scholarly journals Non-target impacts of fungicide disturbance on phyllosphere yeasts in different crop species and management systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary A. Noel ◽  
Reid Longley ◽  
Gian Maria Niccolò Benucci ◽  
Frances Trail ◽  
Martin I. Chilvers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
List Type ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Core Microbiome ◽  
Fungicide Application ◽  
No Till ◽  
Fungal Abundance

SummaryFungicides reduce fungal pathogen populations and are essential to food security. Fungicide disturbance of plant microbiomes has received limited attention. Understanding the impacts of fungicides on crop microbiomes in different cropping systems is vital to minimizing unintended consequences while maintaining their use for plant protection.We used amplicon sequencing of fungi and prokaryotes in maize and soybean microbiomes before and after foliar fungicide application in leaves and roots from plots under long-term no-till and conventional tillage managements. We examine fungicide disturbance and microbiome resilience across these treatments.Foliar fungicides directly affected phyllosphere fungal communities, but not root fungal communities or prokaryote communities. Impacts on fungal phyllosphere composition and resiliency were management-dependent and lasted more than thirty days. Fungicides lowered pathogen abundance in maize and soybean and decreased the abundance of Tremellomycetes yeasts, especially the Bulleribacidiaceae, including core microbiome members.Fungicide application reduced network complexity in the soybean phyllosphere. Bulleribacidiaceae often co-occurred with Sphingomonas and Hymenobacter in control plots, but co-occurrences were altered in fungicide plots. Results indicate that foliar fungicides lower pathogen and non-target fungal abundance and may impact prokaryotes indirectly. No-till management was more resilient following fungicide disturbance and recovery.

scholarly journals Influence of the tillage method on the development of leaf diseases of winter wheat

2021 ◽  
Vol 285 ◽  
pp. 02027
Author(s):  
O. Yu. Kremneva ◽  
K. E. Gasiyan ◽  
A. V. Ponomarev ◽  
A. Kokhmetova ◽  
S. I. Novoseletsky
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
No Till ◽  
Soft Winter Wheat ◽  
Tillage Method ◽  
Experimental Plots

To carry out effective plant protection measures, it is necessary to take into account all the factors affecting the quality of the crop. The aim of our research was to study the degree of development of leaf diseases of winter wheat and the rate of infestation of crops, depending on the tillage method. The studies were carried out in 2019-2020 at the experimental plots of “Kuban educational farm” in Krasnodar. For the research, four experimental plots with Steppe variety of soft winter wheat were created, where various soil cultivation systems were applied: 1 - No-Till (zero technology), 2 - moldboard-free technology, 3 - recommended, 4 - moldboard technology. The article presents data on the degree of development of diseases and the degree of infestation of winter wheat plants in the crops of test plots with various tillage systems. It was found that the most preferable is the use of the recommended type of treatment, since with it the least number of diseases develops and the degree of development of pathogens is reduced by 2-3 times in comparison with other options. The influence of the tillage method on the number and composition of phytopathogen spores was revealed.

scholarly journals Patterns of Sediment Fungal Community Dependent on Farming Practices in Aquaculture Ponds

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhimin Zhang ◽  
Qinghui Deng ◽  
Xiuyun Cao ◽  
Yiyong Zhou ◽  
Chunlei Song
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Content ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Yangtze River Basin ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Farming Practices ◽  
Aquaculture Ponds ◽  
Pond Sediments ◽  
Sediment Carbon

Despite fungi playing an important role in nutrient decomposition in aquatic ecosystems and being considered as vital actors in the ecological processes, they received limited attention regarding the community in aquaculture pond sediments which are extremely important and typically disturbed habitats. Using an ITS1 region of fungal rDNA, this study aimed to investigate sediment fungal communities in fish, crab, and crayfish ponds for decades of farming practices at representative aquaculture regions in the middle Yangtze River basin, China. We then aimed to explore the community patterns associated with species-based farming practices in the ponds at 18 farms. The results showed that the pond sediments harbored more than 9,000 operational taxonomic units. The sediments had significantly higher alpha diversity in crab ponds compared to that in fish and crayfish ponds. The fungal phyla largely belonged to Ascomycota and Chytridiomycota, and the dominance of Rozellomycota over Basidiomycota and Aphelidiomycota was observed. The majority of sediment fungal members were ascribed to unclassified fungi, with higher proportions in fish ponds than crab and crayfish ponds. Further, the fungal communities were markedly distinct among the three types of ponds, suggesting divergent patterns of fungal community assemblages caused by farming practices in aquaculture ponds. The community diversity and structure were closely correlated to sediment properties, especially sediment carbon content and pH. Thus, the distribution and pattern of fungal communities in the sediments appear to primarily depend on species-based farming practices responsible for the resulting sediment carbon content and pH in aquaculture ponds. This study provides a detailed snapshot and extension of understanding fungal community structure and variability in pond ecosystems, highlighting the impacts of farming practices on the assembly and succession of sediment fungal communities in aquaculture ponds.

scholarly journals Divergence in bidirectional plant-soil feedbacks between montane annual and coastal perennial ecotypes of yellow monkeyflower (Mimulus guttatus)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariah M. McIntosh ◽  
Lorinda Bullington ◽  
Ylva Lekberg ◽  
Lila Fishman
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Mechanistic Study ◽  
List Type ◽  
Mimulus Guttatus ◽  
Plant Variation ◽  
Plant Soil ◽  
Soil Origin

SUMMARYUnderstanding the physiological and genetic mechanisms underlying plant variation in interactions with root-associated biota (RAB) requires a micro-evolutionary approach. We use locally adapted montane annual and coastal perennial ecotypes of Mimulus guttatus (yellow monkeyflower) to examine population-scale differences in plant-RAB-soil feedbacks.We characterized fungal communities for the two ecotypes in-situ and used a full-factorial greenhouse experiment to investigate the effects of plant ecotype, RAB source, and soil origin on plant performance and endophytic root fungal communities.The two ecotypes harbored different fungal communities and responsiveness to soil biota was highly context-dependent. Soil origin, RAB source, and plant ecotype all affected the intensity of biotic feedbacks on plant performance. Feedbacks were primarily negative, and we saw little evidence of local adaptation to either soils or RAB. Both RAB source and soil origin significantly shaped fungal communities in roots of experimental plants. Further, the perennial ecotype was more colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) than the montane ecotype, and preferentially recruited home AMF taxa.Our results suggest life history divergence and distinct edaphic habitats shape plant responsiveness to RAB and influence specific associations with potentially mutualistic root endophytic fungi. Our results advance the mechanistic study of intraspecific variation in plant–soil–RAB interactions.

scholarly journals Asparagine accumulation in chicory storage roots is controlled by translocation and feedback regulation of asparagine biosynthesis in leaves

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanoella Soares ◽  
Leonard Shumbe ◽  
Nicholas Dauchot ◽  
Christine Notté ◽  
Claire Prouin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Feedback Loop ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Feedback Regulation ◽  
Negative Feedback Loop ◽  
List Type ◽  
Storage Roots ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Selection Of

SummaryThe presence of acrylamide (AA), a potentially carcinogenic and neurotoxic compound, in food has become a major concern for public health. AA in plant-derived food mainly arises from the reaction of the amino acid asparagine (Asn) and reducing sugars during processing of foodstuffs at high temperature.Using a selection of genotypes from the chicory germplasm we performed Asn measurements in storage roots and leaves to identify genotypes contrasting for Asn accumulation. We combined molecular analysis and grafting experiments to show that leaf to root translocation controls asparagine biosynthesis and accumulation in chicory storage roots.We could demonstrate that Asn accumulation in storage roots depends on Asn biosynthesis and transport from the leaf, and that a negative feedback loop by Asn on CiASN1 expression impacts Asn biosynthesis in leaves.Our results provide a new model for asparagine biosynthesis in root crop species and highlight the importance of characterizing and manipulating asparagine transport to reduce AA content in processed plant-based foodstuffs.

scholarly journals Impact of Planter Closing Wheels on Corn Emergence in No-Till Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 727-732
Author(s):  
Jessica L Drewry ◽  
Brian D. Luck ◽  
Francisco J. Arriaga
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Side Wall ◽  
List Type ◽  
No Till ◽  
Energy Inputs ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Plant Emergence ◽  
Rate Of Emergence ◽  
Set Up

HighlightsAftermarket closing wheels increased corn emergence by 2% over standard rubber wheels.Yield was not significant by closing wheel type.Abstract. Producers are increasingly adopting cover crops and no-till planting for a variety of reasons including improving soil fertility and reducing energy inputs. However, adopting these practices may require changes in equipment and management strategy; therefore, research is needed to develop best practices for producers to reduce the risk and encourage adoption. The use of aftermarket closing wheels has been cited as a method to improve emergence under no-till conditions as preparing an ideal seedbed can be more difficult under these conditions due to limited seed-soil contact and side wall compaction. The effect of three aftermarket and the standard rubber closing wheels on emergence and yield under no-till planting of corn into heavy crop residue or cover crops was measured at three Wisconsin locations using a randomized complete block experimental design. Soil temperature and moisture was also monitored during the growing season. Corn plant emergence was measured at least three times to estimate the rate of emergence as a function of growing degree units using air and soil temperatures. The final emergence of corn planted with an aftermarket wheel was found to be significantly higher than the standard rubber closing wheel (p=0.069, a=0.1) across all locations. Yield was not found to be significant by wheel type most likely due to differences in field history and in season management practices. Keywords: Closing wheel, Cover crop, Emergence, No-till, Planter set-up.

scholarly journals Crop, genotype, and field environmental conditions shape bacterial and fungal seed epiphytic microbiomes

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Zayda P. Morales Moreira ◽  
Bobbi L. Helgason ◽  
James J. Germida
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Plant Fitness ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Core Microbiome ◽  
Reproductive Structures ◽  
Microbial Assemblage ◽  
Crop Type ◽  
Diversity Structure

Seeds are reproductive structures able to carry and transfer microorganisms that play an important role in plant fitness. Genetic and external factors are reported to be partly responsible for the plant microbiome assemblage, but their contribution in seeds is poorly understood. In this study, wheat, canola, and lentil seeds were analyzed to characterize diversity, structure, and persistence of seed-associated microbial communities. Five lines and 2 generations of each crop were subjected to high-throughput amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. Bacterial and fungal communities differed most by crop type (30% and 47% of the variance), while generation explained an additional 10% and 15% of the variance. The offspring (i.e., generation harvested in 2016 at the same location) exhibited a higher number of common amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) and less variability in microbial composition. Additionally, in every sample analyzed, a “core microbiome” was detected consisting of 5 bacterial and 12 fungal ASVs. Our results suggest that crop, genotype, and field environmental conditions contributed to the seed-associated microbial assemblage. These findings not only expand our understanding of the factors influencing the seed microbiome but may also help us to manipulate and exploit the microbiota naturally carried by seeds.

scholarly journals Effect of Vineyard Floor Management on Seasonal Changes of Cultivable Fungal Diversity in the Rhizosphere

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 534
Author(s):  
Barnabás Kovács ◽  
Csaba Dobolyi ◽  
Flóra Sebők ◽  
László Kocsis ◽  
Zoltán Tóth
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Lower Intensity ◽  
Fungal Community Structure ◽  
Vineyard Floor Management ◽  
Lower Ratio ◽  
Tillage Methods

Vineyard floor management has been widely discussed for many decades, but it is still unclear how its intensity levels change the fungal community structure of grape rhizosphere. Our objective was to examine the density and rate of the habitats of fungi in three vineyards that differ only in the methods of tillage procedure applied, namely intensive, extensive and none (abandoned). The hypothesis was that in the cases of lower intensity or no soil tillage, there would be a higher level of fungal diversity with a lower ratio of pathogen strains in grape rhizosphere. In the course of this research, it has been determined that the level of fungal colonization of roots is the highest in the extensively managed vineyard, unrelated to season (spring and summer). Four of the five fungal genera detectable in all of the three sampled vineyards are registered as opportunist grape pathogens, however the fifth one, Trichoderma, is commonly used in biological plant protection. The diversity of fungal communities in grape rhizosphere, in accordance with the expectations, was the lowest in the intensively cultivated and highest in the abandoned vineyard, and it was not affected by seasons. The proportion of opportunist plant pathogen groups was higher in the intensive variant than in the other two (less-intensive variants); therefore, it is possible to conclude that soil under similar conditions but disturbed by intensive tillage methods tends to exhibit lower suppressivity.

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