scholarly journals Mycorrhizal inoculation and treatment with biochar and compost from pruning waste improve the qualitative properties of a calcareous soil under wheat cultivation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roghayeh Vahedi ◽  
MirHassan Rasouli-Sadaghiani ◽  
Mohsen Barin ◽  
Ramesh Raju Vetukuri
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Qualitative Properties ◽  
Simultaneous Application ◽  
Biological Indices ◽  
Amf Inoculation

Most calcareous soils have relatively low levels of organic matter. To address this issue and improve the qualitative properties of calcareous soils, soils can be treated with mycorrhizal fungi and/or exogenous organic material such as biochar or compost derived from tree pruning waste. To evaluate the effect of pruning waste biochar (PWB) and pruning waste compost (PWC) derived from apple and grape trees combined with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the biological indices of calcareous soils, a rhizobox study on wheat plants using a completely randomized design was conducted under greenhouse conditions. The studied factors included the source of the type of organic material applied (PWB, PWC, and control), the nature of the microbial inoculation (inoculation with AMF or no inoculation), and the zone to which the treatments were applied (rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil). At the end of the plant growth period, organic carbon (OC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass phosphorous (MBP), microbial respiration (BR), substrate-induced respiration (SIR), alkaline (ALP), acid (ACP) phosphatase enzyme activities in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils, and root mycorrhizal colonization were determined. Simultaneous application of a source of organic matter and AMF inoculation significantly increased the OC and biological indices of soil relative to those observed when applying organic matter without AMF inoculation. Additionally, MBC, MBP, ACP and ALP - enzymes activities in the rhizosphere zone were significantly higher than in the non-rhizosphere. AMF increased BR and SIR levels in the rhizosphere by 13.06% and 7.95% compared to non-rhizosphere, respectively. It can be concluded that in calcareous soils with low organic carbon contents, organic amendments such as PWC and PWB can improve soil biological properties by increasing microbial activity and changing the properties of the rhizosphere.

scholarly journals Interactions between Biochar and Compost Treatment and Mycorrhizal Fungi to Improve the Qualitative Properties of a Calcareous Soil under Rhizobox Conditions

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 993
Author(s):  
Roghayeh Vahedi ◽  
MirHassan Rasouli-Sadaghiani ◽  
Mohsen Barin ◽  
Ramesh Raju Vetukuri
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Qualitative Properties ◽  
Simultaneous Application ◽  
Biological Indices ◽  
Amf Inoculation

Most calcareous soils have relatively low levels of organic matter. To evaluate the effect of pruning waste biochar (PWB) and pruning waste compost (PWC) combined with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the biological indices, a rhizobox study on wheat using a completely randomized design was conducted under greenhouse conditions. The studied factors included the source of organic material (PWB, PWC, and control), the microbial inoculation (+AMF or −AMF), and the zone (rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil). At the end of the plant growth period, organic carbon (OC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass phosphorous (MBP), microbial respiration (BR), substrate-induced respiration (SIR), and alkaline (ALP) and acid (ACP) phosphatase enzyme activities in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils were determined. Simultaneous application of a source of organic matter and AMF inoculation significantly increased the OC and biological indices of soil relative to those observed when applying organic matter without AMF inoculation. Additionally, MBC, MBP, ACP, and ALP enzymes activities in the rhizosphere zone were significantly higher than in the non-rhizosphere. AMF increased BR and SIR levels in the rhizosphere by 13.06% and 7.95% compared to those in the non-rhizosphere, respectively. It can be concluded that PWC and PWB can improve soil biological properties by increasing microbial activity.

scholarly journals Ratio of soil microbial biomass carbon to soil organic carbon in Himalayan rangeland

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 96-101
Author(s):  
Dil Kumar Limbu ◽  
Madan Koirala
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Microbial Biomass ◽  
Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽  
Biomass Carbon ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽  
Microbial Carbon

The soil microbial biomass carbon to soil organic carbon ratio is a useful measure to monitor soil organic matter and serves as a sensitive index than soil organic carbon alone. Thus, the objective of this study is to identify and quantify the present status of ratio of soil microbial biomass carbon to soil organic carbon in Himalayan rangeland and to make recommendations for enhancing balance between microbial carbon and organic carbon of the soil. To meet the aforementioned objective, a field study was conducted from 2011 to 2013 following the Walkley-Black, Chromic acid wet oxidation method, and chloroform fumigation method for analysis of microbial carbon and organic carbon respectively. The study showed that the heavily grazed plot had significantly less value of ratio than occasionally grazed and ungrazed plots. The ratio was significantly high on legume seeding plot compared to nonlegume plot, but the ratio was independent of soil depth. Soil microbial biomass appeared to be more responsive than soil organic matter.

Physical and chemical protection of soil organic carbon in three agricultural soils with different contents of calcium carbonate

Soil Research ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 1005 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Clough ◽  
J. O. Skjemstad
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Photo Oxidation ◽  
Active Organic Carbon ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The amount of organic carbon physically protected by entrapment within aggregates and through polyvalent cation–organic matter bridging was determined on non-calcareous and calcareous soils. The composition of organic carbon in whole soils and <53 m soil fractions was determined by 13C NMR analysis. High energy photo-oxidation was carried out on <53 m fractions and results from the NMR spectra showed 17–40% of organic carbon was in a condensed aromatic form, most likely charcoal (char). The concept that organic material remaining after photo-oxidation may be physically protected within aggregates was investigated by treating soils with a mild acid prior to photo-oxidation. More organic material was protected in the calcareous than the non-calcareous soils, regardless of whether the calcium occurred naturally or was an amendment. Acid treatment indicated that the presence of exchangeable calcium reduced losses of organic material upon photo-oxidation by about 7% due to calcium bridging. These results have implications for N fertiliser recommendations based upon organic carbon content. Firstly, calcium does not impact upon degradability of organic material to an extent likely to affect N fertiliser recommendations. Secondly, standard assessment techniques overestimate active organic carbon content in soils with high char content.

scholarly journals Microbiological characterization of land set-aside before and after Roundup desiccation

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 88-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Růžková ◽  
L. Růžek ◽  
K. Voříšek ◽  
P. Vráblík ◽  
D. Musilová
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Basal Respiration ◽  
Arylsulfatase Activity ◽  
Pure Cultures

Luvic chernozem (set-aside from 1996) was evaluated. The first period, before Roundup desiccation (2002&ndash;2003), was characterized by black, spontaneous and controlled fallows (mowed with the removal of plant biomass or mulched); the following period (2003&ndash;2004) by black fallow with repeated Roundup applications; and the last period (2004&ndash;2006) involved re-grassing by a mowed Lolium multiflorum Lam. monoculture. The characterization included microbial biomass, available organic carbon, basal respiration, metabolic quotient, biomass-specific available organic carbon, arylsulfatase activity, soil organic matter carbon and total nitrogen. Mulching of pure cultures of grasses and legumes contributed to a high soil organic matter accumulation. Repeated Roundup desiccation caused a strong (highly significant) decrease of arylsulfatase activity (&ndash;28%), however highly significant increase of microbial biomass (+69%) and nitrate-nitrogen (+86%) were determined. The subsequent re-grassing compensated the changes described. The soil biological properties were best preserved on mulched fallow with Lotus corniculatus L. and Festuca pratensis L., also in regard to contamination with weeds.

scholarly journals Role of the bryophytes in substrate revitalization on a post-technogenic salinized territory

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-425
Author(s):  
N. Y. Kyyak ◽  
O. V. Lobachevska ◽  
I. V. Rabyk ◽  
V. H. Kyyak
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Redox Potential ◽  
Trophic Groups ◽  
Moss Species ◽  
Moss Cover ◽  
Species Characteristics ◽  
Actual Acidity

This work aims to investigate the role of the bryophyte cover in substrate revitalization on a post-technogenic salinized territory. The influence of the moss cover on the organic carbon content, actual acidity, redox potential, and the content of the main ecological and trophic groups of microorganisms in the substrate of the tailings storage of the Stebnyk Mining and Chemical Enterprise "Polymineral" was investigated. Bryophytes significantly affect the tailings storage saline substrates. They colonize areas with a very strong and strong degree of salinity, which are unsuitable for other plants. It was indicated that pioneer moss species promote the accumulation of organic matter in saline substrates of the tailings storage. Under moss turfs, the amount of organic carbon increased 2.2–5.0 times, compared with its content in the uncovered substrate. The high variability of the organic matter content is determined by the species characteristics of mosses, primarily their life form. The dense-turf species Didymodon rigidulus and Pthychostomum pseudotriquetrum var. bimum accumulated the most organic matter. The thickness of the litter under the moss turf of these species was much greater than in Barbula unguiculata and Funaria hygrometrica, which form loose turf. We assessed the specificity of the accumulation of organic carbon in the turfs of the studied mosses. It founded that most organic matter accumulated in the dead parts of the moss turf. In the green parts of the shoots of these moss species the amount of organic carbon was 3–4 times less, which indicates a relationship between litter capacity and content of carbon in the substrate under moss turfs. We investigated the influence of mosses on the actual acidity of the tailings storage substrate. Moss turfs promote the increase of acidity of the aqueous solution of the tailings substrate by 0.2–0.5 units. The tailings storage substrates are characterized by a reduction regime. The redox potential of the substrate under moss cover significantly depended on the species characteristics of mosses. Under the moss cover, the redox potential increased by 1.2–1.4 times, compared with the index for the substrate without moss cover. We studied the influence of moss cover on microbial biomass and the quantity of some ecological-trophic groups of microorganisms in the substrates of the tailings storage. The amount of microbial biomass under moss turfs increased depending on the degree of the substrate salinization and the species characteristics of the mosses. In areas with a very high degree of salinization under the moss turfs of Didymodon rigidulus and Funaria hygrometrica, the microbial biomass index increased almost two times, compared with the uncovered substrate. We found a significant increase in the quantity of the main ecological and trophic groups of microorganisms (saprophytes, cellulose-destroying bacteria, oligonitrophils and nitrogen fixers) in the substrate under the moss cover. Thus, pioneer moss species have a complex effect on the saline substrate of tailings storage. They accumulate organic matter, increase the acidity of the upper layer, improve the redox regime of the substrate and promote the development of soil microbiota.

scholarly journals Humic substances of differently matured composts produced from municipal solid wastes and biomass of energetic plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 292-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Kałuża-Haładyn ◽  
Elżbieta Jamroz ◽  
Jakub Bekier
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Total Organic Carbon ◽  
Humic Substances ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Solid Wastes ◽  
Municipal Solid Wastes ◽  
Compost Maturity ◽  
Maturity Parameters

Abstract The aim of the study was to assess the transformation of humic substances during composting of biomass of energetic plants and municipal solid waste. The type of the organic material to be composted and the type of technology used affect the course of the humic substances transformation and formation of compost maturity parameters. Compost produced from the mixture of energetic willow and hay biomass contained humic substances with higher share of low-molecular fractions and lower share of humic acids in total organic carbon than those produced from municipal solid wastes. Obtained results also showed that insoluble alkali fraction plays an important role in humification process by its convertion to a new humic substances. Share of humic and fulvic fractions in relation to the total organic carbon appears to be reliable indicator of composting as a process of enhancing organic matter humification.

scholarly journals Effect of land management without farmyard manure application on the amount and the ectivity of soil microbial biomass

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 352-358
Author(s):  
T. Števlíková ◽  
J. Vjatráková ◽  
S. Javoreková ◽  
S. Mátéová
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Land Management ◽  
Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Nutrient Release ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Manure Application ◽  
Year 2000

Four kinds of cereal crops were grown without farmyard manure application. The effect of farmyard manure was supposed to be replaced by post-harvest residues (PH treatment) or by ploughing the total by-product, i.e. straw (PZ treatment) into soil. After seven years of application, this soil farming system did not influence the contents of Cox and Nt in soil. The amount of organic carbon had declined after the first year, but in the following years it remained at the same level (1.2%). The total nitrogen content increased from 0.143 to 0.166% without any considerable difference between the treatments. The amount of microbial biomass (C<sub>mic</sub>) in PH treatment had been varying and in 2000 it decreased approximately by a half (from 215.96 to 132.00 mg C/kg of soil dry matter). The input of organic matter due to ploughing the whole by-product (PZ treatment) into soil acted favourably and the value of C<sub>mic</sub> in 2000 was quite comparable with the average values of the individual years of 1994&ndash;1997. This land management and cereal growing caused a reduction of the ratio of microbial biomass carbon to soil organic carbon (C<sub>mic</sub>/C<sub>org</sub>). In the year 2000, the values decreased from 2.59 to 1.09% and from 2.88 to 1.82% in PH and PZ treatments, respectively. The amount of the biologically releasable nitrogen (Nbiol) and the intensity of nitrification were the highest in the year 2000. There was a moderate negative correlation (r = &ndash;0.474) between the N<sub>biol</sub> values and biomass amount values in PZ treatment, and a very close negative one (r = &ndash;0.972) in PH treatment. This relation became strong in both treatments when the values Cmic/Corg and Nbiol were compared, i.e. r<sub>PH</sub> = &ndash;0.863 and r<sub>PZ</sub> = &ndash;0.921. The results confirmed that the amount and the quality of organic matter influence microbial biomass and its activity which is responsible for the nutrient release.

scholarly journals Investigation of Organic Matter Content of Hungarian Oil Shale and Its Influence on Sorption of 2,4-Dichlorophenol

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 230-237
Author(s):  
Renata Rauch ◽  
Rita Foldenyi
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Oil Shale ◽  
Total Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Aliphatic Chain ◽  
Organic Carbon Content

It is not only Total Organic Carbon content (TOC) but also the type of Organic Matter (OM) that the sorption of organic pollutants by soils or other natural absorbents is correlated with. Therefore, the characterization of organic components in the adsorbents is very important to elucidate sorption mechanisms.Oil shale samples were collected in Pula, Hungary. The TOC content of the investigated samples was approximately 6.8-40.1 m/m %. The characterization of the organic matter in samples was carried out by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), elemental analysis, thermal analysis, and GC-MS technics. The results predominantly indicated the presence of a low degree of the branching of aliphatic chain components in the samples. The Humic Substances (HS) content of the samples was only 1-6 m/m %, which could be determined after the treatment of oil shale with hydrogen peroxide.The influence of the amount and type of organic material in oil shale samples was studied on the adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) as a model contaminant. For this aim a series of batch equilibration experiments was carried out. The results show that the total organic carbon content of samples is a strong indicator of 2,4-DCP adsorption, while the HS content is an important feature controlling sorption capacity. The study suggests that the special organic matter (kerogen) content of the oil shale plays a major role in its high adsorption capacity and in the nonlinearity of the isotherms. The HS covering the surface could decrease the sorption capacities despite the fact that though the amount of this organic material is quite low.

Plant isotopic composition provides insight into mechanisms underlying growth stimulation by AM fungi in a semiarid environment

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 683 ◽  
Author(s):  
José I. Querejeta ◽  
Michael F. Allen ◽  
María M. Alguacil ◽  
Antonio Roldán
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Growth Stimulation ◽  
Plant Water Status ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Shrub Species ◽  
Retama Sphaerocarpa ◽  
Amf Inoculation

We hypothesised that improved plant water status and enhanced transpiration are key mechanisms involved in plant growth stimulation by native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in semiarid calcareous soils. Seedlings of the dryland shrubs Pistacia lentiscus L. and Retama sphaerocarpa L. were pre-inoculated with a mixture of eight native Glomus spp. fungi, or left un-inoculated, before transplanting into a degraded site in south-eastern Spain. Pre-inoculated Pistacia and Retama shrubs grew faster after transplanting, despite spontaneous colonisation of control plants by local AMF. Pre-inoculation enhanced shoot water content and shoot δ15N in both shrub species. Increased potassium uptake and improved water relations were key mechanisms behind growth stimulation by native AMF in Pistacia. Shoot δ18O (a proxy measure of stomatal conductance) was significantly less negative in AMF-inoculated than in control Pistacia seedlings, indicating enhanced cumulative transpiration in the former. In contrast, shoot δ18O was unaffected by AMF inoculation in Retama, a leafless leguminous shrub with photosynthetic stems. Growth stimulation by native AMF in Retama was attributed to increased phosphorus uptake, enhanced atmospheric nitrogen fixation and a largely nutrient-mediated improvement of plant water status. Shoot δ13C was not significantly influenced by AMF inoculation in either shrub species, thus suggesting roughly parallel upshifts in photosynthetic and transpiration rates which did not affect plant water use efficiency.

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