Metabolic evidence for distinct pyruvate pools inside plant mitochondria
The majority of the pyruvate inside plant mitochondria is either transported into the matrix from the cytosol via the mitochondria pyruvate carrier (MPC) or synthesised in the matrix by alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT) or NAD-malic enzyme (NAD-ME). Pyruvate from these origins could mix into a single pool in the matrix and contribute indistinguishably to respiration, or they could maintain a degree of independence in metabolic regulation. Here, we demonstrated that feeding isolated mitochondria with U-13C-pyruvate and unlabelled malate enables the assessment of pyruvate contribution from different sources to TCA cycle intermediate production. Imported pyruvate is the preferred source for citrate production even when the synthesis of NAD-ME-derived pyruvate was optimised. Genetic or pharmacological elimination of MPC activity removed this preference and allowed an equivalent amount of citrate to be generated from the pyruvate produced by NAD-ME. Increasing mitochondrial pyruvate pool size by exogenous addition only affected metabolites from pyruvate transported by MPC whereas depleting pyruvate pool size by transamination to alanine only affected metabolic products derived from NAD-ME. Together, these data reveal respiratory substrate supply in plants involves distinct pyruvate pools inside the matrix that can be flexibly mixed based on the rate of pyruvate transport from the cytosol. These pools are independently regulated and contribute differentially to organic acids export from plant mitochondria.