scholarly journals Genome mosaicism in field strains of Mycoplasma bovis as footprints of in-host horizontal chromosomal transfer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Garcia-Galan ◽  
Eric Baranowski ◽  
Marie-Claude Hygonenq ◽  
Mathilda Walch ◽  
Guillaume Croville ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Losses ◽  
Mycoplasma Bovis ◽  
Genome Plasticity ◽  
Genome Diversity ◽  
Donor Genome ◽  
Integrative Conjugative Element ◽  
Genome Analyses ◽  
Multiple Strains ◽  
Horizontal Acquisition ◽  
Tremendous Impact

Horizontal gene transfer was long thought to be marginal in Mollicutes, but the capacity of some of these wall-less bacteria to exchange large chromosomal regions has been recently documented. Mycoplasma chromosomal transfer (MCT) is an unconventional mechanism that relies on the presence of a functional integrative conjugative element (ICE) in at least one partner and involves the horizontal acquisition of small and large chromosomal fragments from any part of the donor genome, which results in progenies composed of an infinitive variety of mosaic genomes. The present study focuses on Mycoplasma bovis, an important pathogen of cattle responsible for major economic losses worldwide. By combining phylogenetic tree reconstructions and detailed comparative genome analyses of 36 isolates collected in Spain (2016-2018) we confirmed the mosaic nature of 16 field isolates and mapped chromosomal transfers exchanged between their hypothetical ancestors. This study provides evidence that MCT can take place in the field, most likely during co-infections by multiple strains. Because mobile genetic elements (MGEs) are classical contributors of genome plasticity, the presence of phages, insertion sequences (ISs) and ICEs was also investigated. Data revealed that these elements are widespread within the M. bovis species and evidenced classical horizontal transfer of phages and ICEs in addition to MCT. These events contribute to wide-genome diversity and reorganization within this species and may have a tremendous impact on diagnostic and disease control.

scholarly journals A European inter-laboratory trial to evaluate the performance of three serological methods for diagnosis of Mycoplasma bovis infection in cattle using latent class analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna-Maria Andersson ◽  
Anna Aspán ◽  
Henk J. Wisselink ◽  
Bregtje Smid ◽  
Anne Ridley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latent Class Analysis ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Mycoplasma Bovis ◽  
Class Analysis ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Laboratory Trial

Abstract Background Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) is an emerging bovine pathogen, leading to significant economic losses in the livestock industry worldwide. Infection can result in a variety of clinical signs, such as arthritis, pneumonia, mastitis and keratoconjunctivitis, none of which are M. bovis-specific. Laboratory diagnosis is therefore important. Serological tests to detect M. bovis antibodies is considered an effective indicator of infection in a herd and often used as a herd test. Combined with clinical judgement, it can also be used to implement control strategies and/or to estimate the disease prevalence within a country. However, due to lack of harmonisation of approaches to testing, and serological tests used by different laboratories, comparisons of prevalence data between countries is often difficult. A network of researchers from six European countries designed and participated in an inter-laboratory trial, with the aim of evaluating the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of two commercially available ELISA tests (ID Screen® ELISA (IDvet) and BIO K302 ELISA (BIO-X Diagnostics)) for diagnosis of M. bovis infection. Each laboratory received a blinded panel of bovine sera and tested independently, according to manufacturer’s instructions. Western blot analyses (WB) performed by one of the participating laboratories was used as a third diagnostic test in the statistical evaluation of Se and Sp values using latent class analysis. Results The Se of WB, the ID Screen® ELISA and the BIO K302 ELISA were determined to be 91.8, 93.5 and 49.1% respectively, and corresponding Sp of the three tests were 99.6, 98.6 and 89.6%, respectively. Conclusions The present study is, to our knowledge, the first to present an inter-laboratory comparison of the BIO K302 ELISA and the ID Screen® ELISA. Based on our results, the ID Screen® ELISA showed high consistency with WB and performed with higher precision and accuracy than the BIO K302 ELISA.

scholarly journals Mycoplasma bovis in Spanish Cattle Herds: Two Groups of Multiresistant Isolates Predominate, with One Remaining Susceptible to Fluoroquinolones

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana García-Galán ◽  
Laurent-Xavier Nouvel ◽  
Eric Baranowski ◽  
Ángel Gómez-Martín ◽  
Antonio Sánchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Selective Pressure ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Mycoplasma Bovis ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
Detection Of Mutations ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatments

Mycoplasma bovis is an important bovine pathogen causing pneumonia, mastitis, and arthritis and is responsible for major economic losses worldwide. In the absence of an efficient vaccine, control of M. bovis infections mainly relies on antimicrobial treatments, but resistance is reported in an increasing number of countries. To address the situation in Spain, M. bovis was searched in 436 samples collected from beef and dairy cattle (2016–2019) and 28% were positive. Single-locus typing using polC sequences further revealed that two subtypes ST2 and ST3, circulate in Spain both in beef and dairy cattle, regardless of the regions or the clinical signs. Monitoring of ST2 and ST3 isolates minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to a panel of antimicrobials revealed one major difference when using fluoroquinolones (FQL): ST2 is more susceptible than ST3. Accordingly, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) further identified mutations in the gyrA and parC regions, encoding quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDR) only in ST3 isolates. This situation shows the capacity of ST3 to accumulate mutations in QRDR and might reflect the selective pressure imposed by the extensive use of these antimicrobials. MIC values and detection of mutations by WGS also showed that most Spanish isolates are resistant to macrolides, lincosamides, and tetracyclines. Valnemulin was the only one effective, at least in vitro, against both STs.

scholarly journals Global Multilocus Sequence Typing Analysis of Mycoplasma bovis Isolates Reveals Two Main Population Clusters

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 789-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Rosales ◽  
C. P. Churchward ◽  
C. Schnee ◽  
K. Sachse ◽  
I. Lysnyansky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multilocus Sequence Typing ◽  
Housekeeping Genes ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Mycoplasma Bovis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
High Discriminatory Power ◽  
Clonal Nature

Mycoplasma bovisis a major bovine pathogen associated with bovine respiratory disease complex and is responsible for substantial economic losses worldwide.M. bovisis also associated with other clinical presentations in cattle, including mastitis, otitis, arthritis, and reproductive disorders. To gain a better understanding of the genetic diversity of this pathogen, a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme was developed and applied to the characterization of 137M. bovisisolates from diverse geographical origins, obtained from healthy or clinically infected cattle. Afterin silicoanalysis, a final set of 7 housekeeping genes was selected (dnaA,metS,recA,tufA,atpA,rpoD, andtkt). MLST analysis demonstrated the presence of 35 different sequence types (STs) distributed in two main clonal complexes (CCs), defined at the double-locus variant level, namely, CC1, which included most of the British and German isolates, and CC2, which was a more heterogeneous and geographically distant group of isolates, including European, Asian, and Australian samples. Index of association analysis confirmed the clonal nature of the investigatedM. bovispopulation, based on MLST data. This scheme has demonstrated high discriminatory power, with the analysis showing the presence of genetically distant and divergent clusters of isolates predominantly associated with geographical origins.

scholarly journals Recent Developments in Vaccines for Bovine Mycoplasmoses Caused by Mycoplasma bovis and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 549
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Dudek ◽  
Ewelina Szacawa ◽  
Robin A. J. Nicholas
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Mycoplasma Bovis ◽  
Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia ◽  
Cattle Industry ◽  
Mycoplasma Mycoides ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Cattle Rearing

Two of the most important diseases of cattle are caused by mycoplasmas. Mycoplasma bovis is a world-wide bovine pathogen that can cause pneumonia, mastitis and arthritis. It has now spread to most, if not all, cattle-rearing countries. Due to its increasing resistance to antimicrobial therapy, vaccination is the principal focus of the control of infection, but effective vaccines are currently lacking. Despite being eradicated from most parts of the world, Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides, the cause of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), continues to plague sub-Saharan Africa, affecting at least 25 countries. Numerous new experimental vaccines have been developed over the last 20 years to improve on protection afforded by the T1/44, a live vaccine in continuous use in Africa for over 60 years, but none so far have succeeded; indeed, many have exacerbated the disease. Tools for diagnosis and control are adequate for eradication but what is necessary are resources to improve vaccine coverage to levels last seen in the 1970s, when CBPP was restricted to a few countries in Africa. This paper summarizes the results of the main studies in the field of experimental mycoplasma vaccines, reviews data on commercially available bacterin vaccines and addresses issues relating to the search for new candidates for effective vaccines to reduce economic losses in the cattle industry caused by these two mycoplasmas.

scholarly journals CRISPR-Cas systems in the plant pathogen Xanthomonas spp. and their impact on genome plasticity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Maria Moreira Martins ◽  
Andre da Silva Xavier ◽  
Marco Aurelio Takita ◽  
Poliane Alfemas-Zerbini ◽  
Alessandra Alves de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Genome Plasticity ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions ◽  
Cas Proteins

AbstractXanthomonas is one of the most important bacterial genera of plant pathogens causing economic losses in crop production worldwide. Despite its importance, many aspects of basic Xanthomonas biology remain unknown or understudied. Here, we present the first genus-wide analysis of CRISPR-Cas in Xanthomonas and describe specific aspects of its occurrence. Our results show that Xanthomonas genomes harbour subtype I-C and I-F CRISPR-Cas systems and that species belonging to distantly Xanthomonas-related genera in Xanthomonadaceae exhibit the same configuration of coexistence of the I-C and I-F CRISPR subtypes. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis using Cas proteins indicated that the CRISPR systems present in Xanthomonas spp. are the result of an ancient acquisition. Despite the close phylogeny of these systems, they present significant variation in both the number and targets of spacers. An interesting characteristic observed in this study was that the identified plasmid-targeting spacers were always driven toward plasmids found in other Xanthomonas strains, indicating that CRISPR-Cas systems could be very effective in coping with plasmidial infections. Since many effectors are plasmid encoded, CRISPR-Cas might be driving specific characteristics of plant-pathogen interactions.

scholarly journals Immunomodulator, Mycobacterium cell wall fraction, an aid in control of persistent Mycoplasma bovis infection in dairy cows

2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Masic ◽  
Bojana Prunic ◽  
Dejan Bugarski ◽  
Tamas Petrovic ◽  
Tomislav Barna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Mycoplasma Bovis ◽  
Cell Wall Fraction ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Persistent Infections ◽  
Cattle Infections

Mycoplasma bovis is pathogen known to cause respiratory disease, otitis media, arthritis and a variety of additional diseases in cattle. Infections caused by this pathogen have significant impact on the health, welfare and productivity of dairy and beef cattle resulting in substantial economic losses. Current preventive and treatment strategies rely on the use of antimicrobials and vaccines; however, their efficacy is limited due to difficult diagnosis and inconsistent disease expression. Here, we report results on the use of Mycobacterium cell wall fraction (MCWF), an immunomodulator, in dairy cows persistently infected with M. bovis during the period 2011-2015. Application of MCWF aided in reducing M. bovis-associated clinical signs, such as pneumonia, arthritis and mastitis, and improving overall reproductive performance and days in lactation of infected dairy cows. These results were compared to historical information on the health status and farm performance for period 2011-2015, and suggest that MCWF immunomodulator could be introduced as an aid in treatment protocols for persistent infections with M. bovis in dairy cows.

scholarly journals Mycoplasma bovis mbfN Encodes a Novel LRR Lipoprotein That Undergoes Proteolytic Processing and Binds Host Extracellular Matrix Components

2020 ◽  
Vol 203 (2) ◽  
pp. e00154-20
Author(s):  
James Y. Adamu ◽  
Filimon Mitiku ◽  
Carol A. Hartley ◽  
Fiona M. Sansom ◽  
Marc S. Marenda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Proteolytic Processing ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Mycoplasma Bovis ◽  
Heparin Binding ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Components

ABSTRACTMycoplasma bovis causes serious infections in ruminants, leading to huge economic losses. Lipoproteins are key components of the mycoplasma membrane and are believed to function in nutrient acquisition, adherence, enzymatic interactions with the host, and induction of the host’s immune response to infection. Many genes of M. bovis have not been assigned functions, in part because of their low sequence similarity with other bacteria, making it difficult to extrapolate gene functions. This study examined functions of a surface-localized leucine-rich repeat (LRR) lipoprotein encoded by mbfN of M. bovis PG45. Homologs of MbfN were detected as 48-kDa peptides by Western blotting in all the strains of M. bovis included in this study, with the predicted 70-kDa full-length polypeptide detected in some strains. Sequence analysis of the gene revealed the absence in some strains of a region encoding the carboxyl-terminal 147 amino acids found in strain PG45, which could account for the variation detected by immunoblotting. In silico analysis of MbfN suggested that it may have an adhesion-related function. In vitro binding assays confirmed MbfN to be a fibronectin and heparin-binding protein. Disruption of mbfN in M. bovis PG45 significantly reduced (P = 0.033) the adherence of M. bovis PG45 to MDBK cells in vitro, demonstrating the role of MbfN as an adhesin.IMPORTANCE Experimental validation of the putative functions of genes in M. bovis will advance our understanding of the basic biology of this economically important pathogen and is crucial in developing prevention strategies. This study demonstrated the extracellular matrix binding ability of a novel immunogenic lipoprotein of M. bovis, and the role of this protein in adhesion by M. bovis suggests that it could play a role in virulence.

scholarly journals A Novel SXT/R391 Integrative and Conjugative Element Carries Two Copies of the bla NDM-1 Gene in Proteus mirabilis

mSphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jintao He ◽  
Long Sun ◽  
Linghong Zhang ◽  
Sebastian Leptihn ◽  
Yunsong Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Proteus Mirabilis ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Major Public Health Concern ◽  
Integrative Conjugative Element ◽  
Horizontal Acquisition ◽  
Integrative And Conjugative Element

The occurrence of carbapenemase-producing Proteus mirabilis , especially those strains producing NDM-1 and its variants, is a major public health concern worldwide. The integrative conjugative element (ICE) plays an important role in horizontal acquisition of resistance genes.

scholarly journals A New Integrative Conjugative Element Occurs in Mycoplasma agalactiae as Chromosomal and Free Circular Forms

2006 ◽  
Vol 188 (11) ◽  
pp. 4137-4141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Marenda ◽  
Valérie Barbe ◽  
Géraldine Gourgues ◽  
Sophie Mangenot ◽  
Evelyne Sagne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycoplasma Bovis ◽  
Mycoplasma Agalactiae ◽  
Integrative Conjugative Element ◽  
Circular Form

ABSTRACT An integrative conjugative element, ICEA, was characterized in Mycoplasma agalactiae strain 5632, in which it occurs as multiple chromosomal copies and as a free circular form. The distribution of ICEA sequences in M. agalactiae strains and their occurrence in Mycoplasma bovis suggest the spreading of the element within or between species.

scholarly journals Subtelomeric regions and a repeat-rich chromosome harbor multicopy effector gene clusters with variable conservation in multiple plant pathogenic Colletotrichum species

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela Gan ◽  
Ryoko Hiroyama ◽  
Ayako Tsushima ◽  
Sachiko Masuda ◽  
Arisa Shibata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Copy Number Variations ◽  
Genome Plasticity ◽  
Conserved Synteny ◽  
Effector Gene ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Multiple Strains ◽  
Subtelomeric Regions

AbstractMembers of the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex are causal agents of anthracnose in a wide range of commercially important plants. To provide an in-depth overview of its diversity, we sequenced the genomes of fungi belonging to this group, including multiple strains of C. fructicola (Cf) and C. siamense (Cs), as well as representatives of three previously unsequenced species, C. aenigma (Ca), C. tropicale and C. viniferum. Comparisons between multiple Cf and Cs strains led to the identification of accessory regions that show variable conservation in both lineages. These accessory regions encode effector candidate genes, including homologs of previously characterized effectors, organized in clusters of conserved synteny with copy number variations in different strains of Cf, Cs and Ca. Analysis of highly contiguous assemblies of Cf, Cs and Ca strains revealed the association of such accessory effector gene clusters with subtelomeric regions and repeat-rich minichromosomes and provided evidence of gene transfer between these two genomic compartments. In addition, expression analysis indicated that paralogs associated with clusters of conserved synteny showed a tendency for correlated gene expression. These data highlight the importance of subtelomeric regions and repeat-rich chromosomes to the genome plasticity of Colletotrichum fungi.

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