPARATIVE METHOD IN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW: BETWEEN PRESUMPTIONS OF SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 84-113
Author(s):  
ALEXANDRA A. TROITSKAYA
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Constitutional Law ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Comparative Law ◽  
Middle Level ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Universal Principles ◽  
The World ◽  
Similarities And Differences

The two main approaches to the use of the comparative method in legal research, functional and cultural, have some "predetermined" considerations regarding the results that will (or should) be discovered by comparing various legal phenomena — should the emphasis be on similarities or differences between these phenomena. These considerations are based on the vision of, respectively, the universal or pluralistic nature of law of various societies, and in fact they are able to correct substantially the process of cognition of legal phenomena using the comparative method, adjusting it to the desired result. In the case of similarities, we can talk about artificially narrowing the circle of countries under investigation. In the case of differences, the isolation of systems and the uniqueness of their cultural characteristics are unreasonably exaggerated. The alternative assumptions presented in the theory of comparative law regarding the existence of universal principles of law or the fundamental uniqueness of each legal system require a critical rethinking of constitutional provisions and practice in comparative studies. The use of the comparative method in constitutional law is not reducible to the implementation of the ideas of political philosophy, and objective conclusions should not be replaced by predetermined normative guidelines. The similarities and differences revealed by the researcher of constitutional ideas, norms and practices can be considered as a result of comparison of independent value.Constitutional law is associated with a variety of substantial constructs existing in the world, not excluding, however, their intercommunication. Understanding these constructions requires attention to both the similarities and the differences in specific legal orders (as well as the reasons for their functioning in this, and not another form). The use of the comparative method in the absence of striving for predetermined results is simultaneously aimed at understanding the laws of development of constitutional institutions and maintaining the horizon of their diversity as an important component of this development. Each time, the researcher should distance himself from his prejudices regarding the similarities or differences between the institutes under study, rechecking whether the obtained results are really the results of applying the comparative method, and not the initial constructions.The logic of a comparative study corresponds to the construction of theories of "middle level", aimed at forming the theoretical model of a particular legal in-stitution, taking into account the practice of implementing this institution in specific states. The focus on middle-level theories within the framework of the comparative method allows one to go beyond the description of single systems, formulate conclusions at the level of generalization that ensure the comparability of the studied objects, and at the same time maintain an understanding of the diversity of constitutional models.

Modeling COVID-19 Growing Trends to Reveal the Differences in the Effectiveness of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions among Countries in the World (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
You Chen ◽  
Yubo Feng ◽  
Chao Yan ◽  
Xinmeng Zhang ◽  
Cheng Gao
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Reproduction Rate ◽  
Cumulative Number ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
The World ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

BACKGROUND Adopting non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) can affect COVID-19 growing trends, decrease the number of infected cases, and thus reduce mortality and healthcare demand. Almost all countries in the world have adopted non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to control the spread rate of COVID-19; however, it is unclear what are differences in the effectiveness of NPIs among these countries. OBJECTIVE We hypothesize that COVID-19 case growth data reveals the efficacy of NPIs. In this study, we conduct a secondary analysis of COVID-19 case growth data to compare the differences in the effectiveness of NPIs among 16 representative countries in the world. METHODS This study leverages publicly available data to learn patterns of dynamic changes in the reproduction rate for sixteen countries covering Asia, Europe, North America, South America, Australia, and Africa. Furthermore, we model the relationships between the cumulative number of cases and the dynamic reproduction rate to characterize the effectiveness of the NPIs. We learn four levels of NPIs according to their effects in the control of COVID-19 growth and categorize the 16 countries into the corresponding groups. RESULTS The dynamic changes of the reproduction rate are learned via linear regression models for all of the studied countries, with the average adjusted R-squared at 0.96 and the 95% confidence interval as [0.94 0.98]. China, South Korea, Argentina, and Australia are at the first level of NPIs, which are the most effective. Japan and Egypt are at the second level of NPIs, and Italy, Germany, France, Netherlands, and Spain, are at the third level. The US and UK have the most inefficient NPIs, and they are at the fourth level of NPIs. CONCLUSIONS COVID-19 case growth data provides evidence to demonstrate the effectiveness of the NPIs. Understanding the differences in the efficacy of the NPIs among countries in the world can give guidance for emergent public health events. CLINICALTRIAL NA

Initial Experiments on the Control of a Mobile Tower Crane

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Vaughan ◽  
William Singhose ◽  
Paulo Debenest ◽  
Edwardo Fukushima ◽  
Shigeo Hirose
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Material Handling ◽  
Operational Efficiency ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Input Shaping ◽  
Oscillatory Dynamics ◽  
Tower Crane ◽  
Operational Capabilities ◽  
The World

Cranes are used extensively throughout the world in a wide variety of construction and material handling applications. The speed at which these cranes are operated is limited by payload oscillation. Input shaping is one method that reduces this oscillation, allowing higher speeds and improving operational efficiency. Another method to improve the operational capabilities of cranes is to allow base motion. This paper presents initial experimental results from a portable, mobile tower crane. A theoretical model of the crane is presented and experimentally verified. The oscillatory dynamics of the crane are highlighted and controllers to combat these unwanted dynamics are presented.

The Universal Invariant-Based SLA Theory

2020 ◽  
pp. 29-61
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Binary Opposition ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Real ◽  
World Community ◽  
The World ◽  
Social Intercourse

SLA is a broad multilateral realm of theoretical and applied projections. The discipline being topical for the world community, its coterminous issues are rather summarily thrown together, but actually spread out or split up of the field originally meant as a more concentrated and closely-knit nucleus. The research mainstream branches out into numerous aspects of language acquisition, most of which are ‘cross-sectional'. The heterology of research approaches hinders the progress towards the development of a well-balanced unified SLA theory relying on the basics inherent in science at large. A theory like that is aimed at the elimination of any ambiguity and confusion, so that anyone could similarly interpret it. Although the idea sounds like a utopian goal so far, a number of steps could be taken for SLA integrity to get closer and ultimately to transpire. A holistic theoretical model of SLA requires that its modules be represented on the basis of the same property, or radix. In the model developed, the radix is identified as a minimal predicative unit being formed. The unit takes shape in the process of predication, which can be referred to as the act of joining initially independent objects of thought expressed by self-determining words—predicate and argument—in order to convey any idea. Predication is a most important function of language cognition due to which the real and individualized worlds converge in the learner's mind. Hence, predication is not just a common fundamental of language, social intercourse, and individual inner thought activity but actually a medium creating the environment in which all three spheres mentioned function cohesively. The SLA Universal Invariant-Based Binary Predication Theory is identified in terms of its domain, content and procedural phenomena, principles, rules and regularities, binary opposition logic. and idealized object.

1. Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Catherine E. De Vries ◽  
Sara B. Hobolt ◽  
Sven-Oliver Proksch ◽  
Jonathan B. Slapin
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
National Level ◽  
Real Life ◽  
European Politics ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
The World ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Zoom In

The Introduction argues that to understand European politics there are two premises that need to be accepted. Firstly, the interplay between European and national-level politics must be taken seriously. The two cannot be studied independently. Secondly, a theoretical model of politics is necessary to help us to make assumptions about politics explicit and to ensure that the arguments used are logically consistent. Models help us to zoom in on a particular aspect of politics and apply our analysis to real-life examples. It also helps us to spot the similarities and differences across political systems and governments so we can make comparisons. The Introduction answers the question: why focus on Europe? One of the most obvious reasons is that Europe is the home to the largest number and variety of democratic governments anywhere in the world.

A Three-Tiered Approach to Global E-Commerce

2011 ◽  
pp. 48-69
Author(s):  
David Paper ◽  
Kenneth B. Tingey
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Heuristic Rules ◽  
Global Business ◽  
Strategic Issues ◽  
Central Concern ◽  
The World ◽  
The Many ◽  
Business Requirements

Access to the world enabled by the Internet facilitates internationalization as never before. However, lack of a coherent global Internet strategy can relegate any company to a strictly provincial “neighborhood” status. Globalization strategies and tactics should therefore be of central concern to all enterprises. To research the strategic issues involved in Internet-based globalization, we embarked on a case study. Our goal is to explore how the Internet and its related technologies can serve to help organizations better deal with the challenges of conducting global business. Our research enabled us to identify a set of heuristic “rules of thumb” that might be used to support Internet-based globalization efforts. In our study we discuss the many challenges to establishing successful global enterprises. We then introduce a model for understanding global business requirements in the e-commerce age. We conclude by analyzing a case study to initially validate our theoretical model and summarize our findings.

Reproduction, preweaning survival, and survival of adult sea otters at Kodiak Island, Alaska

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 1161-1169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel H. Monson ◽  
Anthony R. DeGange
Keyword(s):  
Primary Source ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Reproduction Rate ◽  
Sea Otter ◽  
Sea Otters ◽  
Kodiak Island ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Reproductive Rates ◽  
Expanding Population ◽  
Sexually Mature

Radiotelemetry methods were used to examine the demographic characteristics of sea otters inhabiting the leading edge of an expanding population on Kodiak Island, Alaska. Fifteen male and 30 female sea otters were instrumented and followed from 1986 to 1990. Twenty-one percent of females were sexually mature (had pupped) at age 2, 57% by age 3, 88% by age 4, and 100% by age 5. Fifteen females produced 26 pups, an overall reproduction rate of 94% for mature females. The reproduction rate was 17, 45, 66, and 100% for 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds, respectively. Eighty-five percent of observed pups survived to weaning (120 days), and the percentage of pups weaned ranged from 34% for pups of 2-year-olds to 100% for pups of 5-year-olds. At least three of four known pup losses occurred within a month of parturition. The mean pup dependency period for weaned pups was 153 days and the mean gestation period was 218 days. No synchrony in pupping activity was observed. Mean annual survival of adults was high. Estimates of survival ranged from 89 to 96% for females and 86 to 91% for males. Human harvest was the primary source of known mortality of adults. Our estimates of reproductive rates and survival of adults are at the high end of those reported for sea otters, but preweaning survival stands out as being particularly high. Abundant food resources and the availability of protected water presumably contributed to the high reproductive success observed in this recently established sea otter population.

scholarly journals War and Marriage: Assortative Mating and the World War II GI Bill

Demography ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 1431-1461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew F. Larsen ◽  
T. J. McCarthy ◽  
Jeremy G. Moulton ◽  
Marianne E. Page ◽  
Ankur J. Patel
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Assortative Mating ◽  
Gi Bill ◽  
World War ◽  
The World

scholarly journals Place of Literature in the System of Philosophical Hermeneutics

2015 ◽  
pp. 4-8
Author(s):  
Oksana A. Koval ◽  
Ekaterina B. Krukova
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Literary Text ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Modern Literature ◽  
Philosophical Hermeneutics ◽  
Historical School ◽  
Human Culture ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
The World

The authors attempt to build a theoretical model of the understanding of literature from the perspective of philosophical hermeneutics where the language takes a leading role in the process of formation of human culture. From this point of view, the literature receives a specific status of an existential practice in our being-in-the-world. The strategy of perception and interpretation of a literary text, offered by H-G. Gadamer, strongly contrasts with the traditional way of interpretation practiced by the historical school of hermeneutics, but, for this reason, it seems to be the most adequate to the processes happening in the modern literature.

Unpacking the problems behind the limited green construction adoption: towards a theoretical model

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Fiifi Hammond ◽  
Thayaparan Gajendran ◽  
David A. Savage ◽  
Kim Maund
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Building Construction ◽  
Green Technologies ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Green Construction ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
The World ◽  
Negative Environmental Impact ◽  
Voluntary Adoption

PurposeGiven the importance of green construction for reducing the negative environmental impact of the construction industry, and the numerous policies instituted by governments around the world to motivate building construction stakeholders, why is there still a limited level of adoption?Design/methodology/approachBuilding on studies that have questioned the dominant framing of the limited adoption of green construction as an inefficient behaviour, this study proposes a theoretical model characterising the two problems in the decision-making process that boost the reluctance of building construction stakeholders to embrace green construction. A traditional literature review, combining deductive and inductive approaches was employed.FindingsThe theoretical model consists of six conceptual variables as follows: social norms, personal dilemma, trust, loss aversion, self-interest and green construction adoption. The expected relationships between them are also provided.Research limitations/implicationsThe theoretical model has not been empirically tested; however, it can be replicated or adapted for empirical investigation in any context.Practical implicationsThis study may help in identifying which factors must be given attention in policy-making in order to promote the adoption of green technologies and practices. Specifically, subjecting the theoretical model to empirical test will reveal the strongest paths that can be used to curtail the reluctance of the industry to embrace green construction.Originality/valueContributes towards the current research agenda on the reasons for the low level of voluntary adoption of green construction. It also provides theoretical answers to the questions regarding the limited impact of the plentiful policy mechanisms instituted by governments around the world to promote green construction adoption.

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