scholarly journals Amino acid availability is not essential for lifespan extension by dietary restriction in the fly

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah L Gautrey ◽  
Mirre J P Simons
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Restriction ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Nutrient Sensing ◽  
Amino Acid Availability ◽  
Environmental Interactions ◽  
Optimal Health ◽  
Dietary Component

Dietary restriction (DR) is one of the most potent ways to extend health- and lifespan. Key progress in understanding the mechanisms of DR, and ageing more generally, was made when dietary protein, and more specifically essential amino acids (EAA), were identified as the key dietary component to restrict to obtain DRs health and lifespan benefits. This role of dietary amino acids has strongly influenced work on ageing mechanisms, especially in nutrient sensing, e.g. Tor and insulin(-like) signalling networks. Experimental biology in Drosophila melanogaster has been instrumental in generating and confirming the now dominant hypothesis that EAA availability is central to ageing. Here, we expand on previous work testing the involvement of EAA in DR through large scale (N=6,238) supplementation experiments across four diets and two genotypes in female flies. Surprisingly, we find that EAA are not essential to DRs lifespan benefits. Importantly, we do identify the fecundity benefits of EAA supplementation suggesting the supplemented EAA were bioavailable. Furthermore, we find that the effects of amino acids on lifespan vary by diet and genetic line studied and that at our most restricted diet fecundity is constrained by other nutrients than EAA. We suggest that DR for optimal health is a concert of nutritional effects, orchestrated by genetic, diet and environmental interactions. Our results question the universal importance of amino acid availability in the biology of ageing and DR.

Amino acids suppress proteolysis independent of insulin throughout the neonatal period

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (4) ◽  
pp. E592-E599 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. B. Poindexter ◽  
C. A. Karn ◽  
J. A. Ahlrichs ◽  
J. Wang ◽  
C. A. Leitch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Amino Acid Availability ◽  
Dose Dependent Fashion ◽  
Term Newborns ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Acid Administration

To determine how increased amino acid availability alters rates of whole body proteolysis and the irreversible catabolism of the essential amino acids leucine and phenylalanine throughout the neonatal period, leucine and phenylalanine kinetics were measured under basal conditions and in response to intravenous amino acids in two separate groups of healthy, full-term newborns (at 3 days and 3 wk of age). The endogenous rates of appearance of leucine and phenylalanine (reflecting proteolysis) were suppressed equally in both groups and in a dose-dependent fashion (by approximately 10% with 1.2 g x kg(-1) x day(-1) and by approximately 20% with 2.4 g x kg(-1) x day(-1)) in response to intravenous amino acid delivery. Insulin concentrations remained unchanged from basal values during amino acid administration. The irreversible catabolism of leucine and phenylalanine increased in a stepwise fashion in response to intravenous amino acids; again, no differences were observed between the two groups. This study clearly demonstrates that the capacity to acutely increase rates of leucine oxidation and phenylalanine hydroxylation is fully present early in the neonatal period in normal newborns. Furthermore, these data suggest that amino acid availability is a primary regulator of proteolysis in normal newborns throughout the neonatal period.

scholarly journals Minireview: Nutrient Sensing by G Protein-Coupled Receptors

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 1188-1197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric M. Wauson ◽  
Andrés Lorente-Rodríguez ◽  
Melanie H. Cobb
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Nutrient Sensing ◽  
G Protein Coupled Receptors ◽  
Amino Acid Availability ◽  
Class C ◽  
G Protein Coupled

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are membrane proteins that recognize molecules in the extracellular milieu and transmit signals inside cells to regulate their behaviors. Ligands for many GPCRs are hormones or neurotransmitters that direct coordinated, stereotyped adaptive responses. Ligands for other GPCRs provide information to cells about the extracellular environment. Such information facilitates context-specific decision making that may be cell autonomous. Among ligands that are important for cellular decisions are amino acids, required for continued protein synthesis, as metabolic starting materials and energy sources. Amino acids are detected by a number of class C GPCRs. One cluster of amino acid-sensing class C GPCRs includes umami and sweet taste receptors, GPRC6A, and the calcium-sensing receptor. We have recently found that the umami taste receptor heterodimer T1R1/T1R3 is a sensor of amino acid availability that regulates the activity of the mammalian target of rapamycin. This review focuses on an array of findings on sensing amino acids and sweet molecules outside of neurons by this cluster of class C GPCRs and some of the physiologic processes regulated by them.

EFFECT OF STEAM PELLETING AND REGRINDING ON THE DIGESTIBILITY OF PROTEIN IN CEREAL GRAINS, SOYBEAN MEAL AND WHEAT BRAN BY THE RAT

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Olsen ◽  
S. J. Slinger
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Protein Utilization ◽  
Amino Acid Availability ◽  
Net Protein

The effect if steam pelleting and regrinding on digestibility of protein in corn, wheat, barley, oats, soybean meal and wheat bran was tested with rats. Percentage amino acid absorption and net protein utilization (NPU) were determined for the wheat bran. Pelleting and regrinding improved the digestibility of protein in bran but had no effect on the digestibility of protein in the other ingredients tested. Increased absorption of amino acids caused by the increased digestibility of protein in bran varied considerably for individual amino acids, being greatest for isoleucine, lysine, methionine and threonine of the essential amino acids. The improvement in protein digestibility and amino acid availability was reflected in a higher NPU.

Protein degradation and synthesis measured with multiple amino acid tracers in vivo

1996 ◽  
Vol 271 (4) ◽  
pp. E733-E741 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Tessari ◽  
R. Barazzoni ◽  
M. Zanetti ◽  
M. Vettore ◽  
S. Normand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein S ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Availability ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Multiple Amino Acid

Whether tracers of different essential amino acids yield the same estimates of body protein turnover is still uncertain. Therefore, we have simultaneously determined leucine (Leu; using [14C]Leu), phenylalanine (Phe; using [13C]Phe), and tyrosine (Tyr; using [2H2]Tyr) rates of appearance (Ra) from proteolysis (PD), as well as Leu and Phe disposal, into protein synthesis (PS) both before and after an anabolic stimulus in healthy volunteers. Protein anabolism was stimulated by insulin plus a branched-chain amino acid-enriched aromatic amino acid-deficient amino acid solution, which increased Leu (from 145 +/- 9 to 266 +/- 10 mumol/l) but decreased Phe (from 57 +/- 2 to 46 +/- 3) and Tyr (from 58.7 +/- 5.5 to 21.0 +/- 2.2) concentrations. Postabsorptive endogenous Leu Ra (2.04 +/- 0.12 mumol.kg-1.min-1), Phe Ra (0.66 +/- 0.03), and Tyr Ra (0.45 +/- 0.06), as well as rates of PS determined with the leucine (1.65 +/- 0.10 mumol.kg-1.min-1) and the phenylalanine tracer (0.57 +/- 0.03), agreed well with the known abundance of these amino acids in body protein(s). After insulin and amino acids, PD was suppressed (P < 0.001) using all tracers. However, although percent suppression of endogenous Leu Ra (-->1.49 +/- 0.10 mumol.kg-1.min-1, 26 +/- 5%) and Phe Ra (-->0.53 +/- 0.02 mumol.kg-1.min-1, -20 +/- 2%) were comparable, endogenous Tyr Ra was suppressed to a larger extent (-->0.23 +/- 0.02 mumol.kg-1.min-1, -46 +/- 3% P = 0.038). PS was stimulated using the Leu (+24 +/- 7%, P < 0.02) but not the Phe (+6 +/- 4%, not significant) data. We conclude that isotopes of different essential amino acid: provide comparable estimates of PD and PS in the postabsorptive state. However, their responses to an anabolic stimulus may differ, possibly depending on exogenous amino acid availability and/or the resulting plasma levels.

Cultivation of Eri-Silkworm Cordyceps militaris and Determination of its Amino Acid Composition

2013 ◽  
Vol 796 ◽  
pp. 21-24
Author(s):  
Yu Qiao Jin ◽  
Bing Li
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Cordyceps Militaris ◽  
Artificial Culture ◽  
Different Parts

In order to study eri-silkworm Cordyceps militaris culture condition and the amino acid composition features in different parts of it, this experiment optimized eri-silkworm Cordyceps militaris artificial culture conditions, and determined the amino acid composition in different parts. The results showed that the inoculated eri-silkworm Cordyceps militaris which was kept at low temperature (18 ° C) and seventeen dark days grew well and began to use natural light in the eighteenth day with humidity 85%, temperature 21 ° C, which could induce the germination of the sporophore. The artificial cultivation period was about 40 days. Amino acid test shows that its sporophore and stroma are rich in 17 kinds of amino acids, including 7 kinds of essential amino acids. The higher levels of amino acids in its sporophore are lysine 15.28%, glutamate 15.05% and aspartate 7.55%. The higher levels of the amino acids in the stroma are glycine 16.11%, lysine 9.16% and glutamate 8.30%. The results indicate that eri-silkworm Cordyceps militaris can be artificially cultured. As there are differences of amino acid composition in different parts of eri-silkworm Cordyceps militaris, this study lays the foundation for its large-scale cultivation and the exploitation of its amino acid nutrition.

scholarly journals Collagen peptide provides Streptomyces coelicolor CGMCC 4.7172 with abundant precursors for enhancing undecylprodigiosin production

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xia Li ◽  
Meifeng Li ◽  
Junling Guo ◽  
Xian Liu ◽  
Xuepin Liao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Streptomyces Coelicolor ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Collagen Peptide ◽  
Amino Acid Availability ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
The Media

Abstract Effective and ecofriendly converting biomass to chemicals is important for sustainable engineering based on the foreseeable shortage of fossil resources. Undecylprodigiosin (UP) is a promising antibiotic, but the direct feeding of pure precursor amino acids makes it costly for large-scale production. Here, collagen peptide (CP), a renewable animal-derived biomass contains abundant precursor amino acids of UP. CP can act as carbon and nitrogen source for the growth of Streptomyces coelicolor CGMCC 4.7172. The plant biomasses including soybean meal, wheat bran, and malt extract were unsuitable for UP prodution. However, 365.40 µg/L UP was detected after 24 h in the media containing CP, and its highest concentration reached 1198.01 µg/L. UP was also detected in the media containing meat hydrolysates of domestic animals, but its initial production time was delayed, and final concentration was lower than that in the medium containing CP only. Compared the fermentation performances of CP and other proteins, CP has a special superiority for UP production. These results revealed that UP biosynthesis may be dependent on amino acid availability of substrates and CP is beneficial for UP production because of its specific amino acid composition. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals Amino Acid Sensing in Metabolic Homeostasis and Health

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoming Hu ◽  
Feifan Guo
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Nutrient Sensing ◽  
The Body ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Metabolic Homeostasis ◽  
Amino Acid Availability ◽  
Amino Acid Sensing

Abstract Sensing and responding to changes in nutrient levels, including those of glucose, lipids, and amino acids, by the body is necessary for survival. Accordingly, perturbations in nutrient sensing are tightly linked with human pathologies, particularly metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and other complications of metabolic syndromes. The conventional view is that amino acids are fundamental elements for protein and peptide synthesis, while recent studies have revealed that amino acids are also important bioactive molecules that play key roles in signaling pathways and metabolic regulation. Different pathways that sense intracellular and extracellular levels of amino acids are integrated and coordinated at the organismal level, and, together, these pathways maintain whole metabolic homeostasis. In this review, we discuss the studies describing how important sensing signals respond to amino acid availability and how these sensing mechanisms modulate metabolic processes, including energy, glucose, and lipid metabolism. We further discuss whether dysregulation of amino acid sensing signals can be targeted to promote metabolic disorders, and discuss how to translate these mechanisms to treat human diseases. This review will help to enhance our overall understanding of the correlation between amino acid sensing and metabolic homeostasis, which have important implications for human health.

scholarly journals To the question of amino acids and whey consumption

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (91) ◽  
pp. 116-122
Author(s):  
O. O. Korytko
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ammonia Oxidation ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Component Composition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Microbiological Synthesis

The article summarizes, in a concise form, information about the importance of amino acids in the context of solving the problem of fodder protein deficiency. Amino acids, as structural components of proteins, are central to the exchange of nitrogen-containing compounds and are vital for life processes. Essential amino acids are not synthesized by the body of animals and humans, but are prepared as a part of diets. Vegetable proteins are less complete than animal proteins due to the absence of some essential amino acids. Therefore, in feeding, plant feeds are balanced by limiting amino acids, which are obtained by chemical or microbiological synthesis, or combine protein sources, taking into account their amino acid composition. Amino acids are the primary microbial metabolites that are synthesized by microorganisms in the process of life. Due to the large-scale cultivation of microorganisms in industrial conditions, amino acids, proteins, preparations for increasing the productivity of crops and animals are receive. Appropriate types of microorganisms use ammonia oxidation energy to synthesize their own organic matter. Different bacteria for the synthesis of amino acids also use nitrogen, nitrates, urea. The microbiological synthesis and accumulation of metabolites in the substrate depends on the component composition, temperature. Microbial growth is usually limited by the nutrient component. Sulfur deficiency limits the utilization of nitrogen by microorganisms. The introduction of sulfur compounds into the environment stimulates microbial synthesis in general, including sulfur-containing amino acids. As a result of incubation of the biosubstrate for 3 days at a temperature of 18 °C, the synthesis of most amino acids by microbial association was activated. Incubation with sodium sulfate (at a dose of 0.3% by weight of biosubstrate) for 3 days at 25 °C had the best stimulating effect on amino acid biosynthesis. Such a biosubstrate can be used as a source of amino acids in the form of a fertilizer or feed additive. In the XXI century anthropogenic impact causes an imbalance of the ecological situation, one of the manifestations of which is the reduction of soil fertility, which can be restored by the introduction of mineral and organic fertilizers, as well as preparations containing amino acids and stimulate seed germination, increase the yield, fertility, and fertility. Amino acids are used as additives in food production, in the treatment of diseases of different etiologies and for other purposes.

scholarly journals Amino acids do not suppress proteolysis in premature neonates

2001 ◽  
Vol 281 (3) ◽  
pp. E472-E478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda B. Poindexter ◽  
Cheryl A. Karn ◽  
Catherine A. Leitch ◽  
Edward A. Liechty ◽  
Scott C. Denne
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glucose Production ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Endogenous Glucose Production ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Term Neonates ◽  
Premature Neonates ◽  
Amino Acid Infusion ◽  
Amino Acid Availability

To determine whether increased amino acid availability can reduce proteolysis in premature neonates and to assess the capacity of infants born prematurely to acutely increase the irreversible catabolism of the essential amino acids leucine (via oxidation) and phenylalanine (via hydroxylation to form tyrosine), leucine and phenylalanine kinetics were measured under basal conditions and in response to a graded infusion of intravenous amino acids (1.2 and 2.4 g · kg−1 · day−1) in clinically stable premature (∼32 wk gestation) infants in the 1st wk of life. In contrast to the dose-dependent suppression of proteolysis seen in healthy full-term neonates, the endogenous rates of appearance of leucine and phenylalanine (reflecting proteolysis) were unchanged in response to amino acids (297 ± 21, 283 ± 19, and 284 ± 31 μmol · kg−1 · h−1 for leucine and 92 ± 6, 92 ± 4, and 84 ± 7 μmol · kg−1 · h−1 for phenylalanine). Similar to full-term neonates, leucine oxidation (40 ± 5, 65 ± 6, and 99 ± 7 μmol · kg−1 · h−1) and phenylalanine hydroxylation (12 ± 1, 16 ± 1, and 20 ± 2 μmol · kg−1 · h−1) increased in a stepwise fashion in response to graded amino acids. This capacity to increase phenylalanine hydroxylation may be crucial to meet tyrosine needs when exogenous supply is limited. Finally, to determine whether amino acids stimulate glucose production in premature neonates, glucose rate of appearance was measured during each study period. In response to amino acid infusion, rates of endogenous glucose production were unchanged (and near zero).

Screening of amino acid constituents from date palm fruits

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 4972
Author(s):  
Lata Birlangi
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Palm Fruits ◽  
Social Part

The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is one of mankind’s oldest cultivated plants. The fruit of the date palm is an important crop of the hot arid and semi-arid regions of the world. It has always played a genuine economic and social part in the lives of the people of these areas. The present objective in examining the amino acid content of different varieties of date palm fruits from Middle-East region; is to determine whether its protein could effectively supplement the nutritional value and it is also aimed in finding which variety is rich in number of amino acids. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of eight essential amino acids and five non-essential amino acids in the date fruits. Among all the date fruit varieties taken as samples for the study, Dabbas cultivar of United Arab Emirates found to exhibit eight types of amino acids which includes five as non-essential ones. Total of thirteen amino acids were detected in the seven date cultivars. Determination of amino acid can serve as a guide to the possible nutritional value.

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