Possibilities of R programming language in simulating microbiological synthesis processes

Information technologies of biotechnological processes are based on the use of mathematical models to describe microbiological synthesis. Application of digital technologies in analysis of microbial growth patterns is mainly determined by the ability of modern programming languages to numerically integrate systems of differential equations describing the development of the microbial process in time. In Jupyter Notebook environment in the R programming language, the solution of the kinetic growth model of the E.coli microbial population was shown. Two solution methods were used - the one-step Runge-Kutta method of the fourth order of accuracy and the universal solver ODE (General Solver for Ordinary Differential Equations). Initial data of the problem in question: K s S 0 = 2 (Ks is substrate affinity S 0 constant for the biomass (microorganism), S0 is initial concentration of substrate); replicating cells m a0 = 0.01; total number of cells m 0 = 0.05; stoichiometric ratio Ys = 0.5; various ratios 1) 1 ) λ μ m = 0.0357 ; 2 ) λ μ m = 0.0714 ; 3 ) λ μ m = 0.1071 ; 4 ) λ μ m = 0.1428 ; 5 ) λ μ m = 0.2142 (λ is specific growth rate of dividing cells, μm is inactivation rate constant). As a result, the simulation and verification of microbial biomass growth process - its visual representation in the form of tabular and graphical data were carried out. In the process of simulation of E.coli growth the following peculiarity was revealed. In addition to cell division, a fairly intensive loss of their ability to divide occurs. This process is supposedly determinant in population development and limits the growth and ultimate density of the culture. Thus, information technology will help the researcher not only in studying the process, establishing patterns and predicting results, but also in making reasoned decisions.

Carotenoids and Some Other Pigments from Fungi and Yeasts

Carotenoids are an essential group of compounds that may be obtained by microbiological synthesis. They are instrumental in various areas of industry, medicine, agriculture, and ecology. The increase of carotenoids’ demand at the global market is now essential. At the moment, the production of natural carotenoids is more expensive than obtaining their synthetic forms, but several new approaches/directions on how to decrease this difference were developed during the last decades. This review briefly describes the information accumulated until now about the beneficial effects of carotenoids on human health protection, their possible application in the treatments of various diseases, and their use in the food and feed industry. This review also describes some issues that are linked with biotechnological production of fungal and yeasts carotenoids, as well as new approaches/directions to make their biotechnological production more efficient.

FEATURES OF ENZYMATIC AND MICROBIOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN SHEEP RUMEN WHEN PHYSIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES ARE INCLUDED IN THE DIET

Цель исследования состояла в изучении влияния водоросли Spirulina Platensis, органического йода и протеина микробиологического синтеза на физические параметры химуса, ферментативные процессы пищеварения и микробиоту рубца. Исследования проводились методом групп- периодов (контрольный и опытный, n=6) на овцах с фистулами рубца. В контрольный период животные получали основной рацион. В опытный – к основному рациону добавляли биологически активную смесь по 5 г в сутки, состоящую из органического йода, сухой биомассы микроводорослей Spirulina Platensisи сухих пивных ростков в качестве наполнителя, в пропорции 40, 6 и 54 % соответственно, и протеин микробиологического синтеза по 30 г в сутки. Отмечали повышение рН химуса в опытный период до кормления на 0,19 по сравнению с контрольным. Через 3 часа после кормления рН химуса снизился до 6,62, в контрольный период также произошло снижение рН после кормления, но оставался более высоким и составил 6,85. ОВП до кормления в оба периода были практически равными, лишь после кормления в контрольный период ОВП повысился на -0,25 мВ, в то время как в опытный период он снизился на -72 мВ в нейтральную сторону. В опытный период ТБК-окисленность химуса была ниже, чем в контрольный период. Содержание аммиака в рубце в опытный период до кормления оказалось выше на 15,6 %, а после кормления выше на 4,8 % по сравнению с контрольным. В опытный период после кормления произошел значительный прирост массы бактерий и массы инфузорий. Применение в питании овец микробного протеина в сочетании со Spirulina Platensis и органическим йодом позволяет нормализовать физические параметры жидкой фазы химуса и значительно повысить уровень микробиальной массы. he aim of the study was to study the effects of the Spirulina Platensis algae, organic iodine, and microbiological synthesis protein on the rumen physical parameters of the chyme, enzymatic digestion processes, and microbiota. The studies were carried out using the method of group periods (control and experimental, n = 6) on sheep with ruminal fistulas. In the control period, the animals received the main diet. In the experimental - to the main diet was added a biologically active mixture of 5 g per day, consisting of organic iodine, dry biomass of microalgae Spirulina Platensis and dry beer sprouts as a filler, in a proportion of 40, 6 and 54%, respectively, and a protein of microbiological synthesis of 30 g per day. An increase in the pH of the chyme was noted in the experimental period before feeding by 0.19, compared with the control. 3 hours after feeding, the pH of the chyme decreased to 6.62, during the control period, the pH also decreased after feeding, but remained higher and amounted to 6.85. The ORP before feeding in both periods was almost equal, only after feeding in the control period, the ORP increased by -0.25 mV, while in the experimental period it decreased by -72 mV in the neutral direction. In the experimental period, the TBA oxidation of the chyme was lower than in the control period. The ammonia content in the rumen in the experimental period before feeding was higher by 15.6%, and after feeding higher by 4.8%, compared with the control. In the experimental period after feeding, there was a significant increase in the mass of bacteria and the mass of ciliates. The use of microbial protein in sheep nutrition in combination with Spirulina Platensis and organic iodine can normalize the physical parameters of the liquid phase of the chyme and significantly increase the level of microbial mass.

RESEARCH OF MICROBIOLOGICAL SYNTHESIS OF FATS IN BEET MOLASSES SOLUTIONS

Проведены исследования обработки растворов свекловичной мелассы 4 штаммами микроорганизмов с целью обогащения растворов жирами. Выявлено влияние начального значения рН, а также оптимального содержания сухих веществ в растворах мелассы, обеспечивающие эффективную жизнедеятельность микроорганизмов с синтезом биологически активных веществ. Установлено, что штаммы R. glutinis Y-332, C. curvatus Y-2236 и U. isabellina F-526 в растворах мелассы с начальным значением рН 8,5 синтезировали жиры в количестве 0,015 0,017 и 0,007 г/г сахаров соответственно штамм R. toruloides Y-334 в растворе мелассы с начальным значением рН 7,0 синтезировал жиры в количестве 0,004 г/г сахаров. Впервые получены экспериментальные данные, позволившие оценить эффективность микробиологического синтеза жиров в растворах мелассы без дополнительного внесения биогенных веществ, а также без поддержания оптимальной рН среды 4 видов микроорганизмов. Обосновано, что штаммы R. glutinis Y-332 и C. curvatus Y-2236 являются наиболее перспективными для обогащения растворов свекловичной мелассы жирами. Research aimed at treatment of beet molasses solutions with 4 strains of microorganisms in order to enrich the solutions with fats has beed established. The influence of the initial pH value, as well as the optimal dry matter content in molasses solutions, which ensure the effective vital activity of microorganisms with the synthesis of biologically active substances, is revealed. It was established that the strains of R. glutinis Y-332, C. curvatus Y-2236 and U. isabellina F-526 in molasses solutions with an initial pH of 8,5 synthesize fats in an amount of 0,015 0,017 and 0,007 g/g of sugars, respectively and the strain of R. toruloides Y-334 in molasses solution with an initial pH value of 7,0 synthesizes fats in an amount of 0,004 g/g of sugars. For the first time, it was obtained the experimental data that made possible to evaluate effectiveness of microbiological synthesis of fats in molasses solutions without nutrient addition, as well as without maintaining the optimal pH of the environment for 4 types of microorganisms. It is proved that R. glutinis strain Y-332 and C. curvatus strain Y-2236 are the most promising strains for enriching beet molasses solutions with fats.

Amperometric detection of water-soluble antioxidants in chitosan-based feed additives and in sheep blood serum

The effects of chitosan on various metabolic and digestive processes in the animal body are an important to study because of the production quality for animal nutrition, healthcare, etc. The major known changes in the biochemical parameters of the animal liquids (by chitosan usage as feed additive) are the following: ratio of volatile and fatty acids, content of fat, mineral composition, etc. The aim of this study was to evaluate the total amount of water-soluble antioxidants (TAWSA) of feed additives based on chitosan and high protein concentrate of microbiological synthesis and to assess the effect of these feed additives on TAWSA values of sheep blood serum by amperometric method. Firstly, the antioxidant activity of feed components based on chitosan or/and a high-protein microbiological synthesis concentrate was studied in this work. Second, the experiments are carried out on 6 fistula animals to confirm the results of laboratory studies. Third, the determination of the total antioxidant activity of sheep blood by using chitosan additives (as the feed components) by amperometric method was carried out. A particular difference in antioxidant activity of the control and experimental samples of the sheep blood was established for the first time.

Bacillus megaterium: amino acid producer and probiotic for farm animals (review)

Different directions of microbiological synthesis are actively used in the industry of feed and feed additives for farm animals. More than 50 years of industrial production of amino acids is carried out with the help of biotechnology and the annual growth rate of production is 5–7 %. Amino acids are produced industrially during fermentation using highly effective strains of different types of bacteria. With the progressive development of microbiological technologies and the study of the composition of animal microflora the discovery of new species of microorganisms-producers of useful substances including species Bacillus megaterium, which belong to the bacteria-polyproducts, because their cells are able to develop many substances of different chemical nature: amino acids, proteases, antibiotics, peptides, vitamins, bacteriocins and a number of other compounds. They have a highly efficient system of synthesis and transport of proteins from the cell, grow on a variety of affordable and inexpensive carbon substrates and are non-pathogenic to plants, animals and humans and do not produce alkaline proteases in the environment. Bacillus megaterium is stable in a wide range of pH and at high temperatures, and thus stably retain their properties during production cycles as well as during storage and transportation of the resulting products. The costs of growing Bacillus megaterium are relatively low and with a good yield and relatively low resource intensity of production make it economically viable. Probiotics based on Bacillus megaterium as well as strains of bacteria with increased synthesis of limiting amino acids are promising for the animal feeding industry directions of applied microbiological synthesis.

Litter feed additive as source of amino acids and beneficial bacteria

Feed additive was derived from poultry manure by microbiological synthesis. After a 10-day feeding poultry with probiotic strains of bacteria B. subtilis TNP-3 and B. subtilis TNP-5, the litter does not contain potential enteropathogens and can be used as a raw material for feed additive. Based on the results of microbiological and biochemical studies the technology of feed additive (powder) with the use of extrusion was developed. Extrusion at a temperature of up to 120 °C for 5-6 seconds provides presence of beneficial bacteria and significantly high content of essential amino acids. According to the results of biochemical studies, litter feed additive contains 18 free amino acids. The total concentration of free amino acids in the feed additive (powder) is 406.3 mg/kg, which is 1.7 times higher than that in the litter without fermentation and extrusion. The experiments have shown that inclusion of 3.3% feed additive in the diet does not have negative effect on physiological state, viability and productivity of laying hens. Survival of birds in both groups was 100%. Additive application in the experimental group of chickens revealed absence of opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms and microscopic fungi, presence of bifidobacteria and spore-forming aerobic Bacillus bacteria in powder, as well as predominance of beneficial micro flora and lack of potential enteropathogens (compared to control). It allows to conclude that feed additive obtained by microbiological synthesis from bird droppings possess probiotic properties. The results of biochemical study of egg production indicate that the use of food additives (to 3.3% of the basic diet) for laying hens significantly increases content of major micro and macro-elements in eggs, compared to the control. Therefore, the use of feed additive-powder (up to 3.3% of the basic diet) does not reduce egg quality. Thus, based on the results of these studies, it can be concluded that the litter obtained from laying hens, after application of probiotic ‘Nord-Bakt’, further fermentation with strains Bacillus subtilis TNP-3 and Bacillus subtilis TNP-5, followed by extrusion can be used as a feed additive as a source of amino acids and beneficial bacteria.