scholarly journals Putative novel avian paramyxoviruses identified from wild bird surveillance (United States, 2016?2018) and retrospective analysis of APMV-2s and APMV-6s in GenBank

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey Young ◽  
Jazz Q Stephens ◽  
Rebecca Lynne Poulson ◽  
David Stallknecht ◽  
Kiril M Dimitrov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Novel Species ◽  
Branch Length ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Committee ◽  
Pairwise Distance ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Distance Analysis ◽  
The World

Avian paramyxoviruses (APMVs) (subfamily Avulavirinae) have been isolated from over 200 species of wild and domestic birds from around the world. The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) currently defines 22 different APMV species, with Avian orthoavulavirus 1 (whose viruses are designated as APMV-1) being the most frequently studied due to its economic burden to the poultry industry. Less is known about other APMV species, including limited knowledge on the genetic diversity in wild birds and there is a paucity of public whole genome sequences for APMV-2 to -22. The goal of this study was to use MinION sequencing to genetically characterize APMVs isolated from wild bird swab samples collected during 2016–2018 in the United States. Multiplexed MinION libraries were prepared using a random strand-switching approach using 37 egg-cultured, influenza-negative, hemagglutination-positive samples. Thirty-five APMV isolates that had complete polymerase coding sequences were speciated using ICTV’s current Paramyxoviridae phylogenetic methodology. Viruses from APMV-1, -4, -6, -8 were classified, one putative novel species (Avian orthoavulavirus 23) was identified from viruses isolated in this study, two putative new APMV species (Avian metaavulavirus 24 and 27) were identified from viruses isolated in this study and from retrospective GenBank sequences, and two putative new APMV species (Avian metaavulavirus 25 and 26) were identified solely from retrospective GenBank sequences. Furthermore, co-infections of APMVs were identified in a subset of the samples. The potential limitations of the branch length being the only speciation criterion and the potential benefit of a group pairwise distance analysis are discussed.

scholarly journals Standard Measure

2001 ◽  
Vol 123 (04) ◽  
pp. 70-72
Author(s):  
Stan Jakuba
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Committee ◽  
Standard Measure ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
International Language ◽  
The World ◽  
Modern System ◽  
Single Convention ◽  
Physical Quantities

This article provides an understanding of a metric system and a standard that describes a universal, international language of measurement. Essentially, all units created in modern times are metric in every country of the world, including the United States. The evolution is coordinated by an international committee in which the United States has participated since 1875. The modern system of measurement is properly called SI, not metric. Individually, they measure such basic physical quantities as length, mass, or time. Alone or in combination, they let mankind measure anything. Many derived units can be expressed in more than one form, but professional use usually settles on a single convention. The degree Celsius is an alternate name for the Kelvin when a temperature increment is meant. It is also a name that designates a temperature on the Celsius scale. If each symbol is written according to the SI rules distinguishing between uppercase and lowercase letters, and between the Latin and Greek letters—it will be intelligible anywhere, regardless of the script and language a nation uses.

scholarly journals Whole-Genome Sequences of Two Human Norovirus GII.4 Variants Isolated in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Hu ◽  
Haifeng Chen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Complete Genome ◽  
The United States ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
Genotype 4 ◽  
The World ◽  
Stool Specimens ◽  
Norovirus Gii

Variants of human noroviruses belonging to the genogroup II genotype 4 (GII.4) lineage have accounted for most norovirus outbreaks in the world since the mid-1990s. We report here the complete genome sequences of two historical human norovirus GII.4 variants isolated from norovirus-positive patient stool specimens in the United States.

Sex Differences in Mass Media Preferences Across Four Asian Countries

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 186-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malini Ratnasingam ◽  
Lee Ellis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Mass Media ◽  
The United States ◽  
Female Students ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Evolutionary Explanation ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Media Preferences

Background. Nearly all of the research on sex differences in mass media utilization has been based on samples from the United States and a few other Western countries. Aim. The present study examines sex differences in mass media utilization in four Asian countries (Japan, Malaysia, South Korea, and Singapore). Methods. College students self-reported the frequency with which they accessed the following five mass media outlets: television dramas, televised news and documentaries, music, newspapers and magazines, and the Internet. Results. Two significant sex differences were found when participants from the four countries were considered as a whole: Women watched television dramas more than did men; and in Japan, female students listened to music more than did their male counterparts. Limitations. A wider array of mass media outlets could have been explored. Conclusions. Findings were largely consistent with results from studies conducted elsewhere in the world, particularly regarding sex differences in television drama viewing. A neurohormonal evolutionary explanation is offered for the basic findings.

Sandra Ramos Revisited

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 32-54
Author(s):  
Silvia Spitta
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Graphic Arts ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Political Choices ◽  
The Rich

Sandra Ramos (b. 1969) is one of the few artists to reflect critically on both sides of the Cuban di-lemma, fully embodying the etymological origins of the word in ancient Greek: di-, meaning twice, and lemma, denoting a form of argument involving a choice between equally unfavorable alternatives. Throughout her works she shines a light on the dilemmas faced by Cubans whether in Cuba or the United States, underlining the bad personal and political choices people face in both countries. During the hard 1990s, while still in Havana, the artist focused on the traumatic one-way journey into exile by thousands, as well as the experience of profound abandonment experienced by those who were left behind on the island. Today she lives in Miami and operates a studio there as well as one in Havana. Her initial disorientation in the USA has morphed into an acerbic representation and critique of the current administration and a deep concern with the environmental collapse we face. A buffoonlike Trumpito has joined el Bobo de Abela and Liborio in her gallery of comic characters derived from the rich Cuban graphic arts tradition where she was formed. While Cuba is now represented as a rotten cake with menacing flies hovering over it ready to pounce, a bombastic Trumpito marches across the world stage, trampling everything underfoot, a dollar sign for a face.

The Unquiet Frontier

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakub J. Grygiel ◽  
A. Wess Mitchell ◽  
Jakub J. Grygiel ◽  
A. Wess Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Global Order ◽  
American Power ◽  
Alliance Networks ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
The World ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Critical Regions

From the Baltic to the South China Sea, newly assertive authoritarian states sense an opportunity to resurrect old empires or build new ones at America's expense. Hoping that U.S. decline is real, nations such as Russia, Iran, and China are testing Washington's resolve by targeting vulnerable allies at the frontiers of American power. This book explains why the United States needs a new grand strategy that uses strong frontier alliance networks to raise the costs of military aggression in the new century. The book describes the aggressive methods which rival nations are using to test American power in strategically critical regions throughout the world. It shows how rising and revisionist powers are putting pressure on our frontier allies—countries like Poland, Israel, and Taiwan—to gauge our leaders' commitment to upholding the American-led global order. To cope with these dangerous dynamics, nervous U.S. allies are diversifying their national-security “menu cards” by beefing up their militaries or even aligning with their aggressors. The book reveals how numerous would-be great powers use an arsenal of asymmetric techniques to probe and sift American strength across several regions simultaneously, and how rivals and allies alike are learning from America's management of increasingly interlinked global crises to hone effective strategies of their own. The book demonstrates why the United States must strengthen the international order that has provided greater benefits to the world than any in history.

Bringing the Real World of Science to Children: A Partnership of the American Museum of Natural History and the City University of New York

2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony G Picciano ◽  
Robert V. Steiner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Compulsory Education ◽  
Development Program ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Museum ◽  
The World ◽  
The City

Every child has a right to an education. In the United States, the issue is not necessarily about access to a school but access to a quality education. With strict compulsory education laws, more than 50 million students enrolled in primary and secondary schools, and billions of dollars spent annually on public and private education, American children surely have access to buildings and classrooms. However, because of a complex and competitive system of shared policymaking among national, state, and local governments, not all schools are created equal nor are equal education opportunities available for the poor, minorities, and underprivileged. One manifestation of this inequity is the lack of qualified teachers in many urban and rural schools to teach certain subjects such as science, mathematics, and technology. The purpose of this article is to describe a partnership model between two major institutions (The American Museum of Natural History and The City University of New York) and the program designed to improve the way teachers are trained and children are taught and introduced to the world of science. These two institutions have partnered on various projects over the years to expand educational opportunity especially in the teaching of science. One of the more successful projects is Seminars on Science (SoS), an online teacher education and professional development program, that connects teachers across the United States and around the world to cutting-edge research and provides them with powerful classroom resources. This article provides the institutional perspectives, the challenges and the strategies that fostered this partnership.

Educational Entrepreneurs in Tamil Nadu - A Profile

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siluvai Raja
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
United States ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Education System ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
The United States ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Higher Education System ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World

Education has been considered as an indispensable asset of every individual, community and nation today. Indias higher education system is the third largest in the world, after China and the United States (World Bank). Tamil Nadu occupies the first place in terms of possession of higher educational institutions in the private sector in the country with over 46 percent(27) universities, 94 percent(464) professional colleges and 65 percent(383) arts and science colleges(2011). Studies to understand the profile of the entrepreneurs providing higher education either in India or Tamil Nadu were hardly available. This paper attempts to map the demographic profile of the entrepreneurs providing higher education in Arts and Science colleges in Tamil Nadu through an empirical analysis, carried out among 25 entrepreneurs spread across the state. This paper presents a summary of major inferences of the analysis.

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