Cryptic individual-level variation in propensity for selfing in a hermaphroditic snail
For mating-system evolution, individual-level variation is as important as variation among populations. In self-compatible hermaphrodites, individuals may vary in their lifetime propensity for selfing, which consists of a fundamental, likely genetic and an environmental component. According to the reproductive assurance hypothesis explaining partial selfing, a key environmental factor is mate availability, which fluctuates with population density. We quantified individual variation in selfing propensity in a hermaphroditic snail by manipulating mate availability in the laboratory, recording mating behaviour, estimating selfing rates from progeny arrays, and measuring female lifetime fitness. Our results revealed four classes of individuals with different selfing propensities: pure outcrossers, pure selfers, and two types of plastic individuals. These classes only became apparent in the laboratory; the field population is outcrossing. All classes were present both under low and increased mate availability; this large among-individual variation in selfing propensities meant that effects of the pairing treatment on the frequency and extent of selfing were non-significant despite large effect sizes and sufficient statistical power. We believe that selfing propensities may have a genetic component and when selected on cause mean selfing rates to evolve. We propose that heritable variation in selfing propensities offers a reconciliation between the reproductive assurance hypothesis and its weak empirical support: distributions of selfing propensities vary temporally and spatially, thus obscuring the relationship between population density and realised selfing rates.