scholarly journals Antennapedia regulates metallic silver wing scale development and cell shape in Bicyclus anynana butterflies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anupama Prakash ◽  
Cédric Finet ◽  
Vinodkumar Saranathan ◽  
Antónia Monteiro
Keyword(s):  
Scale Development ◽  
Cell Shape ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Metallic Silver ◽  
Bicyclus Anynana ◽  
Structural Colors ◽  
Wing Scale ◽  
High Level ◽  
Ultrastructural Modification

AbstractButterfly wing scale cells can develop very intricate cuticular nanostructures that interact with light to produce structural colors such as silver, but the genetic basis of such nanostructures is mostly unexplored. Here, we address the genetic basis of metallic silver scale development by leveraging existing crispants in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana, where knockouts of five genes – apterous A, Ultrabithorax, doublesex, Antennapedia and optix – either led to ectopic gains or losses of silver scales. Most wildtype silver scales had low amounts of pigmentation and exhibited a common ultrastructural modification for metallic broadband reflectance, i.e., an undulatory air layer enclosed by an upper and lower lamina. Crispant brown scales differed from wildtype silver scales via the loss of the continuous upper lamina, increased lower lamina thickness, and increased pigmentation. The reverse was seen when brown scales became silver. On the forewings, we identified Antennapedia as a high-level selector gene, acting through doublesex to induce silver scale development in males and having a novel, post-embryonic role in the determination of ridge and crossrib orientation and overall scale cell shape in both sexes. We propose that apterous A and Ultrabithorax repress Antennapedia on the dorsal forewings and ventral hindwings, respectively, thereby repressing silver scale development, whereas apterous A activates the same GRN on the dorsal hindwings, promoting silver scales.

scholarly journals Melanin pathway genes regulate color and morphology of butterfly wing scales

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuji Matsuoka ◽  
Antónia Monteiro
Keyword(s):  
Scale Morphology ◽  
Biochemical Pathway ◽  
Butterfly Wing ◽  
Bicyclus Anynana ◽  
Structural Colors ◽  
Scale Size ◽  
Wing Scale ◽  
Melanin Pathway ◽  
Specific Scale ◽  
Wing Scales

AbstractThe cuticular skeleton of a butterfly wing scale cell serves both as a substrate for the deposition of pigments and as an exquisitely finely-sculpted material responsible for the production of structural colors. While cuticle rigidity and pigmentation depend to a large extent on the end products of a branched biochemical pathway – the melanin pathway – little is known whether genes in this pathway also play a role in the development of specific scale morphologies that might aid in the development of structural colors. Here we first show that male and female Bicyclus anynana butterflies display differences in scale size and scale morphology but no differences in scale color. Then we use CRISPR/Cas9 to show that knockout mutations in five genes that function in the melanin pathway, TH, DDC, yellow, ebony, and aaNAT, affect both the fine structure and the coloration of the wing scales. Most dramatically, mutations in yellow led to extra horizontal cuticular laminae on the surface of scales, whereas mutations in DDC led to taller and sheet-like vertical cuticular laminae throughout each scale. We identify some of the first genes affecting the development of scale morphology, and whose regulation and pleiotropic effects may be important in creating, as well as limiting, the diversity of structural as well as pigmentary colors observed in butterflies.

Immediate implantation in a patient with chronic generalized parodontitis and apical granuloma

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-149
Author(s):  
A. I. Musienko ◽  
K. I. Nesterova
Keyword(s):  
Tooth Extraction ◽  
Tooth Root ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
Promising Direction ◽  
Aesthetic Result ◽  
Bone Atrophy ◽  
Alveolar Tissue ◽  
High Level ◽  
Immediate Implantation

Relevance. Rehabilitation of patients with moderate to severe generalized periodontitis is a leading problem in periodontology. It was the determination of the prospects for immediate implantation in patients with chronic periodontitis, combined with the pathology of the tooth root and maxillary sinus.Materials and methods. A group of 94 people with periodontitis and chronic odontogenic rhinosinus was observed who underwent sinus surgical treatment, tooth extraction and one-stage implantation with FRP growth factor according to the author's technology.Results. The method showed high efciency on the basis of assessing the clinical, aesthetic result and restoration of bone density after surgery.Conclusions. The developed technology is a promising direction, it allows to combine a high level of sanation of alveolar tissue with the advantages of immediate implantation, prevents bone atrophy, helps reduce the duration of treatment and the number of surgical and orthopedic interventions.

Methodical approaches to managing economic safety of tourism enterprises

2020 ◽  
pp. 160-164
Author(s):  
Leonid Tsubov ◽  
Oresta Shcherban
Keyword(s):  
Safety Management ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Small Enterprise ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Efficient Management ◽  
Tourism Enterprises ◽  
High Level ◽  
Functional Components ◽  
Stimulation Control

The set of scientific-methodological tools to secure the mechanism of economic safety management of tourism entrepreneurship is examined as an aggregate of methods, tools, and conceptual activities directed at maintaining the high level of economic safety of tourism entrepreneurship. The features of managing the tourism enterprise and economic safety are analyzed. The basic valuation principles of the reliability and efficiency of the economic safety of the tourism enterprise are determined. The basic tasks of ensuring the economic safety of a small enterprise are outlined. The need to use the integrated approach that secures more opportunities to avoid threats and limits the danger of their emergence is emphasized. The most important principles for securing the economic safety of the tourism enterprise on the microeconomic level are described. Possible practical methods of risk management for the implementation of adopted decisions are proposed. The paper proves the fact that the complex nature of the management of the economic safety of the tourism enterprise and securing the sufficiently efficient management system of detecting and eliminating the threats are provided by the establishment of the management of the economic safety system of the tourism enterprise and its functional components. Research of the methodical approaches to the management of the tourism enterprises’ economic safety allows building and describing the functional structure of the mechanism of management of the tourist enterprise’s economic safety (it is formalized and described by 5 functions: determination of aims; planning; organization and adjusting; motivation and stimulation; control and monitoring).

scholarly journals Study of Well Waters from High-Level Natural Radiation Areas in Northern Vietnam

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 469
Author(s):  
Van-Hao Duong ◽  
Thanh-Duong Nguyen ◽  
Miklos Hegedus ◽  
Erika Kocsis ◽  
Tibor Kovacs
Keyword(s):  
Natural Radionuclide ◽  
World Health ◽  
Natural Radiation ◽  
Lifetime Cancer Risk ◽  
Northern Vietnam ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
High Level ◽  
Radiological Hazard Indices ◽  
Well Waters

The determination of natural radionuclide concentrations plays an important role for assuring public health and in the estimation of the radiological hazards. This is especially true for high level radiation areas. In this study, 226Ra, 228Ra and 238U concentrations were measured in well waters surrounding eight of the high-level natural radiation areas in northern Vietnam. The 226Ra, 228Ra and 238U activity concentrations vary from <1.2 × 10−3–2.7 (0.46), <2.6 × 10−3–0.43 (0.07) and <38 × 10−3–5.32 Bq/L (0.50 of median), respectively. 226Ra and 238U isotopes in most areas are in equilibrium, except for the DT-Thai Nguyen area. The calculated radiological hazard indices are generally higher than WHO (World Health Organization) recommendations. Average annual effective dose and excess lifetime cancer risk values due to drinking well water range from to 130 to 540 μSv/year and 7.4 × 10−6 to 3.1 × 10−5, respectively.

Colorimetric Determination of Aklomide (2-Chloro-4-Nitrobenzamide) in Poultry Feed

1969 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 438-441
Author(s):  
Glenn M George ◽  
A C Daftsios ◽  
Joseph L Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Nitro Group ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Colorimetric Determination ◽  
Average Recovery ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Titanium Trichloride ◽  
High Level

Abstract The coccidiostat aklomide is extracted from feed with methanol and assayed colorimetrically by reduction of the nitro group to anamine with titanium trichloride and subsequent color development with t he Bratton-Marshall reaction. Thirteen laboratories studied the method collaboratively on two levels of medicated feed. Overall average recovery was 106.5% of the oretical for the low level and 104.5% of the oretical for the high level. The method is recommended for adoption as official first action

scholarly journals Revealing the constituents of Egypt’s oldest beer using infrared and mass spectrometry

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed A. Farag ◽  
Moamen M. Elmassry ◽  
Masahiro Baba ◽  
Renée Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Beer Brewing ◽  
Chemical Signatures ◽  
Chemical Determination ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
High Level ◽  
Beer Production ◽  
First Time ◽  
Detailed Chemical

Abstract Previous studies have shown that the Ancient Egyptians used malted wheat and barley as the main ingredients in beer brewing, but the chemical determination of the exact recipe is still lacking. To investigate the constituents of ancient beer, we conducted a detailed IR and GC-MS based metabolite analyses targeting volatile and non-volatile metabolites on the residues recovered from the interior of vats in what is currently the world’s oldest (c. 3600 BCE) installation for large-scale beer production located at the major pre-pharaonic political center at Hierakonpolis, Egypt. In addition to distinguishing the chemical signatures of various flavoring agents, such as dates, a significant result of our analysis is the finding, for the first time, of phosphoric acid in high level probably used as a preservative much like in modern beverages. This suggests that the early brewers had acquired the knowledge needed to efficiently produce and preserve large quantities of beer. This study provides the most detailed chemical profile of an ancient beer using modern spectrometric techniques and providing evidence for the likely starting materials used in beer brewing.

scholarly journals The CDC42 Homolog of the Dimorphic FungusPenicillium marneffei Is Required for Correct Cell Polarization during Growth but Not Development

2001 ◽  
Vol 183 (11) ◽  
pp. 3447-3457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kylie J. Boyce ◽  
Michael J. Hynes ◽  
Alex Andrianopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Cell Shape ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Cell Polarization ◽  
Dominant Negative ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Polarized Growth ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Human Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Rho Family

ABSTRACT The opportunistic human pathogenic fungus Penicillium marneffei is dimorphic and is thereby capable of growth either as filamentous multinucleate hyphae or as uninucleate yeast cells which divide by fission. The dimorphic switch is temperature dependent and requires regulated changes in morphology and cell shape. Cdc42p is a Rho family GTPase which in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for changes in polarized growth during mating and pseudohyphal development. Cdc42p homologs in higher organisms are also associated with changes in cell shape and polarity. We have cloned a highly conserved CDC42 homolog from P. marneffeinamed cflA. By the generation of dominant-negative and dominant-activated cflA transformants, we have shown that CflA initiates polarized growth and extension of the germ tube and subsequently maintains polarized growth in the vegetative mycelium. CflA is also required for polarization and determination of correct cell shape during yeast-like growth, and active CflA is required for the separation of yeast cells. However, correct cflAfunction is not required for dimorphic switching and does not appear to play a role during the generation of specialized structures during asexual development. In contrast, heterologous expression ofcflA alleles in Aspergillus nidulansprevented conidiation.

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