scholarly journals Impact of a National Immunisation Program on herpes zoster incidence in Australia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jialing Lin ◽  
Timothy Dobbins ◽  
James G Wood ◽  
Carla Bernardo ◽  
Nigel P Stocks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Zoster ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
National Program ◽  
Ecological Analysis ◽  
National Immunisation ◽  
National Immunisation Program ◽  
Time Series Analyses ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Herpes Zoster Incidence

Summary Objectives: To evaluate the impact of the National Herpes Zoster (zoster) Immunisation Program in Australia on zoster incidence. Methods: Ecological analysis of zoster incidence related to timing of implementation of the national program in vaccine-targeted (70-79 years) and non-targeted age groups (60-69 and 80-89 years) during January 2013-December 2018 was estimated using interrupted time-series analyses. Results: Prior to program commencement (Jan 2013 to Oct 2016) in patients aged 60-69, 70-79 and 80-89 years, incidence was mostly stable averaging respectively 7.2, 9.6 and 10.8 per 1000 person-years. In the two years following program commencement, incidence fell steadily in those aged 70-79 years, with an estimated decrease of 2.25 (95% CI: 1.34, 3.17) per 1000 person-years per year, with women having a greater decrease than men (2.83 versus 1.68, p-interaction<0.01). In the two non-vaccine-program-targeted age groups there was no evidence of reduction in zoster incidence: 60-69 years, 0.46 (95% CI: -0.46, 1.38) and 80-89 years, 0.11 (95% CI: -1.64, 1.87). Conclusions: Two years after implementation, an estimated 7000 zoster cases were prevented through the national program. With known waning vaccine efficacy, continued surveillance is needed to ensure these early reductions in incidence are sustained.

scholarly journals Impact of low and no alcohol beers on purchases of alcohol: interrupted time series analysis of British household shopping data, 2015–2018

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. e036371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Anderson ◽  
Eva Jané Llopis ◽  
Amy O’Donnell ◽  
Jakob Manthey ◽  
Jürgen Rehm
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Interrupted Time Series Analysis ◽  
Series Analysis ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Time Series Analyses ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low Alcohol

ObjectiveTo assess the impact of new low and no alcohol beers and reformulated beers in Great Britain on household purchases of grams of alcohol.DesignInterrupted time series analysis.SettingPurchase data from Kantar Worldpanel’s household shopping panel for 2015–2018.Participants64 286 British households.InterventionsIntroduction of new no and low alcohol beers during 2017–2018 and reformulation of existing beers to contain less alcohol during 2018.Main outcome measuresAverage alcoholic strength of beer and number of grams of alcohol purchased by households.ResultsAs assessed by British household purchase data, 46 new low and no alcohol beer products were introduced during 2015–2018, with a step-jump in volume purchased occurring at the beginning of March 2017 (event 1). During 2015–2018, 33 beer products were reformulated to contain less alcohol, with a step-jump in volume purchased occurring during mid-March 2018 (event 2). Interrupted time series analyses found a combined associated impact of both events with relative reductions of alcohol by volume of beer between 1.2% and 2.3%; purchases of grams of alcohol within beer between 7.1% and 10.2%; and purchases of grams of alcohol as a whole between 2.6% and 3.9%. The reductions were greater for reformulation than for the introduction of new low and no alcohol products. Reductions were independently higher for younger age groups of shoppers and for households that bought the most alcohol.ConclusionsEven though the events were associated with significant beneficial changes, the volume of purchases of new low and no alcohol beer products (2.6% of the volume of all beers purchased during 2018) and of new reformulated beer products (6.9% of the volume of all beers purchased during 2018) was very small. This indicates that there are future opportunities to increase the volume of such products so as to reduce the harm done by alcohol.

scholarly journals Impact of a National Immunisation Program on herpes zoster incidence in Australia

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jialing Lin ◽  
Timothy Dobbins ◽  
James G. Wood ◽  
Carla Bernardo ◽  
Nigel P. Stocks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Zoster ◽  
National Immunisation ◽  
National Immunisation Program ◽  
Herpes Zoster Incidence

scholarly journals A global analysis of the impact of COVID-19 stay-at-home restrictions on crime

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy E. Nivette ◽  
Renee Zahnow ◽  
Raul Aguilar ◽  
Andri Ahven ◽  
Shai Amram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Sudden Change ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Urban Crime ◽  
Substantial Variation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Time Series Analyses ◽  
The Impact ◽  
At Home

AbstractThe stay-at-home restrictions to control the spread of COVID-19 led to unparalleled sudden change in daily life, but it is unclear how they affected urban crime globally. We collected data on daily counts of crime in 27 cities across 23 countries in the Americas, Europe, the Middle East and Asia. We conducted interrupted time series analyses to assess the impact of stay-at-home restrictions on different types of crime in each city. Our findings show that the stay-at-home policies were associated with a considerable drop in urban crime, but with substantial variation across cities and types of crime. Meta-regression results showed that more stringent restrictions over movement in public space were predictive of larger declines in crime.

scholarly journals Interrupted time series analyses to assess the impact of alcohol control policy on socioeconomic inequalities in mortality in Lithuania: a study protocol

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakob Manthey ◽  
Domantas Jasilionis ◽  
Huan Jiang ◽  
Olga Mesceriakova-Veliuliene ◽  
Janina Petkeviciene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Research Ethics ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Attributable Mortality ◽  
Population Census ◽  
Combining Data ◽  
Time Series Analyses ◽  
Inequalities In Mortality ◽  
The Impact

Introduction Alcohol use is a major risk factor for mortality. Previous studies suggest that the alcohol-attributable mortality burden is higher in lower socioeconomic strata. This project will test the hypothesis, that the 2017 increase of alcohol excise taxes for beer and wine, which was linked to lower all-cause mortality rates in previous analyses, will reduce socioeconomic mortality inequalities. Methods and analysis Data on all causes of deaths will be obtained from Statistics Lithuania. Record linkage will be implemented using personal identifiers combining data from 1) the 2011 whole-population census, 2) death records between March 1, 2011 (census date) and December 31, 2019, and 3) emigration records, for individuals aged 30 to 70 years. The analyses will be performed separately for all-cause and for alcohol-attributable deaths. Monthly age-standardized mortality rates will be calculated by sex, education, and three measures of socioeconomic status. Inequalities in mortality will be assessed using absolute and relative indicators between low and high SES groups. We will perform interrupted time series analyses, and test the impact of the 2017 rise in alcohol excise taxation using generalized additive mixed models. In these models, we will control for secular trends for economic development. Ethics and dissemination This work is part of project grant 1R01AA028224-01 by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. It has been granted research ethics approval 050/2020 by CAMH Research Ethics Board on April 17, 2020, renewed on March 30, 2021.

scholarly journals Impact of nonpharmaceutical strategies on trends of COVID-19 in São Paulo State

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Cristiane Ravagnani Fortaleza ◽  
Thomas Nogueira Vilches ◽  
Gabriel Berg de Almeida ◽  
Claudia Pio Ferreira ◽  
Lenice do Rosário de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Reproductive Number ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
São Paulo State ◽  
Time Series Analyses ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mandatory Use

Interrupted time series analyses were conducted to measure the impact of social distancing policies (instituted on March 22, 2020) and of subsequent mandatory masking in the community (instituted on May 4, 2020) on the incidence and effective reproductive number of COVID-19 in São Paulo State, Brazil. Overall, the impact of social distancing both on incidence and Rt was greater than the incremental effect of mandatory masking. Those findings may reflect either a small impact of face masking or the loosening of social distancing after mandatory use of masks.

scholarly journals Impact of the SIGN head injury guidelines and NHS 4-hour emergency target on hospital admissions for head injury in Scotland: an interrupted times series

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. e022279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Marincowitz ◽  
Fiona E Lecky ◽  
Eleanor Morris ◽  
Victoria Allgar ◽  
Trevor A Sheldon
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Head Injury ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Ct Imaging ◽  
Interrupted Time Series Analysis ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
The Impact

ObjectivesHead injury is a common reason for emergency department (ED) attendance. Around 1% of patients have life-threatening injuries, while 80% of patients are discharged. National guidelines (Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN)) were introduced in Scotland with the aim of achieving early identification of those with acute intracranial lesions yet safely reducing hospital admissions.This study aims to assess the impact of these guidelines and any effect the national 4-hour ED performance target had on hospital admissions for head injury.SettingAll Scottish hospitals between April 1998 and March 2016.ParticipantsPatients admitted to hospital for head injury or traumatic brain injury (TBI) diagnosed by CT imaging identified using administrative Scottish Information Services Division data. There are 275 hospitals in Scotland. In 2015/2016, there were 571 221 emergency hospital admissions in Scotland.InterventionsThe SIGN head injury guidelines introduced in 2000 and 2009. The 4-hour ED target introduced in 2004.OutcomesThe monthly rate of hospital admissions for head injury and traumatic brain injury.Study designAn interrupted time series analysis.ResultsThe first guideline was associated with a reduction in monthly admissions of 0.14 (95% CI 0.09 to 4.83) per 100 000 population. The 4-hour target was associated with a monthly increase in admissions of 0.13 (95% CI 0.06 to 0.20) per 100 000 population. The second guideline reduced monthly admissions by 0.09 (95% CI−0.13 to −0.05) per 100 000 population. These effects varied between age groups.The guidelines were associated with increased admissions for patients with injuries identified by CT imaging—guideline 1: 0.06 (95% CI 0.004 to 0.12); guideline 2: 0.05 (95% CI 0.04 to 0.06) per 100 000 population.ConclusionIncreased CT imaging of head injured patients recommended by SIGN guidelines reduced hospital admissions. The 4-hour ED target and the increased identification of TBI by CT imaging acted to undermine this effect.

Changes in antibiotic usage and susceptibility in nosocomial Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas isolates following the introduction of ertapenem to hospital formulary

2011 ◽  
Vol 140 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. GRABER ◽  
C. HUTCHINGS ◽  
F. DONG ◽  
W. LEE ◽  
J. K. CHUNG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Antibiotic Usage ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Hospital Formulary ◽  
Time Series Analyses ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Change In Mean

SUMMARYThere is concern that widespread usage of ertapenem may promote cross-resistance to other carbapenems. To analyse the impact that adding ertapenem to our hospital formulary had on usage of other broad-spectrum agents and on susceptibilities of nosocomial Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas isolates, we performed interrupted time-series analyses to determine the change in linear trend in antibiotic usage and change in mean proportion and linear trend of susceptibility pre- (March 2004–June 2005) and post- (July 2005–December 2008) ertapenem introduction. Usage of piperacillin-tazobactam (P=0·0013) and ampicillin-sulbactam (P=0·035) declined post-ertapenem introduction. For Enterobacteriaceae, the mean proportion susceptible to ciprofloxacin (P=0·016) and piperacillin-tazobactam (P=0·038) increased, while the linear trend in susceptibility significantly increased for cefepime (P=0·012) but declined for ceftriaxone (P=0·0032). For Pseudomonas, the mean proportion susceptible to cefepime (P=0·011) and piperacillin-tazobactam (P=0·028) increased, as did the linear trend in susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (P=0·028). Notably, no significant changes in carbapenem susceptibility were observed.

scholarly journals Effects of the FDA Codeine Safety Investigation on Racial and Geographic Disparities in Opioid Prescribing after Pediatric Tonsillectomy and/or Adenoidectomy

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 2333794X2098744
Author(s):  
Amy Lawrence ◽  
Jennifer N. Cooper ◽  
Katherine J. Deans ◽  
Peter C. Minneci ◽  
Sharon K. Wrona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Opioid Prescription ◽  
White Children ◽  
Geographic Disparities ◽  
Time Series Analyses ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Metropolitan Counties ◽  
The U.S

Objective. Our objective was to examine the impact of the U.S. FDA’s 2013 black box warning against codeine on codeine and other opioid prescription filling after pediatric tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy (T/A) overall and by child race and provider urbanity/rurality. Methods. Patients ≤ 18 who underwent T/A in 8/2011 to 8/2016 were identified in Ohio Medicaid claims. Interrupted time series analyses were used to evaluate the impact of the FDA warning on codeine or other opioid prescription filling post-T/A. Results. In August 2011, codeine prescription filling was lower among black than white children ( P < .001) and among children treated at institutions in metropolitan counties than less populous counties ( P < .001). The FDA warning was associated with a 24.0% drop in codeine prescription filling ( P < .001) and 5.5% increase in alternative opioid prescription filling ( P = .046). At conclusion, there remained geographic but no longer racial disparities in codeine prescribing. Conclusion. Codeine prescribing after pediatric T/A decreased after the FDA’s black box warning. However, geographic disparities in codeine prescribing remain.

Impact of opioid initiation on antipsychotic and benzodiazepine and related drug use among persons with Alzheimer's disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 947-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksi Hamina ◽  
Piia Lavikainen ◽  
Antti Tanskanen ◽  
Anna-Maija Tolppanen ◽  
Jari Tiihonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Related Drug ◽  
Time Series Analyses ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTBackground:We analyzed the impact of opioid initiation on the prevalence of antipsychotic and benzodiazepine and related drug (BZDR) use among community-dwelling persons with Alzheimer's disease (AD).Methods:We utilized the register-based Medication use and Alzheimer's disease (MEDALZ) cohort for this study. We included all community-dwelling persons diagnosed with AD during 2010–2011 in Finland initiating opioid use (n = 3,327) and a matched cohort of persons not initiating opioids (n = 3,325). Interrupted time series analyses were conducted to compare the prevalence of antipsychotic and BZDR use in 30-day periods within six months before opioid initiation to 30-day periods six months later.Results:Before opioid initiation, prevalence of antipsychotic use among opioid initiators was 13.3%, 18.3% at opioid initiation, and 17.3% six months later. Prevalences of BZDR use were 27.1% six months prior, 28.9% at opioid initiation, and 26.9% six months later. After opioid initiation, antipsychotic and BZDR use declined by 0.3 percentage points (pps, 95% confidence interval 0.1–0.5) and 0.4 pps (0.2–0.7) per month, respectively, until the end of the follow-up. Compared to persons not initiating opioid use, opioid initiation immediately resulted in an increase in prevalence of 1.9 pps (0.9–2.8) for antipsychotics and of 1.6 pps (0.9–2.2) for BZDR use. However, in total there was a comparative decrease of 0.5 pps (0.3–0.8) per month for antipsychotics and of 0.4 pps (0.2–0.6) for BZDR use until the end of the follow-up.Conclusion:Our results suggest that opioid initiation may reduce antipsychotic and BZDR use among persons with AD.

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