Influence of phylogeny on the estimation of diet from dental morphology in the Carnivora

Because teeth are the most easily preserved part of the vertebrate skeleton and are particularly morphologically variable in mammals, studies of fossil mammals rely heavily on dental morphology. Dental morphology is used both for systematics and phylogeny as well as for inferences about paleoecology, diet in particular. We analyze the influence of evolutionary history on our ability to reconstruct diet from dental morphology in the mammalian order Carnivora, and we find that much of our understanding of diet in carnivorans is dependent on the phylogenetic constraints on diet in this clade. Substantial error in estimating diet from dental morphology is present regardless of the morphological data used to make the inference, although more extensive morphological datasets are more accurate in predicting diet than more limited character sets. Unfortunately, including phylogeny in making dietary inferences actually decreases the accuracy of these predictions, showing that dietary predictions from morphology are substantially dependent on the evolutionary constraints on carnivore diet and tooth shape. The “evolutionary ratchet” that drives lineages of carnivorans to evolve greater degrees of hypercarnivory through time actually plays a role in allowing dietary inference from tooth shape, but consequently requires caution in interpreting dietary inference from the teeth fossil carnivores. These difficulties are another reminder of the differences in evolutionary tempo and mode between morphology and ecology.

TO THE HYDRAULIC CALCULATION OF PRESSURE DRAINAGE PIPELINES, OPERATING IN DISTRIBUTION REGIME

A system of two differential equations which describes the movement of fluid in a pipe with a variable flow rate and the conditions for the fluid outflow through the walls of drainage pipelines into the surrounding soil is considered. It is reasoned that the second term in the original equation, which takes into account energy losses associated with a flow rate variation along the length, can be neglected without a substantial error. The considered system is reduced to dimensionless form by introducing original variables. The coefficient of collecting drainage pipeline resistance «ζl» and the generalized parameter «A», which take into account the structural and hydraulic characteristics of the considered flow, are two main parameters used in the analysis. The concept of an infinitely long drainage pipeline (a pipeline with an infinite walls filtration capacity) is introduced in the article. Also it is noted that such pipeline will have a maximum throughput comparing to pipes of the same diameter but limited length. Quite simple and practical calculated dependencies for the determination of the nature of flow rate variation and pressure drop along the length of the pipeline were received on the basis of the conducted analysis. Important characteristics of pressure distribution pipelines were calculated on the basis of offered formulas. Corresponding graphical dependencies were built for visibility. In particular, graphs of the flow rate variation at the end of the distributor, depending on the design and filtration characteristics of the «soil-drain» system, are presented. Graph that shows the dependence of the variation in the flow rate distribution unevenness along the length of the drainage pipe at various ​​hydraulic conductivity values of the surrounding soil is important for understanding the drainage pipelines particularity. The necessity to take into account the nature of the flow rate connection unevenness along the length for obtaining reliable results for real drainage pipelines calculation is demonstrated.

Telemedicine-equipped android interface-based heart rate monitoring

<p>This research aimed to design a device that can monitor heart rate and help nurses or doctors when they need to monitor and retrieve data of patients. By utilizing Android as a displayer makes it easier for nurses to minimize data retrieval time. The principle of the tool is to record the heart rate data received by the ear clip sensor to be processed by the Atmega328 microcontroller, then displayed on the oled LCD and sent to Android phones via HC-05 Bluetooth for display. If the heart rate data is beyond the normal range, the Android application will post a notification in the form of an SMS to the recipient's cellphone. In testing the tool, it uses a comparison device (pulse oximetry) to determine its accuracy. Based on the testing, the heart rate monitoring device had a small error value of 0.32% and had the most substantial error value of 0.81%. The application of the monitoring system in android data can be sent well at a maximum distance of 13 meters, as well as the implementation of telemedicine in the form of a warning (SMS) can work properly.</p>

Shuteye Time Compared With Bedtime: Misclassification of Sleep in Adolescent Females

Short sleep duration is associated with poorer outcomes for adolescents; however, sleep duration is often assessed (either by questionnaire or device) using self-reported bedtime (i.e., the time a person goes to bed). With sedentary activities, such as screen time, being common presleep in-bed behaviors, the use of “bedtime” may introduce error to the estimates of sleep duration. It has been proposed that self-reported “shuteye time” (i.e., the time a person starts trying to go to sleep) is used instead of bedtime. This study aimed to compare the bedtimes and shuteye times of a sample of 15- to 18-year-old female adolescents recruited from 13 high schools across New Zealand. The influence on sleep duration estimates and associations with healthy lifestyle habits was also examined. Sleep data were collected from 136 participants using actigraphy and self-report. On average, 52 min (95% confidence interval [43, 60] min) of sedentary time was misclassified as sleep when bedtime was used instead of shuteye time with actigraph data. Mean bedtimes on weekdays and weekends were 9:56 p.m. (SD = 58 min) and 10:40 p.m. (SD = 77 min), respectively. The relationship between bedtime and shuteye time was not linear—indicating that bedtime cannot be used as a proxy for shuteye time. Earlier shuteye times were more strongly associated with meeting fruit and vegetable intake and sleep and physical activity guidelines than earlier bedtimes. Using bedtime instead of shuteye time to estimate sleep duration may introduce substantial error to estimates of both sleep and sedentary time.

Crisp on Conciliar Authority

In Analyzing Doctrine: Toward a Systematic eology, Oliver Crisp infers from a general principle concerning God’s providential care for the church that it is implausible that God would allow substantial error on the central theological promulgations of an ecumenical council. is conclusion is then used specifically against contemporary neo-monothelites, who consciously contravene the dyothelite teachings of the third Council of Constantinople. In this paper, I raise several doubts about the inference utilized by Crisp against these neo-monothelites, and I seek to point to a more promising manner of upholding the deliverances of the ecumenical councils.

Volume uncertainty of (7) Iris shape models from disc-resolved images

ABSTRACT High angular resolution disc-resolved images of (7) Iris collected by VLT/SPHERE instrument are allowed for the detailed shape modelling of this large asteroid revealing its surface features. If (7) Iris did not suffer any events catastrophic enough to disrupt the body (which is very likely) by studying its topography, we might get insights into the early Solar system’s collisional history. When it comes to internal structure and composition, thoroughly assessing the volume and density uncertainties is necessary. In this work, we propose a method of uncertainty calculation of asteroid shape models based on light curve and adaptive optics (AO) images. We apply this method on four models of (7) Iris produced from independent Shaping Asteroids using Genetic Evolution and All-Data Asteroid Modelling inversion techniques and multiresolution photoclinometry by deformation. Obtained diameter uncertainties stem from both the observations from which the models were scaled and the models themselves. We show that despite the availability of high-resolution AO images, the volume and density of (7) Iris have substantial error bars that were underestimated in the previous studies.

The Bias of Individuals (In Crowds): Why Implicit Bias is Probably a Noisily-Measured Individual-Level Construct

Payne, Vuletich, and Lundberg’s bias-of-crowds model proposes that a number of empirical puzzles can be resolved by conceptualizing implicit bias as a feature of situations rather than a feature of individuals. In the present article we argue against this model and propose that, given the existing evidence, implicit bias is best understood as an individual-level construct measured with substantial error. First, using real and simulated data, we show how each of Payne and colleagues’ proposed puzzles can be explained as being the result of measurement error and its reduction via aggregation. Second, we discuss why the authors’ counterarguments against this explanation have been unconvincing. Finally, we test a hypothesis derived from the bias-of-crowds model about the effect of an individually targeted “implicit-bias-based expulsion program” within universities and show the model to lack empirical support. We conclude by considering the implications of conceptualizing implicit bias as a noisily measured individual-level construct for ongoing implicit-bias research. All data and code are available at https://osf.io/tj8u6/.

The Bias of Individuals (in Crowds): Why Implicit Bias Is Probably a Noisily Measured Individual-Level Construct

Payne, Vuletich, and Lundberg’s bias-of-crowds model proposes that a number of empirical puzzles can be resolved by conceptualizing implicit bias as a feature of situations rather than a feature of individuals. In the present article we argue against this model and propose that, given the existing evidence, implicit bias is best understood as an individual-level construct measured with substantial error. First, using real and simulated data, we show how each of Payne and colleagues’ proposed puzzles can be explained as being the result of measurement error and its reduction via aggregation. Second, we discuss why the authors’ counterarguments against this explanation have been unconvincing. Finally, we test a hypothesis derived from the bias-of-crowds model about the effect of an individually targeted “implicit-bias-based expulsion program” within universities and show the model to lack empirical support. We conclude by considering the implications of conceptualizing implicit bias as a noisily measured individual-level construct for ongoing implicit-bias research. All data and code are available at https://osf.io/tj8u6/ .

Free vibration of microscale frameworks using modified couple stress and a combination of Rayleigh–Love and Timoshenko theories

A model is proposed for investigating the size-dependent frequency response of arbitrarily oriented microscale frames used in the build-up of lattice structures with micro unit cells. The model employs the Rayleigh–Love, the Timoshenko and the modified couple stress theories to overcome the weaknesses of the conventional theories. Descriptions of the model and finite element implementation are presented. Predictions from the reduced forms of the model agree with published results. The frequency analyses of different microscale frames reveal the influence of material lengthscale, dead weight, lateral inertia and orientation angles. For small aspect ratios, neglecting the lateral inertia effect incurs a substantial error in predicting the frequencies of higher modes, but only marginally affects the lower modes. The resonant frequencies exhibit a sharp drop in the presence of dead weight, but it increases in the presence of material lengthscale.

Using enhanced regression calibration to combine dietary intake estimates from 24 h recall and FFQ reduces bias in diet–disease associations

Objective:To illustrate the impact of combining 24 h recall (24hR) and FFQ estimates using regression calibration (RC) and enhanced regression calibration (ERC) on diet–disease associations.Setting:Wageningen area, the Netherlands, 2011–2013.Design:Five approaches for obtaining self-reported dietary intake estimates of protein and K were compared: (i) uncorrected FFQ intakes (FFQ); (ii) uncorrected average of two 24hR ( $\overline {\rm R}$ ); (iii) average of FFQ and $\overline {\rm R}$ ( ${\overline {\rm F}}\,\overline {\rm R}}$ ); (iv) RC from regression of 24hR v. FFQ; and (v) ERC by adding individual random effects to the RC approach. Empirical attenuation factors (AF) were derived by regression of urinary biomarker measurements v. the resulting intake estimates.Participants:Data of 236 individuals collected within the National Dietary Assessment Reference Database.Results:Both FFQ and 24hR dietary intake estimates were measured with substantial error. Using statistical techniques to correct for measurement error (i.e. RC and ERC) reduced bias in diet–disease associations as indicated by their AF approaching 1 (RC 1·14, ERC 0·95 for protein; RC 1·28, ERC 1·34 for K). The larger sd and narrower 95% CI of AF obtained with ERC compared with RC indicated that using ERC has more power than using RC. However, the difference in AF between RC and ERC was not statistically significant, indicating no significantly better de-attenuation by using ERC compared with RC. AF larger than 1, observed for the ERC for K, indicated possible overcorrection.Conclusions:Our study highlights the potential of combining FFQ and 24hR data. Using RC and ERC resulted in less biased associations for protein and K.