scholarly journals Bryophyte spermiogenesis occurs through multimode autophagic and nonautophagic degradation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuya Norizuki ◽  
Naoki Minamino ◽  
Hirokazu Tsukaya ◽  
Takashi Ueda
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Cell Body ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Fixed Number ◽  
Marchantia Polymorpha ◽  
Environmental Cues ◽  
Degradation Mechanisms ◽  
Autophagic Degradation ◽  
Mitochondrial Number

SUMMARYMitochondria change their morphology in response to developmental and environmental cues. During sexual reproduction, bryophytes produce spermatozoids with two mitochondria in the cell body. Although intensive morphological analyses have been conducted thus far, how this fixed number of mitochondria is realized remains unknown. Here, we investigated how mitochondria are reorganized during spermiogenesis in Marchantia polymorpha. We found that the mitochondrial number is reduced to one through fission followed by autophagic degradation during early spermiogenesis, and then the posterior mitochondrion arises by fission of the anterior mitochondrion. Autophagy is also responsible for the removal of other organelles, including peroxisomes, but these other organelles are removed at distinct developmental stages from mitochondrial degradation. We also found that spermiogenesis involves nonautophagic organelle degradation. Our findings highlight the dynamic reorganization of mitochondria, which is regulated distinctly from that of other organelles, and multiple degradation mechanisms operate in organelle remodeling during spermiogenesis in M. polymorpha.

scholarly journals Remodeling of organelles and microtubules during spermiogenesis in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoki Minamino ◽  
Takuya Norizuki ◽  
Shoji Mano ◽  
Kazuo Ebine ◽  
Takashi Ueda
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Cell Body ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
The State ◽  
Marchantia Polymorpha ◽  
Post Translational Modification ◽  
Male Gametes ◽  
Subcellular Processes ◽  
Biological Event

Gametogenesis is an essential biological event for sexual reproduction in various organisms. Bryophytes and some other plants employ motile sperms (spermatozoids) as male gametes, which self-locomote to the egg cells to accomplish fertilization. Spermatozoids of bryophytes harbor distinctive morphological characteristics, including the cell body with a helical slender shape and two motile flagella at the anterior edge. During transformation from a spermatid to spermatozoid (spermiogenesis), the shape and cellular contents of spermatids are dynamically reorganized. However, how each organelle is reorganized during plant spermiogenesis remains obscure. In this study, we classified the developmental processes during spermiogenesis in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha according to cellular and nuclear shapes and flagella development. We then examined the remodeling of microtubules and reorganization of endomembrane organelles during spermiogenesis. The results indicate that the state of post-translational modification of tubulin is dynamically changed during the formation of the flagella and spline, and the plasma membrane and endomembrane organelles are drastically reorganized in a precisely regulated manner during spermiogenesis. These findings are expected to provide useful indexes to classify developmental and subcellular processes of spermiogenesis in bryophytes.

scholarly journals Light sensing by opsins and fungal ecology: NOP-1 modulates entry into sexual reproduction in response to environmental cues

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 216-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng Wang ◽  
Junrui Wang ◽  
Ning Li ◽  
Jigang Li ◽  
Frances Trail ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Environmental Cues ◽  
Fungal Ecology ◽  
Light Sensing

scholarly journals Identification and evaluation of the novel genes for transcript normalization during female gametophyte development in sugarcane

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12298
Author(s):  
Maokai Yan ◽  
Xingyue Jin ◽  
Yanhui Liu ◽  
Huihuang Chen ◽  
Tao Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Reference Genes ◽  
Female Gametophyte ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Biofuel Feedstock ◽  
Gametophyte Development ◽  
Female Gametophyte Development

Background Sugarcane (Saccharum spontaneum L.), the major sugar and biofuel feedstock crop, is cultivated mainly by vegetative propagation worldwide due to the infertility of female reproductive organs resulting in the reduction of quality and output of sugar. Deciphering the gene expression profile during ovule development will improve our understanding of the complications underlying sexual reproduction in sugarcane. Optimal reference genes are essential for elucidating the expression pattern of a given gene by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Method In this study, based on transcriptome data obtained from sugarcane ovule, eighteen candidate reference genes were identified, cloned, and their expression levels were evaluated across five developmental stages ovule (AC, MMC, Meiosis, Mitosis, and Mature). Results Our results indicated that FAB2 and MOR1 were the most stably expressed genes during sugarcane female gametophyte development. Moreover, two genes, cell cycle-related genes REC8 and CDK, were selected, and their feasibility was validated. This study provides important insights into the female gametophyte development of sugarcane and reports novel reference genes for gene expression research on sugarcane sexual reproduction.

The Spermatozoon of Actinia Equina L. Var. Mesembryanthemum

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. U. Larkman ◽  
M. A. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Sea Anemones ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Parent Female

Actinia equina var. mesembryanthemum, the beadlet anemone (Stephenson, 1935), is a very common and widely distributed littoral anthozoan, whose sexual reproduction shows several interesting characteristics. Adult sea anemones of both sexes brood planulae and more advanced developmental stages within the gastrovascular cavity, although earlier embryonic stages are rarely found brooded in this way. Chia & Rostron (1970) suggest that embryos are expelled from the parent female anemone at an early stage and pass through a free-living phase before re-entering anemones of either sex for brooding. However, recent work (Cain, 1974) suggests that juvenile anemones are genetically related to the adult anemones in which they are brooded, and also the distribution of genetic material during sexual reproduction appears to be abnormal (Carter & Thorp, 1979). In an attempt to achieve a better understanding of the unusual sexual reproduction of this species, an ultrastructural investigation of gametogenesis was undertaken. This paper describes the fine structure of the spermatozoon within the testis.

scholarly journals Seeds integrate biological information about conspecific and allospecific neighbours

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1857) ◽  
pp. 20170800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Yamawo ◽  
Hiromi Mukai
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Interspecific Interactions ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Environmental Cues ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Plantago Asiatica ◽  
Adaptive Behaviours ◽  
Do So

Numerous organisms integrate information from multiple sources and express adaptive behaviours, but how they do so at different developmental stages remains to be identified. Seeds, which are the embryonic stage of plants, need to make decisions about the timing of emergence in response to environmental cues related to survival. We investigated the timing of emergence of Plantago asiatica (Plantaginaceae) seed while manipulating the presence of Trifolium repens seed and the relatedness of neighbouring P. asiatica seed. The relatedness of neighbouring P. asiatica seed and the presence of seeds of T. repens did not on their own influence the timing of P. asiatica emergence. However, when encountering a T. repens seed, a P. asiatica seed emerged faster in the presence of a sibling seed than in the presence of a non-sibling seed. Water extracts of seeds gave the same result. We show that P. asiatica seeds integrate information about the relatedness of neighbouring P. asiatica seeds and the presence of seeds of a different species via water-soluble chemicals and adjust their emergence behaviour in response. These findings suggest the presence of kin-dependent interspecific interactions.

Environmental cues influence EDC-mediated endocrine disruption effects in different developmental stages of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 254-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanxiang Jin ◽  
Linjun Shu ◽  
Feiyan Huang ◽  
Limin Cao ◽  
Liwei Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endocrine Disruption ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Oryzias Latipes ◽  
Japanese Medaka ◽  
Environmental Cues

Development and ultrastructure of the marine, parasitic oomycete, Lagenisma coscinodisci (Lagenidiales): sexual reproduction

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (11) ◽  
pp. 1315-1325 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Schnepf ◽  
G. Deichgräber ◽  
G. Drebes
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Abnormal Cell ◽  
Structural Details ◽  
Cell Fusions

Fine structural details of antheridia and oogonia, of cytogamy, plasmogamy, and karyogamy, and finally of the development of the oospore are described. Sexually determined zoospores (most probably zoomeiospores) resemble vegetative primary zoospores (zoomitospores). They form gametangia (antheridia or oogonia) which are similar to vegetative primary cysts. An antheridium germinates with a fertilization tube which penetrates the oogonium. As seen in abnormal cell fusions, the tip of the fertilization tube opens only within an oogonium; presumably, its wall is disintegrated by the latter. Before plasmogamy, both plasmalemmata are closely appressed. The fused protoplasts move into a short zygotial hypha which protudes from the oogonium. The thick-walled oospore is formed herein. It includes nearly all of the cytoplasm of the gametangia. Karyogamy takes place within the developing oospore. It is initiated by an interdigitation of microtubules radiating from the centrioles and by a close association of the latter. The observations are compared with those on other developmental stages of Lagenisma and with those on gametangia and oospores of other Oomycetes.

scholarly journals Fis1 ablation in the male germline disrupts mitochondrial morphology and mitophagy, and arrests spermatid maturation

Development ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grigor Varuzhanyan ◽  
Mark S. Ladinsky ◽  
Shun-ichi Yamashita ◽  
Manabu Abe ◽  
Kenji Sakimura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Giant Cells ◽  
Mitochondrial Morphology ◽  
Multinucleated Giant Cells ◽  
Germline Development ◽  
Mitochondrial Content ◽  
Male Germline ◽  
Early Spermatid ◽  
Sperm Midpiece ◽  
Autophagic Degradation ◽  
Mitochondrial Number

Male germline development involves choreographed changes to mitochondrial number, morphology, and organization. Mitochondrial reorganization during spermatogenesis was recently shown to require mitochondrial fusion and fission. Mitophagy, the autophagic degradation of mitochondria, is another mechanism for controlling mitochondrial number and physiology, but its role during spermatogenesis is largely unknown. During post-meiotic spermatid development, restructuring of the mitochondrial network results in packing of mitochondria into a tight array in the sperm midpiece to fuel motility. Here, we show that disruption of mouse Fis1 in the male germline results in early spermatid arrest that is associated with increased mitochondrial content. Mutant spermatids coalesce into multinucleated giant cells (GCs) that accumulate mitochondria of aberrant ultrastructure and numerous mitophagic and autophagic intermediates, suggesting a defect in mitophagy. We conclude that Fis1 regulates mitochondrial morphology and turnover to promote spermatid maturation.

scholarly journals Systems Biology Approach to Model the Life Cycle ofTrypanosoma cruzi

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra Carrea ◽  
Luis Diambra
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Systems Biology ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Environmental Cues ◽  
Cell Fates ◽  
Gene Regulatory ◽  
Cell Phenotypes ◽  
Optimisation Procedure

Due to recent advances in reprogramming cell phenotypes, many efforts have been dedicated to developing reverse engineering procedures for the identification of gene regulatory networks that emulate dynamical properties associated with the cell fates of a given biological system. In this work, we propose a systems biology approach for the reconstruction of the gene regulatory network underlying the dynamics of theTrypanosoma cruzi's life cycle. By means of an optimisation procedure, we embedded the steady state maintenance, and the known phenotypic transitions between these steady states in response to environmental cues, into the dynamics of a gene network model. In the resulting network architecture we identified a small subnetwork, formed by seven interconnected nodes, that controls the parasite's life cycle. The present approach could be useful for better understanding other single cell organisms with multiple developmental stages.

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