scholarly journals Reaching articular limits can negatively impact embodiment in virtual reality.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thibault Porssut ◽  
Olaf Blanke ◽  
Bruno Herbelin ◽  
Ronan Boulic
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Motor Learning ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Virtual World ◽  
Proprioceptive Feedback ◽  
Reaching Movement ◽  
3D Representation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Full Body

Providing Virtual Reality(VR) users with a 3D representation of their body complements the experience of immersion and presence in the virtual world with the experience of being physically located and more personally involved. A full-body avatar representation is known to induce a Sense of Embodiment (SoE) for this virtual body, which is associated with improvements in task performance, motivation and motor learning. Recent experimental research on embodiment provides useful guidelines, indicating the extent of discrepancy tolerated by users and, conversely, the limits and disruptive events that lead to a break in embodiment (BiE). Based on previous works on the limit of agency under movement distortion, this paper describes, studies and analyses the impact of a very common yet overlooked embodiment limitation linked to articular limits when performing a reaching movement. We demonstrate that perceiving the articular limit when fully extending the arm provides users with an additional internal proprioceptive feedback which, if not matched in the avatar's movement, leads to the disruptive realization of an incorrect posture mapping. This study complements previous works on self-contact and visuo-haptic conflicts and emphasizes the risk of disrupting the SoE when distorting users’ movements or using a poorly-calibrated avatar.

scholarly journals Embodied virtual reality for the study of real-world motor learning

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0245717
Author(s):  
Shlomi Haar ◽  
Guhan Sundar ◽  
A. Aldo Faisal
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Motor Learning ◽  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Real World ◽  
Motion Tracking ◽  
Body Motion ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Learning And Adaptation ◽  
Full Body

Motor-learning literature focuses on simple laboratory-tasks due to their controlled manner and the ease to apply manipulations to induce learning and adaptation. Recently, we introduced a billiards paradigm and demonstrated the feasibility of real-world-neuroscience using wearables for naturalistic full-body motion-tracking and mobile-brain-imaging. Here we developed an embodied virtual-reality (VR) environment to our real-world billiards paradigm, which allows to control the visual feedback for this complex real-world task, while maintaining sense of embodiment. The setup was validated by comparing real-world ball trajectories with the trajectories of the virtual balls, calculated by the physics engine. We then ran our short-term motor learning protocol in the embodied VR. Subjects played billiard shots when they held the physical cue and hit a physical ball on the table while seeing it all in VR. We found comparable short-term motor learning trends in the embodied VR to those we previously reported in the physical real-world task. Embodied VR can be used for learning real-world tasks in a highly controlled environment which enables applying visual manipulations, common in laboratory-tasks and rehabilitation, to a real-world full-body task. Embodied VR enables to manipulate feedback and apply perturbations to isolate and assess interactions between specific motor-learning components, thus enabling addressing the current questions of motor-learning in real-world tasks. Such a setup can potentially be used for rehabilitation, where VR is gaining popularity but the transfer to the real-world is currently limited, presumably, due to the lack of embodiment.

scholarly journals Human-machine-human interaction in motor control and rehabilitation: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emek Barış Küçüktabak ◽  
Sangjoon J. Kim ◽  
Yue Wen ◽  
Kevin Lynch ◽  
Jose L. Pons
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Motor Learning ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Physical Interaction ◽  
Interaction Type ◽  
Partner Characteristics ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Individual Motor

Abstract Background Human-human (HH) interaction mediated by machines (e.g., robots or passive sensorized devices), which we call human-machine-human (HMH) interaction, has been studied with increasing interest in the last decade. The use of machines allows the implementation of different forms of audiovisual and/or physical interaction in dyadic tasks. HMH interaction between two partners can improve the dyad’s ability to accomplish a joint motor task (task performance) beyond either partner’s ability to perform the task solo. It can also be used to more efficiently train an individual to improve their solo task performance (individual motor learning). We review recent research on the impact of HMH interaction on task performance and individual motor learning in the context of motor control and rehabilitation, and we propose future research directions in this area. Methods A systematic search was performed on the Scopus, IEEE Xplore, and PubMed databases. The search query was designed to find studies that involve HMH interaction in motor control and rehabilitation settings. Studies that do not investigate the effect of changing the interaction conditions were filtered out. Thirty-one studies met our inclusion criteria and were used in the qualitative synthesis. Results Studies are analyzed based on their results related to the effects of interaction type (e.g., audiovisual communication and/or physical interaction), interaction mode (collaborative, cooperative, co-active, and competitive), and partner characteristics. Visuo-physical interaction generally results in better dyadic task performance than visual interaction alone. In cases where the physical interaction between humans is described by a spring, there are conflicting results as to the effect of the stiffness of the spring. In terms of partner characteristics, having a more skilled partner improves dyadic task performance more than having a less skilled partner. However, conflicting results were observed in terms of individual motor learning. Conclusions Although it is difficult to draw clear conclusions as to which interaction type, mode, or partner characteristic may lead to optimal task performance or individual motor learning, these results show the possibility for improved outcomes through HMH interaction. Future work that focuses on selecting the optimal personalized interaction conditions and exploring their impact on rehabilitation settings may facilitate the transition of HMH training protocols to clinical implementations.

scholarly journals The impact of the Mobile Legend game in creating virtual reality

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Khefti Al Mawalia
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Virtual World ◽  
Online Games ◽  
Multiple Identities ◽  
Online Game ◽  
Network Access ◽  
The Social ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
The Impact

Online games have been very popular nowadays, more than games played by children and teenagers 30 years ago. This study aims to explore technological developments that people are interested in, namely the phenomenon of the emergence of the online game Mobile Legend. Mobile Legend has succeeded in making Indonesians interested because of its avatar, message feature, and buying and selling of online characters in one application. The evolution of online games from PC to Smartphone makes it easier for gamers to play games anywhere and anytime. Not infrequently, they can spend up to 6 hours a day looking for internet network access. Researchers use determinism theory to answer this phenomenon. The method in this study uses a qualitative type with a virtual ethnographic method. In addition, this research collects data on using virtual tracing to record and documenting virtual activities, and interviews with seven informants of Mobile Legends' players. This research shows that when a person plays games, he can become more apathetic and minimize interaction and communication with the social environment around him. Technology like Mobile Legend has eroded the socio-cultural side and communication sensitivity of an individual in society. All users also become more active and narcissistic in creating multiple identities that exist in the virtual world. So this research shows that online games in creating virtual reality have both positive and negative impacts on the players.

scholarly journals Embodied virtual reality for the study of real-world motor learning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shlomi Haar ◽  
Guhan Sundar ◽  
A. Aldo Faisal
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Motor Learning ◽  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Real World ◽  
Motion Tracking ◽  
Body Motion ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Learning And Adaptation ◽  
Full Body

AbstractMotor-learning literature focuses on simple laboratory-tasks due to their controlled manner and the ease to apply manipulations to induce learning and adaptation. Recently, we introduced a billiards paradigm and demonstrated the feasibility of real-world-neuroscience using wearables for naturalistic full-body motion-tracking and mobile-brain-imaging. Here we developed an embodied virtual-reality (VR) environment to our real-world billiards paradigm, which allows to control the visual feedback for this complex real-world task, while maintaining sense of embodiment. The setup was validated by comparing real-world ball trajectories with the trajectories of the virtual balls, calculated by the physics engine. We then ran our learning protocol in the embodied VR. Subjects played billiard shots when they held the physical cue and hit a physical ball on the table while seeing it all in VR. We found comparable learning trends in the embodied VR to those we previously reported in the physical real-world task. Embodied VR can be used for learning real-world tasks in a highly controlled environment which enables applying visual manipulations, common in laboratory-tasks and rehabilitation, to a real-world full-body task. Embodied VR enables to manipulate feedback and apply perturbations to isolate and assess interactions between specific motor-learning components, thus enabling addressing the current questions of motor-learning in real-world tasks. Such a setup can be used for rehabilitation, where VR is gaining popularity but the transfer to the real-world is currently limited, presumably, due to the lack of embodiment.

Investigating the Impact of Interactive Immersive Virtual Reality Environments in Enhancing Task Performance in Online Engineering Design Activities

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajay Karthic B. Gopinath Bharathi ◽  
Conrad S. Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Online Education ◽  
Engineering Design ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Virtual Learning Environment ◽  
Immersive Virtual Reality ◽  
Virtual Reality System ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Design Activities ◽  
The Impact

The objective of this paper is to test the hypothesis that immersive virtual reality environments such as those achievable through the head-mounted displays, enhance task performance in online engineering design activities. In this paper, task performance is measured by the time to complete a given engineering activity. Over the last decade, a wide range of virtual reality applications have been developed based on non-immersive and immersive virtual reality systems for educational purposes. However, a major limitation of non-immersive virtual reality systems is the lack of an immersive experience that not only provides content to students, but also enables them to interact and learn in a completely 360 degree immersive environment. The authors of this work have developed a replica of a physical engineering laboratory in an interactive virtual learning environment. This research measures the difference in task performance between i) students exposed to an immersive virtual reality system and ii) students exposed to a non-immersive virtual reality system, in the interactive virtual environment developed by the research team. This research seeks to explore whether statistically significant differences in performance exist between these groups. Knowledge gained from testing this hypothesis will inform educators about the value and impact of immersive virtual reality technologies in enhancing online education. A case study involving 54 students in a product functional analysis task is used to test the hypothesis.

scholarly journals The Untapped Potential of Virtual Reality in Rehabilitation of Balance and Gait in Neurological Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily A. Keshner ◽  
Anouk Lamontagne
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Virtual World ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Motor Planning ◽  
Dynamic Systems Theory ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Planning Processes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Relative Weighting

Dynamic systems theory transformed our understanding of motor control by recognizing the continual interaction between the organism and the environment. Movement could no longer be visualized simply as a response to a pattern of stimuli or as a demonstration of prior intent; movement is context dependent and is continuously reshaped by the ongoing dynamics of the world around us. Virtual reality is one methodological variable that allows us to control and manipulate that environmental context. A large body of literature exists to support the impact of visual flow, visual conditions, and visual perception on the planning and execution of movement. In rehabilitative practice, however, this technology has been employed mostly as a tool for motivation and enjoyment of physical exercise. The opportunity to modulate motor behavior through the parameters of the virtual world is often ignored in practice. In this article we present the results of experiments from our laboratories and from others demonstrating that presenting particular characteristics of the virtual world through different sensory modalities will modify balance and locomotor behavior. We will discuss how movement in the virtual world opens a window into the motor planning processes and informs us about the relative weighting of visual and somatosensory signals. Finally, we discuss how these findings should influence future treatment design.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Virtual Reality in the Motivational Processes of Learners

1996 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah M. North
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Virtual Environment ◽  
Virtual World ◽  
Memory Span ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Sense Of Control ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact

This brief article reports on the use of virtual reality and its effectiveness on improving and maintaining learners' intrinsic motivation or interest. Research suggests that interest contributes to learning. Therefore a study of the impact of interests is essential to an understanding of intrinsic motivation. Since the virtual environment provides a sense of presence, it may be possible to create scenarios to stimulate the learners' curiosity and interest. Eighteen students, 11 males and 7 females, between 21 and 32 years old, served as subjects for the study. The experiment consisted of the physical world environment using wooden blocks, and the virtual world using virtual blocks. Both worlds used color and shape as variables. The two variables consisted of three shapes (sphere, pyramid, and cube), and three colors (red, green, and blue). In both worlds, the wooden blocks and virtual blocks had to be manipulated and arranged in nine different patterns. The first experiment started with a two-block pattern. At each step the difficulty was increased by increasing the number of blocks. The subject's score was based on a ten-point scale instrument administered at the end of each experiment. The scores ranged from very weak to very strong. The results were used to identify a significant difference between the subjects' performance in the virtual world and in physical world with respect to curiosity, interest, and sense of control. The interest level comparison indicated that for all subjects scores in the virtual world were always higher than the scores in the physical world. The sense of control level comparison indicated that in the beginning scores in the virtualworld were not always higher than the scores in the physical world. However, after orientation to navigation through the virtual environment, the mean score gradually rose. This research demonstrates that the virtual world is more useful than the physical world (with respect of color and shape) in increasing the memory span of the learner.

scholarly journals Multiple full-body tracking for interaction and navigation in social VR

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Schurz ◽  
Earl Bull
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Real World ◽  
Virtual World ◽  
Physical Space ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Tactile Feedback ◽  
The Real ◽  
Person Perspective ◽  
Body Tracking ◽  
Full Body

MetaSpace II (MS2) is a social Virtual Reality (VR) system where multiple users can not only see and hear but also interact with each other, grasp and manipulate objects, walk around in space, and get tactile feedback. MS2 allows walking in physical space by tracking each user's skeleton in real-time and allows users to feel by employing passive haptics i.e., when users touch or manipulate an object in the virtual world, they simultaneously also touch or manipulate a corresponding object in the physical world. To enable these elements in VR, MS2 creates a correspondence in spatial layout and object placement by building the virtual world on top of a 3D scan of the real world. Through the association between the real and virtual world, users are able to walk freely while wearing a head-mounted device, avoid obstacles like walls and furniture, and interact with people and objects. Most current virtual reality (VR) environments are designed for a single user experience where interactions with virtual objects are mediated by hand-held input devices or hand gestures. Additionally, users are only shown a representation of their hands in VR floating in front of the camera as seen from a first person perspective. We believe, representing each user as a full-body avatar that is controlled by natural movements of the person in the real world (see Figure 1d), can greatly enhance believability and a user's sense immersion in VR.

scholarly journals Immersion analysis during gameplay in VR and on a PC

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 210-216
Author(s):  
Karol Moniuszko ◽  
Tomasz Szymczyk
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Pulse Rate ◽  
Virtual World ◽  
Additional Data ◽  
Vital Signs ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Test Stand ◽  
Traditional Process ◽  
The Impact

This article concerns the study of immersion and human behavior while in a virtual reality (VR) world. It was compared with the behavior of participants during the traditional process of watching the image displayed on a LCD monitor. The study was conducted on the original test stand and the following vital signs were measured: pulse rate and stress. Additional data about the participants were collected by conducting a questionnaire concerning, among others, feelings and well-being during the game. The obtained results clearly show that VR gameplay provides much more emotions to the participants. It also makes them able to forget that they are in a virtual world regardless of whether they have used a VR generating device before or not. These results will determine the impact of immersion on gameplay appeal and player engagement.

Efficacy of Virtual Reality Training for Pilots: A Review of Links between User Presence, Search Task Performance, and Collaboration within Virtual Reality

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 919-922
Author(s):  
William T. Walters ◽  
Jamiahus Walton
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Pilot Training ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Training Tool ◽  
Search Tasks ◽  
Alternative Means ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact

The impact of user presence on both collaboration and search task performance within virtual reality is not fully understood. The purpose was to review existing literature and determine what research has been conducted on user presence in virtual reality (VR), as well as what research has been conducted on how user presence in virtual reality influences a user’s communication abilities and performance on search tasks. The need for alternative means of pilot training, specifically the possibility of utilizing virtual reality, and the importance of understanding collaboration and search task performance for this training method were outlined. Future research into the efficacy of VR as a training tool for pilots should aim to fill in this gap and seek to understand how user presence in VR influences both communication and search task performance in a virtual cockpit environment.

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