scholarly journals VTA-projecting cerebellar neurons mediate stress-dependent depression-like behavior

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soo Ji Baek ◽  
Jinsung Park ◽  
Jinhyun Kim ◽  
Yukio Yamamoto ◽  
Keiko Tanaka-Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Cerebellar Nuclei ◽  
Electrophysiological Recording ◽  
Adeno Associated Virus ◽  
Cerebellar Neurons ◽  
Stress Application ◽  
Crus I ◽  
The One ◽  
Stress Dependent

AbstractAlthough cerebellar alterations have been implicated in mental depression, the exact contribution of the cerebellum to depressive symptoms remains to be elucidated. Here, we demonstrated the crucial role of cerebellar neurons projecting to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in the chronic stress-induced development of depression-like behavior. The combination of adeno-associated virus-based circuit mapping and electrophysiological recording identified network connections from crus I to the VTA via the dentate nucleus (DN) of the deep cerebellar nuclei. Chronic chemogenetic activation of inhibitory Purkinje cells in crus I suppressed c-Fos expression in the DN and depression-like behavior, which were triggered by chronic stress application. Furthermore, specific inhibition of neurons in the DN that project to the VTA prevented stressed mice from showing depression-like behavior, whereas specific activation of these neurons alone triggered depression-like behavior that was comparable with the one triggered by chronic stress application. Our results indicate that the VTA-projecting cerebellar neurons proactively regulate depression-like behavior, raising the possibility that cerebellum may be an effective target for the prevention of depressive disorders.

Histamine-induced modulation of olfactory receptor neurones in two species of lobster, Panulirus argus and Homarus americanus

1989 ◽  
Vol 145 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Bayer ◽  
T. S. McClintock ◽  
U. Grunert ◽  
B. W. Ache
Keyword(s):  
Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Olfactory Receptor ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Homarus Americanus ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Electrophysiological Recording ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Olfactory Receptor Cells ◽  
Receptor Cells ◽  
The One

In two species of lobster, application of the biogenic amine, histamine (HA), to the soma of olfactory receptor cells suppressed both spontaneous and odour-evoked activity, as shown by electrophysiological recording from single cells. The action of HA was graded, reversible, specific to HA, and had a threshold between 0.1 and 1 mumol l-1. HA increased the conductance of the membrane, primarily to chloride ions. The vertebrate HA receptor antagonist, cimetidine, and the nicotinic receptor antagonist, d-tubocurarine, but not other known vertebrate HA receptor antagonists, reversibly blocked the action of HA. These results suggest that a histaminergic mechanism modulates stimulus-response coupling in lobster olfactory receptor cells and potentially implicate a novel HA receptor, pharmacologically similar to the one recently described in the visual system of flies.

scholarly journals Protective effect of sex on chronic stress- and depressive behavior-induced vascular dysfunction in BALB/cJ mice

2014 ◽  
Vol 117 (9) ◽  
pp. 959-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shyla C. Stanley ◽  
Steven D. Brooks ◽  
Joshua T. Butcher ◽  
Alexandre C. d'Audiffret ◽  
Stephanie J. Frisbee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Depressive Symptom ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Mild Stress ◽  
Depressive Symptom Severity

The presence of chronic, unresolvable stresses leads to negative health outcomes, including development of clinical depression/depressive disorders, with outcome severity being correlated with depressive symptom severity. One of the major outcomes associated with chronic stress and depression is the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and an elevated CVD risk profile. However, in epidemiological research, sex disparities are evident, with premenopausal women suffering from depressive symptoms more acutely than men, but also demonstrating a relative protection from the onset of CVD. Given this, we investigated the differential effect of sex on conduit artery and resistance arteriolar function in male and female mice following 8 wk of an unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) protocol. In males, plasma cortisol and depressive symptom severity (e.g., coat status, anhedonia, delayed grooming) were elevated by UCMS. Endothelium-dependent dilation to methacholine/acetylcholine was impaired in conduit arteries and skeletal muscle arterioles, suggesting a severe loss of nitric oxide bioavailability and increased production of thromboxane A2 vs. prostaglandin I2 associated with elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an increased level of systemic inflammation. Endothelium-independent dilation was intact. In females, depressive symptoms and plasma cortisol increases were more severe than in males, although alterations to vascular reactivity were blunted, including the effects of elevated ROS and inflammation on dilator responses. These results suggest that compared with males, female rats are more susceptible to chronic stress in terms of the severity of depressive behaviors, but that the subsequent development of vasculopathy is blunted owing to an improved ability to tolerate elevated ROS and systemic inflammatory stress.

scholarly journals Epigenetic Effect of Chronic Stress on Dopamine Signaling and Depression

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. GEG.S11016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia Moriam ◽  
Mahbub E. Sobhani
Keyword(s):  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Motor Control ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Signaling Mechanism ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
Epigenetic Effect ◽  
Epigenetic Factor ◽  
Reward Pathway ◽  
Dopamine Signaling

Because of the complex causal factors leading to depression, epigenetics is of considerable interest for the understanding effect of stress in depression. Dopamine is a key neurotransmitter important in many physiological functions, including motor control, mood, and the reward pathway. These factors lead many drugs to target Dopamine receptors in treating depressive disorders. In this review, we try to portray how chronic stress as an epigenetic factor changes the gene regulation pattern by interrupting Dopamine signaling mechanism.

scholarly journals Effect of neonatal chronic stress on expression of Hsp70 and oestrogen receptor alpha in the rat oviduct during development and the oestrous cycle

Reproduction ◽  
2003 ◽  
pp. 801-808 ◽  
Author(s):  
ML Mariani ◽  
DR Ciocca ◽  
AS Gonzalez Jatuff ◽  
M Souto
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Oestrogen Receptor ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Stress Model ◽  
Neonatal Development ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Receptor Alpha ◽  
Oestrogen Receptor Alpha

A chronic unpredictable stress model used to produce depressive disorders in adult rats was applied to neonatal rats to investigate whether this type of stress can induce changes in the expression of Hsp70 and oestrogen receptor alpha in the oviduct, as detected by immunohistochemistry. Rats stressed during neonatal development showed changes in the expression pattern of Hsp70. In neonatal control rats, Hsp70-positive cells observed in the isthmus did not show any changes. Moreover, rats exposed to this stress model that reached adulthood had higher expression of Hsp70 in the isthmus (P<0.01) but not in the ampulla during oestrus than did the control rats. In contrast, during dioestrus, no significant changes were noted in adult rats that were stressed during neonatal development or in rats that were stressed in adulthood. These findings indicate that the isthmus is very sensitive to stressful stimuli and that repeated pre-weaning stress can change the expression of heat shock proteins in early and adult life. These subtle changes of expression in the oviduct did not affect the fertility of the rats that reached adulthood or that were mated under unstressed conditions. However, the control animals stressed during adulthood showed a disruption of the oestrous cycle: this finding is not observed in rats stressed during neonatal development that show an attenuated oestrous cycle disruption induced by chronic stress in adulthood. Moreover, there was dissociation between the expression of oestrogen receptor alpha and Hsp70. The amount of oestrogen receptor alpha remained constant in the epithelium of the oviduct in the control and in the stressed rats. Expression of oestrogen receptor alpha was noted in the stroma of the oviduct without the concomitant expression of Hsp70. It is possible that in certain cells and tissues Hsp70 is not necessary for oestrogen receptor alpha to be functional or Hsp70 might be present at very low amounts but is sufficient for the receptor to function.

Causative factor for premature ageing

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (06) ◽  
Author(s):  
Praneta Usgaonkar
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Causative Factor ◽  
Natural Process ◽  
Natural Ageing ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Causative Factors ◽  
The One ◽  
Modern Era

Ageing is the change in biology of an organism as it ages after its maturity. Such changes range from those affecting its cells and their function to that of the whole organism. As ageing is the natural process of growing older yet there are many factors that play a role in whether we age gracefully or if we are the one out of people who age faster than our biological. Globally, the population is ageing rapidly But the major concern in the current era is the “premature ageing” and not the natural ageing or what we can call blissful ageing, which can be due to several causative factors such as smoking, drinking, sun, moisture, perpetual anger, diet, excess weight, stress, free radicals etc. The era that we live in is full of stress due to stressful tasks that line up our way. Chronic stress is one of the most important factor that accelerates aging by shortening DNA telomeres The modern era has taken great strides in providing materialistic comfort to human beings but along with comfort ailments have come along. Stress is one such by - product of modern day lifestyle. The stress that is left unchecked can contribute to many health problems such as hypertension, heart diseases, obesity and diabetes. Stress also affects our mind drastically. Chronic stress can lead to mood disorders.

scholarly journals Stress as a risk factor in the development of brain stroke

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 161-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Antic ◽  
Branislav Petrovic ◽  
Natasa Rancic
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrovascular Disease ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acute And Chronic Stress ◽  
Chronic Stressors ◽  
Brain Stroke ◽  
Countries In Transition ◽  
The One

Introduction. In many developing countries and in countries in transition, an increased incidence of cerebrovascular disease has been observed. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of acute and chronic stress on the development of acute brain stroke and its relapse. Material and methods. The study included all recorded cases of cerebrovascular disease in the municipality of Doljevac in the period 2005-2007 (the stroke victims), and 230 healthy controls. By using the method of interview, the frequency of chronic stress situations was examined, as well as the occurrence of acute stress situations 24 hours prior to the acute brain stroke and its relapse. Results. In the group which consisted of stroke victims, a large number of subjects was found to have had an acute stress 24 hours prior to the onset of the disease, and the type of stress which proved to be statistically significant was the one which had been provoked by problems between family members (?2=4,03; p=0,04). All of the chronic stressors were more frequent in the group consisting of stroke victims than in the control group and among the statistically significant stressors were stressful situations in the family and at work. In recidivists, a greater presence of acute and chronic stressors was observed, but the statistical significance was not proved when this disease occurred again. Conclusion. The presence of acute stressors was found to have been more frequent in the group of stroke victims 24 hours prior to the on?set of the disease. The effect of acute and chronic stressors upon the brain stroke recidivism has not been statistically proved yet.

Optimism and Coping as Moderators of the Relationship between Chronic Stress and Burnout

2003 ◽  
Vol 92 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1215-1226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Riolli ◽  
Victor Savicki
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Emotional Exhaustion ◽  
Information Service ◽  
Personal Accomplishment ◽  
Service Workers ◽  
Antecedent Conditions ◽  
The One ◽  
And Coping ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Relief Efforts

Using a model based on Lazarus (1999) and previous research, specific relationships were predicted between the antecedent conditions of chronic stress, personal moderation factors of optimism/pessimism, and coping on the one hand, and the affective outcome of burnout on the other. Participants were 82 information service workers whose jobs required them to evaluate and remediate computer programming problems in anticipation of the Y2K deadline. Multiple regression analysis indicated that Optimism, Pessimism, Control Coping, and Escape Coping all moderated chronic stress for Emotional Exhaustion and Depersonalization, but not for Personal Accomplishment. Lower Optimism, higher Pessimism, lower Control Coping, and higher Escape Coping all related to increased workers' Depersonalization under conditions of higher chronic stress due to the approaching Y2K deadline. Lower Optimism and higher Pessimism were also related to higher Emotional Exhaustion under conditions of higher chronic stress due to the Y2K deadline. Beyond moderation effects, all moderator variables showed main effects with Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization, and Personal Accomplishment in the predicted directions. Suggestions are given for incorporating results into stress relief efforts in organizations.

Chronic stress and anxiety-depressive spectrum disorders in patients of phoniatric practice

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1604-1604
Author(s):  
A. Stukalo ◽  
D. Veltishchev ◽  
S. Romanenko ◽  
O. Seravina ◽  
O. Kovalevskaya
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Voice Disorders ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Traumatic Experience ◽  
External Control ◽  
Control Factors ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Spectrum Disorders

ObjectivesTo research the influence of stress factors on the development and circuit of voice disorders in their relation to anxiety and depressive spectrum.AimsTo analyze the extent to which the anxiety and depressive disorders are spreading among the patients with voice dysfunctions, to determine the variety of factors for psychological traumatic experience, and to distinguish the variety of anxiety and depressive disorders.MethodsThe Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the projective psychological tests.ResultsPreliminary HADS screening was conducted among 180 patients. More than half of the patients (57.5%) had high risk of anxiety and depressive disorders. 55 patients (44 women, 13 men, age of 18–70) with voice disorders and the positive results of screening were included to the study. Patients underwent a complete otolaryngologic examination and were grouped into organic voice pathology (34.5%) and non-organic voice pathology (65.5%). In accordance with ICD-10, anxiety and depressive disorders were diagnosed in 48 (87%) patients. In most cases the phoniatric pathology developed in chronic stress conditions. The prevailed chronic stress factors that provoked both anxiety-depressive spectrum disorders and voice pathology were inability to reach pre-set social goal (65.4%), ethical conflict (18.2%) and lack of external control factors (16.4%). Professional factor was also important as 38.2% of the group claimed heavy voice load at work.ConclusionChronic stress factors play significant provoking role in the development of voice and anxiety-depressive spectrum disorders, which should be taken into account to design diagnostic and therapeutic tactics for patients with voice pathology.

scholarly journals PL-010 Chronic mild stress improves glucose homeostasis via myonectin-mediated suppression of sympathetic activity in high-fat diet-fed mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengtang Qi ◽  
Jie Xia ◽  
Xiangli Xue ◽  
Xingtian Li ◽  
Zhiming Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Sympathetic Activity ◽  
Chronic Mild Stress ◽  
Mild Stress ◽  
Glycerol Release ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Adeno Associated Virus

Objective Recent studies suggest that chronic stress exposure can ameliorate the progression of diet-induced prediabetic disease, by inhibiting an increase in weight gain, caloric intake and efficiency and insulin resistance. To determine the underlying mechanism by which chronic stress improves the progression of type 2 diabetes, we developed a model of chronic mild stress in high-fat diet(HFD)-fed mice which are resistant to obesity and exhibit a healthy-like metabolic phenotype. Methods High-fat diet (HFD): 45% kcal derived from fat (Research Diets, Inc.).Mice experienced one stressor during the day and a different stressor during the night. Stressors were randomly chosen from the following list : cage tilt on a 45° angle for 1 to 16 h; food deprivation for 12 to 16 h; white noise for 1 to 16 h; strobe light illumination for 1 to 16 h; crowded housing; light cycle (continuous illumination) for 24 to 36 h; dark cycle (continuous darkness) for 24 to 36 h; water deprivation for 12 to 16 h; damp bedding (200 ml water poured into sawdust bedding) for 12 to 16 h.Recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV): AAV9 vectors encoding myonectin under the control of the ubiquitous CMV promoter (AAV9-CMV-Vip) or an equal dose of the AAV9-CMV-null vector were delivered to C57BL/6 mice by the tail vein. Mice were deprived of food for 16 h and then subjected to test 7 days after AAV injection. Results Chronic stress improved glucose intolerance and sympathetic overactivity in HFD-fed mice. Chronic stress attenuated epinephrine(EPI)-stimulated glycerol release into blood in vivo and accelerated glycerol release from white adipose tissue followed by in vitro incubation with EPI. Chronic stress reduced plasma triglyceride but increased the levels of plasma insulin and myonectin. We further found that adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9)-mediated myonectin overexpression improved glucose homeostasis and reduced epinephrine sensitivity. Myonectin overexpression reduced plasma norepinephrine, EPI and leptin levels, and increased insulin sensitivity in brown and white adipose tissue. Intense sympathetic activity with high-intensity running inhibited myonectin expression in skeletal muscle, whereas medium and low-intensity exercise running increased myonectin expression. Conclusions These findings suggest that chronic mild stress can improve glucose homeostasis via myonectin-mediated suppression of sympathetic activity in high-fat diet-fed mice.

scholarly journals Transsexualism: Clinical picture and treatment of transsexualism

1994 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 57-60
Author(s):  
G. I. Kozlov ◽  
S. Yu. Kalinchenko
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pathological State ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
The One ◽  
First Descriptions

The first descriptions of the pathological desire to change your gender date back to the middle of the last century. This pathology was designated by N. Ellis as a perverse sensation of ones sex, a sexual-aesthetic inversion. The term "transsexualism" was proposed by N. Benjamin, who was the first to describe this phenomenon from a scientific point of view. Transsexualism - TS (eonism, sexual-aesthetic inversion, mental hermaphroditism) is a pathological state of a person, consisting in a polar divergence of the biological and civil sex, on the one hand, with the mental sex, on the other. In other words, Tc is a violation of sexual self-identification, which consists in the mismatch of the feeling of one's gender identity with the nature of the external genital organs. TS - persistent awareness of belonging to the opposite sex. The diagnosis of TS is made by adults and adolescents who have reached puberty, who wish to change their genitals and live as a representative of the other sex, after the exclusion of mental disorders. A person with TS feels like a man enclosed in a womans body, and vice versa. In a harmoniously organized body of a certain gender (the chromosomal, gonadal and morphological sex correspond to each other, providing the possibility of fertilization, and in women and childbearing) there lives an another gender soul. And this soul not only lives, it feels, thinks, suffers, experiences desires and drives that it cannot realize. In fact, we are talking about chronic stress, therefore, in most patients with TS, suicidal behavior can be detected. TS is a rather rare pathology. There is no data on vehicle prevalence in our country. When studying the prevalence of TS in other countries, it was noted that TS is found in many, if not all, ethnic groups, despite significant cultural differences, which can serve as indirect evidence of the biological basis of this pathology. The average age of patients with TS who go to the doctor about sex change is 20-24 years (51% of patients). This is typical for both female and male vehicles. At the age of 15-19 years, this percentage is 12, at the age of 25-29 years - 25, at the age of 30-34 years - 11, over 35 years old - no more than 1. According to the majority of authors, male TS significantly prevails over female - the ratio 3: 1.

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