scholarly journals Bacterial supergroup specific “Cost” of Wolbachia infections in Nasonia vitripennis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alok Tiwary ◽  
Rahul Babu ◽  
Ruchira Sen ◽  
Rhitoban Raychoudhury
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Family Size ◽  
Nasonia Vitripennis ◽  
Double Infection ◽  
Significant Cost ◽  
Specific Cost ◽  
Fitness Effects ◽  
Negative Effect

AbstractThe maternally-inherited endosymbiont, Wolbachia, is known to alter the reproductive biology of its arthropod hosts for its own benefit. It is also known to induce both positive and negative fitness effects in many hosts. Here we describe the effect of maintenance of two distinct Wolbachia infections, one each from supergroups A and B, on the parasitoid host Nasonia vitripennis. We compare the effect of Wolbachia infections on various traits between uninfected, single A, single B, and double infected strains. Contrary to the previous reports, our results suggest that there is a “significant cost” associated with the maintenance of Wolbachia infections where traits like progeny family size, fecundity, longevity and rates of male copulation is compromised in Wolbachia infected strains. The double infection of Wolbachia has more detrimental impacts on the host as compared to single infections, while the supergroup B infections elicits the most pronounced negative effect. These findings raise important questions on the mechanism of survival and maintenance of these reproductive parasites in arthropod hosts.

scholarly journals Food and Nutrition in Pakistan (A Cross-regional Study)

1987 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaheen A. But ◽  
Tallat Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Family Size ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Regional Study ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Almost All

Though the nutritional status of an individual is the outcome of complex interaction of a host of environmental factors, income is the mirror-image of a household's purchasing capacity. Another major factor in determining nutritional status in developing countries is considered to be the family size. Higher income levels are regarded as a prerequisite for the improved nutritional status of household [Berg (1973); Levinson and Morinda (1974); Seyoam, Kindaue and Gebru (1986)]. It is posited that, with improvement in a household's income, the absolute expenditure on food is likely to go up as also the intake of four essential nutrients.1 It has been observed in various studies that food intake level in developing countries varies significantly across income classes (Seyoam, Kindaue and Gebru (1986). A World Bank. study underscored the fact that serious and intensive nutritional deficiencies that exist in almost all developing countries are largely a reflection of poverty (World Development Report 1980). A large family size may adversely affect the nutritional status of every member of a household because it may be associated with decreased per capita human impact i.e. the allocation of food per member is likely to decrease with the increase in the number of household members which, in turn, may have a negative effect on per capita nutrient intake.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Farm and Non-Farm Income of Haor Inhabitants of Bangladesh

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 143-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
MT Parvin ◽  
M Akteruzzaman
Keyword(s):  
Family Size ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Second Development ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Nonfarm Income ◽  
Log Linear ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Positive Effect

The study has been conducted to examine the factors influencing farm and nonfarm income of Haor economy in Bangladesh. Dingaputa Haor area of Netrokona district was selected for the present study and a sample of 60 farmers had been taken randomly. The log linear form of Cobb-Douglas production function was chosen to determine the effects of socioeconomic variables on farm income and non-farm income. Apart from this, some descriptive statistical analysis were done to examine the socioeconomic characteristics of sampled households. The estimated results of the regression models revealed that family size and farm size had a significant positive effect on farm income and non-farm income had a significant negative effect on farm income. On the other hand, family size had a positive and significant effect on non-farm income and farm income had a negative and significant effect on non-farm income. To promote the farm and non-farm sector income and strengthening its potential linkages between them, the study mainly recommends increasing efforts on two fronts: first, reforming the institutions responsible for rural development and second, development activities and projects that would enhance farm and non-farm income and the linkages between them.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v23i1-2.16578Progress. Agric. 23(1 & 2): 143 – 150, 2012

scholarly journals Wolbachia’s Deleterious Impact on Aedes aegypti Egg Development: The Potential Role of Nutritional Parasitism

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 735
Author(s):  
Megan J. Allman ◽  
Johanna E. Fraser ◽  
Scott A. Ritchie ◽  
D. Albert Joubert ◽  
Cameron P. Simmons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mosquito Population ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Fitness Effects ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses ◽  
Artificial Introduction

The artificial introduction of the endosymbiotic bacterium, Wolbachia pipientis, into Aedes (Ae.) aegypti mosquitoes reduces the ability of mosquitoes to transmit human pathogenic viruses and is now being developed as a biocontrol tool. Successful introgression of Wolbachia-carrying Ae. aegypti into native mosquito populations at field sites in Australia, Indonesia and Malaysia has been associated with reduced disease prevalence in the treated community. In separate field programs, Wolbachia is also being used as a mosquito population suppression tool, where the release of male only Wolbachia-infected Ae. aegypti prevents the native mosquito population from producing viable eggs, subsequently suppressing the wild population. While these technologies show great promise, they require mass rearing of mosquitoes for implementation on a scale that has not previously been done. In addition, Wolbachia induces some negative fitness effects on Ae. aegypti. While these fitness effects differ depending on the Wolbachia strain present, one of the most consistent and significant impacts is the shortened longevity and viability of eggs. This review examines the body of evidence behind Wolbachia’s negative effect on eggs, assesses nutritional parasitism as a key cause and considers how these impacts could be overcome to achieve efficient large-scale rearing of these mosquitoes.

Investigating Family Size Differentials by Religiosity Across Europe: National Contexts, Expectations and Outcomes

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-251
Author(s):  
Marion Burkimsher
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Family Size ◽  
Fertility Behavior ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Financial Impact ◽  
Religious People ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Desire For A Child ◽  
The Impact

In most European countries more religious people have more children than the secular and are less likely to remain childless. However, in some ex-communist states this association is subdued or even inverted. This study investigates not only fertility and partnering outcomes, but also differences in the level of desire for a child. Four contrasting countries are compared: Austria, Switzerland, Bulgaria and Georgia. We found the more religious had higher expectations that a child would bring joy into their life than the non-religious. The religious ‘nones’ tend to be very worried about the financial impact of a(nother) child and negative effect on their sex life; these concerns are much less prevalent among active Christians. In Georgia, where highly educated young people are more religious than the old, differentials by religiosity are small. History and context cause the impact of personal religiosity on fertility behavior and attitudes to be potentially divergent.

The impact of husband's and wife's education and occupation on family size in Zimbabwe

1994 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald J. Adamchak ◽  
Michael T. Mbizvo
Keyword(s):  
Family Size ◽  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Male Fertility ◽  
Fertility Survey ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Children Ever Born ◽  
The Impact

SummaryThis paper assesses the impact of husband's and wife's education and occupation on family size in Zimbabwe. Results from the 1988 Male Fertility Survey indicate that husband's education had a strong negative effect, and wife's education had a moderate negative effect on the number of children ever born. Contrary to the literature, wives who were not employed had significantly fewer children than those who work in agriculture, and fewer, but not significantly, than those in non-agricultural occupations. Findings show the importance of husband's education and the changing dynamics of wife's occupation in fertility decline.

Fine structure and possible functions of the hermaphrodite duct of some pulmonate snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda)

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 68-69
Author(s):  
Alan N. Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Fine Structure ◽  
Seminal Vesicle ◽  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Light Microscope ◽  
Light Microscope Level ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Standard Techniques

The hermaphrodite duct of pulmonate snails connects the ovotestis to the fertilization pouch. The duct is typically divided into three zones; aproximal duct which leaves the ovotestis, the middle duct (seminal vesicle) and the distal ovotestis duct. The seminal vesicle forms the major portion of the duct and is thought to store sperm prior to copulation. In addition the duct may also play a role in sperm maturation and degredation. Although the structure of the seminal vesicle has been described for a number of snails at the light microscope level there appear to be only two descriptions of the ultrastructure of this tissue. Clearly if the role of the hermaphrodite duct in the reproductive biology of pulmonatesis to be understood, knowledge of its fine structure is required.Hermaphrodite ducts, both containing and lacking sperm, of species of the terrestrial pulmonate genera Sphincterochila, Levantina, and Helix and the marine pulmonate genus Siphonaria were prepared for transmission electron microscopy by standard techniques.

Social Motives Predict Loneliness During a Developmental Transition

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 145-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Nikitin ◽  
Alexandra M. Freund
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Avoidance ◽  
Social Approach ◽  
Social Motives ◽  
Developmental Transitions ◽  
Avoidance Motivation ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Low Levels

Abstract. Establishing new social relationships is important for mastering developmental transitions in young adulthood. In a 2-year longitudinal study with four measurement occasions (T1: n = 245, T2: n = 96, T3: n = 103, T4: n = 85), we investigated the role of social motives in college students’ mastery of the transition of moving out of the parental home, using loneliness as an indicator of poor adjustment to the transition. Students with strong social approach motivation reported stable and low levels of loneliness. In contrast, students with strong social avoidance motivation reported high levels of loneliness. However, this effect dissipated relatively quickly as most of the young adults adapted to the transition over a period of several weeks. The present study also provides evidence for an interaction between social approach and social avoidance motives: Social approach motives buffered the negative effect on social well-being of social avoidance motives. These results illustrate the importance of social approach and social avoidance motives and their interplay during developmental transitions.

A Longitudinal Study of Mental Health in Emerging Adults

2014 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica S. Bachmann ◽  
Hansjörg Znoj ◽  
Katja Haemmerli
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Poor Mental Health ◽  
Need Satisfaction ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Consistency Model ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Health Model

Emerging adulthood is a time of instability. This longitudinal study investigated the relationship between mental health and need satisfaction among emerging adults over a period of five years and focused on gender-specific differences. Two possible causal models were examined: (1) the mental health model, which predicts that incongruence is due to the presence of impaired mental health at an earlier point in time; (2) the consistency model, which predicts that impaired mental health is due to a higher level of incongruence reported at an earlier point in time. Emerging adults (N = 1,017) aged 18–24 completed computer-assisted telephone interviews in 2003 (T1), 2005 (T2), and 2008 (T3). The results indicate that better mental health at T1 predicts a lower level of incongruence two years later (T2), when prior level of incongruence is controlled for. The same cross-lagged effect is shown for T3. However, the cross-lagged paths from incongruence to mental health are marginally associated when prior mental health is controlled for. No gender differences were found in the cross-lagged model. The results support the mental health model and show that incongruence does not have a long-lasting negative effect on mental health. The results highlight the importance of identifying emerging adults with poor mental health early to provide support regarding need satisfaction.

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