scholarly journals Stress as a risk factor in the development of brain stroke

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 161-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Antic ◽  
Branislav Petrovic ◽  
Natasa Rancic
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrovascular Disease ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acute And Chronic Stress ◽  
Chronic Stressors ◽  
Brain Stroke ◽  
Countries In Transition ◽  
The One

Introduction. In many developing countries and in countries in transition, an increased incidence of cerebrovascular disease has been observed. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of acute and chronic stress on the development of acute brain stroke and its relapse. Material and methods. The study included all recorded cases of cerebrovascular disease in the municipality of Doljevac in the period 2005-2007 (the stroke victims), and 230 healthy controls. By using the method of interview, the frequency of chronic stress situations was examined, as well as the occurrence of acute stress situations 24 hours prior to the acute brain stroke and its relapse. Results. In the group which consisted of stroke victims, a large number of subjects was found to have had an acute stress 24 hours prior to the onset of the disease, and the type of stress which proved to be statistically significant was the one which had been provoked by problems between family members (?2=4,03; p=0,04). All of the chronic stressors were more frequent in the group consisting of stroke victims than in the control group and among the statistically significant stressors were stressful situations in the family and at work. In recidivists, a greater presence of acute and chronic stressors was observed, but the statistical significance was not proved when this disease occurred again. Conclusion. The presence of acute stressors was found to have been more frequent in the group of stroke victims 24 hours prior to the on?set of the disease. The effect of acute and chronic stressors upon the brain stroke recidivism has not been statistically proved yet.

An intervention study on the effectiveness of an anti-stress-app on psychophysiological acute and chronic stress (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franziska Lautenbach
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Stress Test ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Trier Social Stress Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Acute And Chronic Stress

BACKGROUND Dealing with stress is of central importance. Lately, smartphone applications (apps) are deployed in stress interventions as they offer maximal flexibility for users. First results of experimental studies show that anti-stress apps effect subjective perception of stress positively (Ly et al., 2014). However, current literature lacks studies on physiological stress reactions (e.g., cortisol), although they are of special interest to health issues. OBJECTIVE Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of an anti-stress app in chronic and acute stress reduction on a physiological (cortisol) and psychological level (subjective perception of stress) in comparison to a face-to-face and a control group in a pre-post design, for the first time. METHODS Sixty-two participants took part in the pretesting procedure (drop-out of 53 %). Based on age, gender, physical activity and subjectively perceived acute stress due to the Trier Social Stress Test for groups (TSST-G; von Dawans et al., 2011) as well as based on subjectively chronic stress assessed during the pretest, participants were parallelized in three groups (anti-stress-app: n = 10, face-to-face: n = 11, control group: n = 9). RESULTS After six weeks of the cognitive-based resource-oriented intervention, participants were exposed to the TSST-G for post testing. Results did not show a change of cortisol secretion or cognitive appraisal of the acute stressor. Further, no changes were detected in the chronic physiological stress reaction. CONCLUSIONS Possible causes are discussed extensively. CLINICALTRIAL no

Effects of age on metabolic responses to acute and chronic stress

1988 ◽  
Vol 254 (5) ◽  
pp. E617-E624 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Odio ◽  
A. Brodish
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Aged Rats ◽  
Young Rats ◽  
Acute And Chronic Stress ◽  
Old Rats

The effect of age on the capacity of an organism to mobilize glucose and free fatty acids during stress and to adapt these responses from an acute to a chronic stress situation is not known. The purpose of this study was to determine whether aging impaired the capacity to 1) raise glucose and free fatty acid levels and suppress insulin release in acute stress situations and 2) develop adaptation of these responses to exposure to chronic stress. Our results indicate that 6-mo-old rats (young) trained to escape electric shock (short-term modulation) showed greater acute stress-induced hyperglycemic, hypoinsulinemic, and lipolytic responses than untrained young rats. By contrast, in 22-mo-old rats (old), responses of trained and untrained animals were not different. In the chronic stress (long-term adaptation) experiments, it was found that 1) adaptation of stress-induced hyperglycemia occurred at a faster rate in young than in old animals; 2) in young but not in aged rats, a strong positive correlation was observed between adaptation of stress-induced hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia; and 3) in young rats, stress-induced lipolytic responses declined proportionately to the duration of chronic stress exposure, whereas by contrast in chronically stressed aged rats steady-state levels of free fatty acids were not raised during exposure to stress. Thus we conclude that 1) glucose intolerance may play a key role in the altered stress-induced metabolic responses of aged rats; 2) with age, there is a loss of plasticity in physiological adaptive response mechanisms associated with metabolic responses to stress.

scholarly journals Facilitation of the HPA Axis to a Novel Acute Stress Following Chronic Stress Exposure Modulates Histone Acetylation and the ERK/MAPK Pathway in the Dentate Gyrus of Male Rats

Endocrinology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 155 (8) ◽  
pp. 2942-2952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chantelle L. Ferland ◽  
Erin P. Harris ◽  
Mai Lam ◽  
Laura A. Schrader
Keyword(s):  
Dentate Gyrus ◽  
Histone Acetylation ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Stress Exposure ◽  
Erk Activation ◽  
Acute And Chronic Stress ◽  
Acute Stressor

Evidence suggests that when presented with novel acute stress, animals previously exposed to chronic homotypic or heterotypic stressors exhibit normal or enhanced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) response compared with animals exposed solely to that acute stressor. The molecular mechanisms involved in this effect remain unknown. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is one of the key pathways regulated in the hippocampus in both acute and chronic stress. The aim of this study was to examine the interaction of prior chronic stress, using the chronic variable stress model (CVS), with exposure to a novel acute stressor (2,5-dihydro-2,4,5-trimethyl thiazoline; TMT) on ERK activation, expression of the downstream protein BCL-2, and the glucocorticoid receptor co-chaperone BAG-1 in control and chronically stressed male rats. TMT exposure after chronic stress resulted in a significant interaction of chronic and acute stress in all 3 hippocampus subregions on ERK activation and BCL-2 expression. Significantly, acute stress increased ERK activation, BCL-2 and BAG-1 protein expression in the dentate gyrus (DG) of CVS-treated rats compared with control, CVS-treated alone, and TMT-only animals. Furthermore, CVS significantly increased ERK activation in medial prefrontal cortex, but acute stress had no significant effect. Inhibition of corticosterone synthesis with metyrapone had no significant effect on ERK activation in the hippocampus; therefore, glucocorticoids alone do not mediate the molecular effects. Finally, because post-translational modifications of histones are believed to play an important role in the stress response, we examined changes in histone acetylation. We found that, in general, chronic stress decreased K12H4 acetylation, whereas acute stress increased acetylation. These results indicate a molecular mechanism by which chronic stress-induced HPA axis plasticity can lead to neurochemical alterations in the hippocampus that influence reactivity to subsequent stress exposure. This may represent an important site of dysfunction that contributes to stress-induced pathology such as depression, anxiety disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder.

Cardiac frequency: a potential predictor of blood cortisol levels during acute and chronic stress exposure in Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis)

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (8) ◽  
pp. 2028-2034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry J. Harlow ◽  
E. Tom Thorne ◽  
Elizabeth S. Williams ◽  
E. Lee Belden ◽  
William A. Gern
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Remote Monitoring ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Bighorn Sheep ◽  
Ovis Canadensis ◽  
Domestic Sheep ◽  
Cardiac Frequency ◽  
Acute And Chronic Stress ◽  
In Captivity

It was the purpose of this study to investigate methods of assessing responses to stress by free-ranging bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis). The adrenal response test on wild-caught bighorn sheep maintained in captivity did not demonstrate either adrenal exhaustion or hypersensitivity during chronic stress. To study physiological responses to acute stress, hand-reared bighorn sheep were habituated to living in stalls and fitted with electrocardiogram leads and jugular cannulas for remote monitoring of cardiac frequency and blood cortisol changes. A radioimmunoassay was validated on bighorn sheep plasma which was a modification of the procedure used for domestic sheep. A linear relationship between heart rate and blood cortisol was obtained for individual animals suggesting that remote monitoring of cardiac frequency can be used as a predictor of adrenal function and, therefore, the potential immunologic condition of an animal during stress.

scholarly journals Differential Impact of Acute and Chronic Stress on CA1 Spatial Coding and Gamma Oscillations

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anupratap Tomar ◽  
Denis Polygalov ◽  
Thomas J. McHugh
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Field Potential ◽  
Gamma Oscillations ◽  
Spatial Coding ◽  
Acute And Chronic Stress ◽  
The Impact

Chronic and acute stress differentially affect behavior as well as the structural integrity of the hippocampus, a key brain region involved in cognition and memory. However, it remains unclear if and how the facilitatory effects of acute stress on hippocampal information coding are disrupted as the stress becomes chronic. To examine this, we compared the impact of acute and chronic stress on neural activity in the CA1 subregion of male mice subjected to a chronic immobilization stress (CIS) paradigm. We observed that following first exposure to stress (acute stress), the spatial information encoded in the hippocampus sharpened, and the neurons became increasingly tuned to the underlying theta oscillations in the local field potential (LFP). However, following repeated exposure to the same stress (chronic stress), spatial tuning was poorer and the power of both the slow-gamma (30–50 Hz) and fast-gamma (55–90 Hz) oscillations, which correlate with excitatory inputs into the region, decreased. These results support the idea that acute and chronic stress differentially affect neural computations carried out by hippocampal circuits and suggest that acute stress may improve cognitive processing.

scholarly journals The impact of government support programs for the development of businesses in Chile

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (8) ◽  
pp. 1736-1754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian A. Cancino ◽  
Claudio A. Bonilla ◽  
Marcos Vergara
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Public Programs ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact on businesses in Chile of the Seed Capital Program (SCP) implemented by Chile’s Technical Cooperation Services. Design/methodology/approach – In order to analyze the impact of this SCP, a counter-factual scenario was used that entailed a combination of the propensity score matching with difference in difference methods. A total of 682 businesses were surveyed (378 in the treatment group and the rest in the control group), 164 of which gave complete responses to the surveys, 89 belonging to the treatment group and 75 to the control group. Findings – The results are mixed. On the one hand, the impact of sales is positive but its statistical significance depends on the model used. With regard to the number of employees, however, the results are positive and statistically significant regardless of the model used. The results also show that participating in the program has no incidence on the probability of later obtaining financing. Research limitations/implications – This study highlights the importance of differentiating between opportunity-driven entrepreneurship programs and necessity-driven entrepreneurship programs. Practical implications – It also suggests improvements in public policy to develop entrepreneurship in small businesses in Chile. These suggestions may also be interesting for other countries facing similar challenges in terms of developing private entrepreneurship as a vehicle to generate economic development. Originality/value – This exploratory work may be interesting to those in charge of designing, implementing and evaluating public programs in support of small- and mid-sized enterprise development.

Effect of partial hippocampal resection on stress mechanism in rats

1961 ◽  
Vol 201 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chul Kim ◽  
Chang Uk Kim
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Ascorbic Acid Content ◽  
Inhibitory Influence ◽  
Acute And Chronic Stress ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Control

Chronic (repeated skin incisions) as well as acute stress (left adrenalectomy) was applied to rats whose hippocampus had been damaged through the neocortex (hippocampus-damaged), to rats in which only the portion of the neocortex over the hippocampus had been damaged (neocortex-damaged), and to control rats. Both in the acute and chronic stress series, the left adrenal ascorbic acid content before stress was compared with that of the right adrenal gland following stress, and the difference served as a measure of reaction to the stress. Under acute stress, 72 rats showed a decrease in adrenal ascorbic acid content more pronounced in hippocampus-damaged rats and control animals than in the neocortex-damaged animals. Under chronic stress, increase in adrenal ascorbic acid content in 68 rats was least pronounced in hippocampus-damaged rats, most marked in neocortex-damaged animals, while the value was intermediate in control rats. The inference from these data is that the hippocampus exerts a sustained inhibitory influence upon the pituitary-adrenocortical mechanism.

Adrenal responsiveness in domestic sheep (Ovis aries) to acute and chronic stressors as predicted by remote monitoring of cardiac frequency

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (8) ◽  
pp. 2021-2027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry J. Harlow ◽  
E. Tom Thorne ◽  
Elizabeth S. Williams ◽  
E. Lee Belden ◽  
William A. Gern
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Ovis Aries ◽  
Domestic Sheep ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Chronic Stressors ◽  
Cortisol Responses ◽  
Adrenal Response ◽  
Induced Changes

The concept of stress and the general adaptive syndrome as advanced by Hans Selye has received considerable attention during the past decade primarily in its interpretation of physiological changes associated with chronic stress. Our work with domestic sheep (Ovis aries) habituated to stalls and fitted with halters carrying indwelling electrocardiogram leads and jugular vein cannulas allowed us to remotely test heart rate and blood cortisol responses of these animals to graded stressors. A radioimmunoassay was validated on domestic sheep plasma. We were unable to identify significant alterations of the adrenal response test by sheep exposed to synthetic adrenocorticotropic hormone after 34 days of chronic stress, suggesting neither adrenal exhaustion nor hypersensitivity. As an indicator of acute stress, we obtained a correlation coefficient of 0.91 between heart rate and blood cortisol, which suggests that heart rate has a strong potential of being a reliable predictor of cortisol values. With a regression equation, the heart rate of observed free-living sheep monitored by telemetry could be used to predict plasma cortisol levels and that, in turn, to predict potential stress-induced changes in animal production, including immunity.

scholarly journals Central oxytocin is involved in restoring impaired gastric motility following chronic repeated stress in mice

2010 ◽  
Vol 298 (1) ◽  
pp. R157-R165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reji Babygirija ◽  
Jun Zheng ◽  
Kirk Ludwig ◽  
Toku Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Gastric Motility ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Intracerebroventricular Injection ◽  
Adaptation Mechanism ◽  
Repeated Stress ◽  
Acute And Chronic Stress

Accumulation of continuous life stress (chronic stress) often causes gastric symptoms. The development of gastric symptoms may depend on how humans adapt to the stressful events in their daily lives. Although acute stress delays gastric emptying and alters upper gastrointestinal motility in rodents, the effects of chronic stress on gastric motility and its adaptation mechanism remains unclear. Central oxytocin has been shown to have antistress effects. We studied whether central oxytocin is involved in mediating the adaptation mechanism following chronic repeated stress. Mice were loaded with acute and chronic stress (repeated stress for five consecutive days), and solid gastric emptying and postprandial gastric motility were compared between acute and chronic repeated stress. Expression of oxytocin and CRF mRNA in the hypothalamus was studied following acute and chronic repeated stress. Delayed gastric emptying during acute stress (43.1 ± 7.8%; n = 6, P < 0.05) was completely restored to normal levels (72.1 ± 2.4%; n = 6) following chronic repeated stress. Impaired gastric motility induced by acute stress was also restored following chronic repeated stress. Intracerebroventricular injection of oxytocin (0.1 and 0.5 μg) restored the impaired gastric emptying and motility induced by acute stress. The restored gastric emptying and motility following chronic repeated stress were antagonized by intracerebroventricular injection of oxytocin antagonists. Oxytocin mRNA expression in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus was significantly increased following chronic repeated stress. In contrast, increased CRF mRNA expression in the SON and PVN in response to acute stress was significantly reduced following chronic repeated stress. Our study suggests the novel finding that the upregulation of central oxytocin expression is involved in mediating the adaptation mechanism following chronic repeated stress in mice.

scholarly journals Contrasting effects of acute and chronic stress on the transcriptome, epigenome, and immune response of Atlantic salmon

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamsyn M. Uren Webster ◽  
Deiene Rodriguez-Barreto ◽  
Samuel A.M. Martin ◽  
Cock van Oosterhout ◽  
Pablo Orozco-terWengel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Early Life Stress ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Acute And Chronic Stress

AbstractEarly-life stress can have long-lasting effects on immunity, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear. We examined the effects of acute stress (cold-shock during embryogenesis) and chronic stress (absence of tank enrichment during larval-stage) on the gill transcriptome and methylome of Atlantic salmon four months after hatching. While only chronic stress induced pronounced transcriptional effects, both acute and chronic stress caused lasting, and contrasting, changes in the methylome. Crucially, we found that acute stress enhanced immune response to a pathogenic challenge (lipopolysaccharide), while chronic stress suppressed it. We identified stress-induced changes in promoter or gene-body methylation that were associated with altered expression for a small proportion of genes, and also evidence of wider epigenetic regulation within signalling pathways involved in immune response. Our study suggests that early-life stress can affect immuno-competence through epigenetic mechanisms, a finding that could open the way for improved stress and disease management of farmed fish.

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