scholarly journals Widespread anthropogenic translocation of the African Clawed Frog across its native range is revealed by its co-introduced monogenean parasite in a co-phylogeographic approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anneke Lincoln Schoeman ◽  
Louis Heyns du Preez ◽  
Nikol Kmentová ◽  
Maarten P M Vanhove
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Invasion Biology ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Invasion Success ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Invasive Range ◽  
Conservation Implications ◽  
Host Lineage ◽  
Live Bait

1. The management of biological invasions relies upon the development of methods to trace their origin and expansion. Co-introduced parasites, especially monogenean flatworms, are ideal tags for the movement of their invasive hosts due to their short generations, direct life cycles and host specificity. However, they are yet to be applied to trace the intraspecific movement of species in their native ranges. 2. As proof of this concept, we conducted a co-phylogeographic analysis based upon two mitochondrial markers of a globally distributed frog Xenopus laevis and its monogenean flatworm parasite Protopolystoma xenopodis in both its native range in southern Africa and its invasive range in Europe. 3. Translocation of lineages was largely masked in the frog's phylogeography. However, incongruent links between host and parasite phylogeography indicated host switches from one host lineage to the other after these were brought into contact due to human-mediated translocation in the native range. Thus, past translocation of host lineages is revealed by the invasion success of its co-introduced parasite lineage. 4. This study demonstrates the concept that parasite data can serve as an independent line of evidence in invasion biology, also on the intraspecific level, shedding light on previously undetected invasion dynamics. Based upon the distribution of these invasive parasite lineages, we infer that the widespread translocation of hosts is mainly facilitated by the frog's use as live bait by the local angling communities and not via official export routes. 5. Data from co-introduced, host-specific parasites can add value to investigations in invasion biology and conservation. A better understanding of the translocation history and resulting genetic mixing of animals in their native ranges prior to introduction into new environments can inform management strategies in the invasive range. Knowledge of the intraspecific movement of different lineages of animals in their native ranges also has conservation implications, since contact between divergent lineages of hosts and parasites can facilitate host switches and altered parasite dynamics in both native and invasive populations. Therefore, we recommend the inclusion of parasite data as a more holistic approach to the invasion ecology of animals on the intraspecific level.

scholarly journals Trait differences between and within ranges of an invasive legume species

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Hoffbeck ◽  
Casey P terHorst
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Allocation ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Invasion Success ◽  
Stabilizing Selection ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Invasive Range ◽  
Linear Relationships

Abstract Novel ecological interactions can drive natural selection in non-native species and trait evolution may increase the likelihood of invasion. We can gain insight into the potential role of evolution in invasion success by comparing traits of successful individuals in the invasive range with the traits of individuals from the native range in order to determine which traits are most likely to allow species to overcome barriers to invasion. Here we used Medicago polymorpha , a non-native legume species from the Mediterranean that has invaded six continents around the world, to quantify differences in life history traits among genotypes collected from the native and invasive range and grown in a common greenhouse environment. We found significant differences in fruit and seed production and biomass allocation between invasive and native range genotypes. Invasive genotypes had greater fecundity, but invested more energy into belowground growth relative to native genotypes. Beyond the variation between ranges, we found additional variation among genotypes within each range in flowering phenology, total biomass, biomass allocation, and fecundity. We found non-linear relationships between some traits and fitness that were much stronger for plants from the invasive range. These trait differences between ranges suggest that stabilizing selection on biomass, resource allocation, and flowering phenology imposed during or after introduction of this species may increase invasion success.

scholarly journals Diversity Loss and Restructuring of the Microbiota in a Globally Invasive Lady Beetle  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongran Li ◽  
Xiaohan Shu ◽  
Jinchen Zhou ◽  
Ling Meng ◽  
Xuguo Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Harmonia Axyridis ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Invasion Biology ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Lady Beetle ◽  
Invasion Success ◽  
Native Range ◽  
New Information

Abstract The invasion success of Harmonia axyridis in North America and Europe has aroused a growing interest among students of invasion biology. This study was focused on the microbial community of H. axyridis with the aim of gaining insights into their potential roles in the invasion. We hypothesized that microbial communities of H. axyridis in the non-native range may decrease in diversity but restructured in composition as compared to those in the native regions. We collected lady beetle samples from eleven geographical areas across the native range mainland China and from seven areas in the non-native range USA. We applied next-generation amplicon sequencing to the samples to estimate microbial communities and examined differences in their composition and diversity between the host’s native and non-native ranges. We found that H. axyridis in the non-native range had lower microbial community richness and evenness than it had in the native range, but its microbiota composition of the amplicon sequence variants and genera differed markedly between the non-native and native ranges. The findings support our hypotheses concerning microbial community in H. axyridis across the native and non-native range. This study provides new information for our understanding of potential roles of the microbiota in the invasion success of H. axyridis.

Grantmaking Foundations’ Asset Management, Payout Rates, and Longevity Under Changing Market Conditions: Results From a Monte Carlo Simulation Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 424-447
Author(s):  
Zvika Afik ◽  
Simon Benninga ◽  
Hagai Katz
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Asset Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Problem Area ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Investment Strategies ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulation Study ◽  
Success Stories ◽  
Investment Returns ◽  
Grantmaking Foundations

Today’s uncertain financial markets could affect foundations’ future grantmaking capacities. We review foundations’ financial decision-making patterns and their effect on foundations’ assets, longevity goals, and payouts. Using three fictional foundations with different longevity goals and grantmaking preferences, we demonstrate the delicate balance and tight nexus between asset management strategies, payout rates, and longevity. To do so, we perform stochastic Monte Carlo simulations of multiple foundation life cycles, conducted under diverse capital market scenarios. The findings suggest that foundations should (a) readjust their return expectations to today’s less favorable markets; (b) reduce their reliance on past portfolios’ investment returns or unique “success stories” in making decisions; (c) appreciate the strong interdependence between portfolio-mix, payout rates, and longevity; (d) consider effects of their particular mission/problem area on these parameters; and (e) use tailored projection analyses that simulate various investment strategies, payouts rates, and longevity to meet their grantmaking goals.

Autonomy and integration in complex parasite life cycles

Parasitology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 143 (14) ◽  
pp. 1824-1846 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANIEL P. BENESH
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Functional Specialization ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Free Living ◽  
New Host ◽  
Complex Life Cycles ◽  
Life Cycle Stages

SUMMARYComplex life cycles are common in free-living and parasitic organisms alike. The adaptive decoupling hypothesis postulates that separate life cycle stages have a degree of developmental and genetic autonomy, allowing them to be independently optimized for dissimilar, competing tasks. That is, complex life cycles evolved to facilitate functional specialization. Here, I review the connections between the different stages in parasite life cycles. I first examine evolutionary connections between life stages, such as the genetic coupling of parasite performance in consecutive hosts, the interspecific correlations between traits expressed in different hosts, and the developmental and functional obstacles to stage loss. Then, I evaluate how environmental factors link life stages through carryover effects, where stressful larval conditions impact parasites even after transmission to a new host. There is evidence for both autonomy and integration across stages, so the relevant question becomes how integrated are parasite life cycles and through what mechanisms? By highlighting how genetics, development, selection and the environment can lead to interdependencies among successive life stages, I wish to promote a holistic approach to studying complex life cycle parasites and emphasize that what happens in one stage is potentially highly relevant for later stages.

scholarly journals Small size today, aquarium dumping tomorrow: sales of juvenile non-native large fish as an important threat in Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
André L. B. Magalhães ◽  
Mário Luis Orsi ◽  
Fernando M. Pelicice ◽  
Valter M. Azevedo-Santos ◽  
Jean R. S. Vitule ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Large Fish ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Invasion Risk ◽  
Pangasianodon Hypophthalmus ◽  
Arapaima Gigas ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Astronotus Ocellatus ◽  
Amphilophus Citrinellus

ABSTRACT Informal sales of large-bodied non-native aquarium fishes (known as “tankbusters”) is increasing among Brazilian hobbyists. In this study, we surveyed this non-regulated trade on Facebook® from May 2012 to September 2016, systematically collecting information about the fishes available for trading: species, family, common/scientific names, native range, juvenile length, behavior, number of specimens available in five geographical regions from Brazil. We also assessed the invasion risk of the most frequently sold species using the Fish Invasiveness Screening Test (FIST). We found 93 taxa belonging to 35 families. Cichlidae was the dominant family, and most species were native to South America. All species are sold at very small sizes (< 10.0 cm), and most display aggressive behavior. The hybrid Amphilophus trimaculatus × Amphilophus citrinellus, Astronotus ocellatus, Uaru amphiacanthoides, Osteoglossum bicirrhosum, Cichla piquiti, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, Datnioides microlepis and Cichla kelberi were the main species available. The southeast region showed the greatest trading activity. Based on biological traits, the FIST indicated that Arapaima gigas, C. kelberi and C. temensis are high-risk species in terms of biological invasions via aquarium dumping. We suggest management strategies such as trade regulations, monitoring, euthanasia and educational programs to prevent further introductions via aquarium dumping.

scholarly journals Microbial’s Effects on Invasive Grass’ Response to Water and Nutrient Stress

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Zhang ◽  
Yingdan Yuan ◽  
Karolina M. Pajerowska-Mukhtar ◽  
Michelle Afkhami ◽  
Alan Hastings ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Invasion Biology ◽  
Imperata Cylindrica ◽  
Invasion Success ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Drought Treatment ◽  
Plant Microbe Interaction ◽  
Invasion Mechanisms

Abstract Background Soil microbiomes play important roles in invasion biology, yet it is often treated as a ‘black box’ in modeling or large-scale field studies. Hence, investigating the change of association between invasive vegetation and soil microbes under changing environmental conditions, and exploring the genetic functions of associated microbiomes will provide a deeper understanding of invasion mechanisms. We performed a microcosm experiment with cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv.), which is one of the 100 worst invasive plants in the world. We combined rigorous sequencing analysis, including 16S rRNA, ITS, and shotgun metagenome sequencing, for the first time, to investigate the interactive effect of change in soil water and nutrient concentrations on microbiomes diversity, composition and genetic functions under invasion. Results We found that experimental drought has a stronger effect on the bacterial community than the fungal community. We discovered an enrichment of microbial groups, including Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Chloroflexi under drought treatment, could likely contribute to invasion success. Further, we showed a striking trend of induction of cell wall, membrane and desiccation-related genes in drought treatment and a marked downregulation in regular treatment, which could create a more hydrated microenvironment, facilitating biofilm formation and better protection from desiccation.Conclusions Our work contributes to highlighting the associated microbial communities may have a potential long-term impact on increasing cogongrass drought resistance, ultimately, future invasion might be severe due to the plant-microbe interaction. These findings are important because current modeling practice, lacking comprehensive consideration of the plant-microbe interaction, could lead to a significant underestimate of predictions of future invasion patterns.

scholarly journals A clue to invasion success: genetic diversity quickly rebounds after introduction bottlenecks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Kaňuch ◽  
Åsa Berggren ◽  
Anna Cassel-Lundhagen
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Invasion Biology ◽  
Invasion Success ◽  
Founder Population ◽  
Establishment Success ◽  
Propagule Size ◽  
Introduced Populations ◽  
Species Invasiveness

AbstractOne of the fundamental questions in invasion biology is to understand the genetic mechanisms behind success or failure during the establishment of a species. However, major limitations to understanding are usually a lack of spatiotemporal population data and information on the populations’ colonisation history. In a large-scale, detailed study on the bush-cricket Metrioptera roeselii 70 groups of founders were introduced in areas outside the species’ distribution range. We examined how (1) the number of founders (2–32 individuals), (2) the time since establishment (7 or 15 years after introduction) and (3) possible gene flow affected establishment success and temporal genetic changes of the introduced populations. We found higher establishment success in introductions with larger propagule sizes but genetic diversity indices were only partly correlated to propagule size. As expected, introduced populations were more similar to their founder population the larger the propagule size was. However, even if apparent at first, most of the differentiation in the small propagule introductions disappeared over time. Surprisingly, genetic variability was regained to a level comparable to the large and outbreeding founder population only 15 generations after severe demographic bottlenecks. We suggest that the establishment of these populations could be a result of several mechanisms acting in synergy. Here, rapid increase in genetic diversity of few introductions could potentially be attributed to limited gene flow from adjacent populations, behavioural adaptations and/or even increased mutation rate. We present unique insights into genetic processes that point towards traits that are important for understanding species’ invasiveness.

scholarly journals Elaborating factors affecting visual control in a big room

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-47
Author(s):  
Jukka Majava ◽  
Harri Haapasalo ◽  
Kirsi Aaltonen
Keyword(s):  
Project Management ◽  
Construction Industry ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Visual Control ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
And Control

Purpose The “big room” concept and lean philosophy have become increasingly popular in the construction industry. Visual control is a central part of lean philosophy and the big room concept; its aim is to improve information flow, joint problem-solving and real-time decision-making. Visual control facilitates effective project management by providing information on what work is performed and why, customer requirements, deadlines, work status and potential problems. This study aims to explore how visualisation supports project management and control in a big room and the factors that facilitate good visual control. Design/methodology/approach This research is based on the case study method, and the objective is to elaborate the current understanding of factors that affect visual control. The study includes a literature review and an empirical study of a large construction project. Findings The results indicate that many factors facilitate visual control. Despite the importance of facilities and tools, communication and teamwork are identified as the key factors. On a broader level, the results indicate a need for a holistic approach in developing visual management strategies and practices in the construction industry and in complex projects in particular. Research limitations/implications A single case may not be able to offer a generalised picture of this complex topic. However, the study provides novel insights for practitioners and researchers interested in the development of visual control and big rooms. Future research topics are also proposed. Originality/value While previous studies have identified many elements of successful big room implementation – including integration and early involvement, information sharing, tools and facilities – this study focusses specifically on the factors that facilitate visual control.

Comparison of Conventional and Alternative Nursery Weed Management Strategies

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 761-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
James B. Calkins ◽  
Bert T. Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Field Management ◽  
Companion Crop ◽  
Herbicide Management

Soil cultivation (3 to 5 times/yr) and herbicide management (oxadiazon, 3.92 kg ai/ha), agricultural standards for reducing weed competition, were compared to three alternative nursery field management systems regarding weed suppression: ‘Norcen’ bird's-foot trefoil companion crop, ‘Wheeler’ winter rye cover crop/mulch, and grass sod (80% ‘Eton’ perennial ryegrass and 20% ‘Ruby’ red fescue). Field management treatment had a significant effect on observed weed populations. Weed densities were also subject to yearly variations caused by climate and endogenous weed life cycles. Herbicide management (oxadiazon) consistently provided the best control of undesired vegetation (0.3 weeds/m2) followed by the grass sod (0.7 weeds/m2), Wheeler rye cover crop/mulch (1.7 weeds/m2), Norcen bird's-foot trefoil companion crop (8.6 weeds/m2), and cultivated (55.7 weeds/m2) treatments, respectively. Although the grass sod treatment provided excellent control of undesired vegetation, as an alternative to cultivation and herbicide use, it proved to be excessively competitive with the nursery crop. The bird's-foot trefoil treatment quickly became infested with broadleaf weeds the eradication of which proved difficult. The Wheeler winter rye cover crop/mulch field management system provided acceptable weed control combined with other beneficial effects on the plant/soil environment. Results support the effectiveness of Wheeler winter rye and perhaps other allelopathic cover crop/mulch systems in controlling undesired vegetation in horticultural field production systems.

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