scholarly journals Aerosol emission rates from playing wind instruments – Implications for COVID-19 transmission during music performance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Firle ◽  
A. Steinmetz ◽  
O. Stier ◽  
D. Stengel ◽  
A. Ekkernkamp
Keyword(s):  
Uniform Distribution ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Music Performance ◽  
Wind Instruments ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Music Business ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Aerosol Emission ◽  
Aerosol Particle Size

AbstractBackgroundThe pandemic of COVID-19 led to exceeding restrictions especially in public life and music business. Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 demands for risk assessment also in wind playing situations. Previous studies focused on short-range transmission, whereas long-range transmission has not been assessed so far.Methods and findingsWe measured resulting aerosol concentrations in a hermetically closed cabin of 20 m3 in an operating theatre from 20 minutes standardized wind instrument playing (19 flute, 11 oboe, 1 clarinet, 1 trumpet players). Based on the data, we calculated total aerosol emission rates showing uniform distribution for both instrument groups (flute, oboe). Aerosol emission from wind instruments playing ranged from 7 ± 327 particles/second (P/s) up to 2583 ± 236 P/s, average rate ± standard deviation. The analysis of the aerosol particle size distribution showed that about 70 − 80% of emitted particles had a size ≤ 0.4 µm and thus being alveolar. Masking the bell with a surgical mask did not reduce aerosol emission. Aerosol emission rates were higher from wind instruments playing than from speaking and breathing. Differences between instrumental groups could not be found, but high interindividual variance as expressed by uniform distribution of aerosol emission rates.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that aerosol emission depends on physiological factors and playing techniques rather than on the type of instrument, in contrast to some previous studies. Based on our results, we present risk calculations for long-range transmission of COVID-19 for three typical woodwind playing situations.

scholarly journals Aerosol emission in professional singing of classical music

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Mürbe ◽  
Martin Kriegel ◽  
Julia Lange ◽  
Hansjörg Rotheudt ◽  
Mario Fleischer
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Classical Music ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Particle Counter ◽  
Professional Singers ◽  
Aerosol Emission ◽  
Sound Pressure Levels

AbstractIn this study, emission rates of aerosols emitted by professional singers were measured with a laser particle counter under cleanroom conditions. The emission rates during singing varied between 753 and 6093 particles/sec with a median of 1537 particles/sec. Emission rates for singing were compared with data for breathing and speaking. Significantly higher emission rates were found for singing. The emission enhancements between singing and speaking were between 4.0 and 99.5 with a median of 17.4, largely due to higher sound pressure levels when singing. Further, significant effects of vocal loudness were found, whereas there were no significant differences between the investigated voice classifications. The present study supports the efforts to improve the risk management in cases of possible aerogenic virus transmission, especially for choir singing.

scholarly journals Could aerosol emissions be used for regional heat wave mitigation?

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 23793-23828
Author(s):  
D. N. Bernstein ◽  
J. D. Neelin ◽  
Q. B. Li ◽  
D. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Heat Wave ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Sulfate Aerosols ◽  
Geographical Differences ◽  
Aerosol Emission ◽  
Trade Offs

Abstract. Geoengineering applications by injection of sulfate aerosols into the stratosphere are under consideration as a measure of last resort to counter global warming. Here adaptation to a potential regional scale application to offset the impacts of heat waves is critically examined. The effect of regional scale sulfate aerosol emission over California in each of two days of the July 2006 heat wave using the Weather Research and Forecasting model with fully coupled chemistry (WRF-Chem) is used to quantify potential reductions in surface temperature as a function of emission rates in the lower stratosphere. Over the range considered, afternoon temperature reductions scale almost linearly with injections. Local meteorological factors yield geographical differences in surface air temperature sensitivity. For emission rates of approximately 30 μg m−2 s−1 of sulfate aerosols (with standard WRF-Chem size distribution) over the region, temperature decreases of around 7 °C result during the middle part of the day over the Central Valley, one of the hardest hit by the heat wave. Regions more ventilated with oceanic air such as Los Angeles have slightly smaller reductions. The length of the hottest part of the day is also reduced. Advection effects on the aerosol cloud must be more carefully forecast for smaller injection regions. Verification of the impacts could be done via measurements of differences in reflected and surface downward shortwave. Such regional geoengineering applications with specific near-term target effects but smaller cost and side effects could potentially provide a means of testing larger scale applications. However, design trade-offs differ from global applications and the size of the required injections and the necessity of injection close to the target region raise substantial concerns. The evaluation of this regional scale application is thus consistent with global model evaluations emphasizing that mitigation via reduction of fossil fuels remains preferable to considering geoengineering with sulfate aerosols.

scholarly journals Aerosol emission of child voices during speaking, singing and shouting

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Muerbe ◽  
Martin Kriegel ◽  
Julia Lange ◽  
Lukas Schumann ◽  
Anne Hartmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Music Education ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Reliable Data ◽  
Educational Context ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Children And Young People ◽  
Aerosol Emission ◽  
Risk Management Strategies ◽  
Aerosol Emissions

Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, singing activities for children and young people have been strictly regulated with far-reaching consequences for music education in schools and ensemble and choir singing in some places. This is also due to the fact, that there has been no reliable data available on aerosol emissions from children's speaking, singing, and shouting. By utilizing a laser particle counter in cleanroom conditions we show, that children emit fewer aerosols during singing than what has been known so far for adults. In our data, the emission rates ranged from 16 P/s to 267 P/s for speaking, 141 P/s to 1240 P/s for singing, and 683 P/s to 4332 P/s for shouting. The data advocate an adaptation of existing risk management strategies and rules of conduct for groups of singing children, like gatherings in an educational context, e.g. singing lessons or choir rehearsals.

Live architecture: the design of portable buildings for live music performance

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 304-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Kronenburg
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Popular Music ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Music Performance ◽  
Building Structure ◽  
Music Business ◽  
Live Music ◽  
Mobile Facilities ◽  
Live Music Performance

On 15 August 1965, The Beatles performed before more than 55,600 fans at Shea Stadium, New York, USA. In what was by far the biggest event to date of its type, that evening a dramatic revelation of the commercial possibilities of popular music took place, and changed the nature of the music business for ever. Simultaneously, despite using more powerful amplification than had been used before, the virtually non-existent connection between the musicians and their audience revealed the enormous technical and architectural challenges of large-scale concerts. Though this concert took place in a permanent building structure, the equipment it was hoped would temporarily alter its use for performance purposes was portable. That it was clearly inadequate for this task reinforced the need for new mobile facilities that would do the job better [1, 2].

scholarly journals Factors affecting aerosol SARS-CoV-2 transmission via HVAC systems; a modeling study

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. e1009474
Author(s):  
Zachary J. Cotman ◽  
Michael J. Bowden ◽  
Barrett P. Richter ◽  
Joseph H. Phelps ◽  
Christopher J. Dibble
Keyword(s):  
Hvac Systems ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Air Filtration ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Building Model ◽  
Aerosol Emission ◽  
Air Circulation

The role of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is unclear. To address this gap, we simulated the release of SARS-CoV-2 in a multistory office building and three social gathering settings (bar/restaurant, nightclub, wedding venue) using a well-mixed, multi-zone building model similar to those used by Wells, Riley, and others. We varied key factors of HVAC systems, such as the Air Changes Per Hour rate (ACH), Fraction of Outside Air (FOA), and Minimum Efficiency Reporting Values (MERV) to examine their effect on viral transmission, and additionally simulated the protective effects of in-unit ultraviolet light decontamination (UVC) and separate in-room air filtration. In all building types, increasing the ACH reduced simulated infections, and the effects were seen even with low aerosol emission rates. However, the benefits of increasing the fraction of outside air and filter efficiency rating were greatest when the aerosol emission rate was high. UVC filtration improved the performance of typical HVAC systems. In-room filtration in an office setting similarly reduced overall infections but worked better when placed in every room. Overall, we found little evidence that HVAC systems facilitate SARS-CoV-2 transmission; most infections in the simulated office occurred near the emission source, with some infections in individuals temporarily visiting the release zone. HVAC systems only increased infections in one scenario involving a marginal increase in airflow in a poorly ventilated space, which slightly increased the likelihood of transmission outside the release zone. We found that improving air circulation rates, increasing filter MERV rating, increasing the fraction of outside air, and applying UVC radiation and in-room filtration may reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission indoors. However, these mitigation measures are unlikely to provide a protective benefit unless SARS-CoV-2 aerosol emission rates are high (>1,000 Plaque-forming units (PFU) / min).

scholarly journals Aerosol emission of adolescents voices during speaking, singing and shouting

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0246819
Author(s):  
Dirk Mürbe ◽  
Martin Kriegel ◽  
Julia Lange ◽  
Lukas Schumann ◽  
Anne Hartmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Music Education ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Reliable Data ◽  
Educational Context ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Children And Young People ◽  
Aerosol Emission ◽  
Risk Management Strategies ◽  
Aerosol Emissions

Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, singing activities for children and young people have been strictly regulated with far-reaching consequences for music education in schools and ensemble and choir singing in some places. This is also due to the fact, that there has been no reliable data available on aerosol emissions from adolescents speaking, singing, and shouting. By utilizing a laser particle counter in cleanroom conditions we show, that adolescents emit fewer aerosol particles during singing than what has been known so far for adults. In our data, the emission rates ranged from 16 P/s to 267 P/s for speaking, 141 P/s to 1240 P/s for singing, and 683 P/s to 4332 P/s for shouting. The data advocate an adaptation of existing risk management strategies and rules of conduct for groups of singing adolescents, like gatherings in an educational context, e.g. singing lessons or choir rehearsals.

scholarly journals Technical Note: In-situ quantification of aerosol sources and sinks over regional geographical scales

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (14) ◽  
pp. 4869-4878
Author(s):  
G. Buzorius
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Mixed Boundary ◽  
Flux Measurement ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Eddy Covariance Method ◽  
Aerosol Emission ◽  
Flux Measurements ◽  
Source Sink ◽  
Aerosol Emissions

Abstract. In order to obtain the source/sink functions for atmospheric particulates located on the planetary surface or elevated in the atmosphere; direct aerosol emission measurements are required. For this purpose, the performance of an airborne aerosol flux measurement system with an improved 3-kilometer (km) spatial resolution is evaluated in this study. Eddy covariance method was used in flux calculations. A footprint for airborne flux sampling with the increased resolution becomes comparable in area to the footprint for tower sampling (with the footprint length being 2 to 10 km). The improvement in spatial resolution allows the quantification of emission rates from individual sources located several kilometers apart such as highway segments, city blocks, and remote and industrial areas. The advantage is a moving platform that allows scanning of aerosol emissions or depositions over regional geographic scales. Airborne flux measurements with the improved spatial resolution were conducted in various environments ranging from clean to partly polluted marine to polluted continental environment with low (<500 m) mixed boundary layer heights. The upward and downward fluxes from the clean marine environment were smaller than 0.5×106 particles m−2 s−1 in absolute value. The effective emissions measured from a ship plume ranged from 2×108 to 3×108 m−2 s−1, and effective fluxes measured crossing cities plumes with populations of 10 000 to 12 000 inhabitants were in the range of 2×108 to 3×108 m−2 s−1. Correlations between heat and aerosol fluxes are evaluated.

scholarly journals THE IDEA OF MUSIC BUSINESS

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ikedimma Nwabufo Okeke ◽  
Chioma Nwamalubia Okeke
Keyword(s):  
Business Schools ◽  
Music Performance ◽  
Country Music ◽  
Music Educators ◽  
Music Teaching ◽  
Music Business ◽  
Business World ◽  
The Face ◽  
Higher Institutions ◽  
Social Engagements

This paper captured the need to include ‘Music Business’ as a course of study in Music Departments and Business Schools across Higher Institutions in Nigeria. This call was necessitated by the growing zeal and number of students, youths, entrepreneurs, businessmen and women, music enthusiasts and investors who are enthusiastic about engaging in the music entertainment industry across the country in the face of rising unemployment indices in the country. Music educators have also awakened to the realization that some of the courses and music specialties offered students are insufficient and inadequate in meeting with the demands of the economic hardship and burgeoning business world around them. Definitely not all students have flairs or interest in music composition, music teaching, or music performance; some have flairs for music business where they can excel in packaging and managing music for events. Unarguably, music features in virtually all social engagements around the world and the Nigerian society such as meetings, weddings, rallies, religious gatherings, ceremonies, funerals, seminars and conferences, banquets, etc., and it is appropriate therefore that such endeavor be given adequate attention in scholarship to ascertain its functionalism and pragmatic ways of sustaining, improving, and promoting the art. The paper therefore recommends that Departments of Music and Business schools across the country should recognize the imperatives of ‘Music Business’ as part of their curriculum of studies to the end of fostering functional education among the youths.

scholarly journals Pengaruh variasi pembagian jumlah anoda dengan pola horisontal terhadap laju korosi baja SS400 pada media air laut

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
A. Faisol ◽  
S. Sumarji ◽  
G. Djatisukamto
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Uniform Distribution ◽  
Corrosion Protection ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Steel Corrosion ◽  
Potential Difference ◽  
Uniform Corrosion ◽  
Sacrificial Anode ◽  
Average Value

Sacrificial anode protection is one type of corrosion protection used to inhibit corrosion rate. The sacrificial anode protection works by utilizing the potential difference between anode and cathode. This research aims to determine the effect of variation in the distribution of quantities and distribution of sacrificial anode aluminum to SS400 steel corrosion rate. The method of calculating the corrosion rate used is the weight loss test. The results of this test indicate that the more uniform distribution of the anode on the surface of the cathode the better the resulting protection will be. The best protection is produced by 4 pieces of sacrificial anode size of 0,5 x 4 cm with an average rate of corrosion rate of 0,1067 mm/year. Protection with 2 pieces of sacrificial anode size 1 x 4 cm resulted in corrosion rate with average value 0,1462 mm/year, while on protection of 1 victim anode with size 2 x 4 cm can produce protection with average value of corrosion rate 0,1677 mm/year. Equivalent distribution of numbers and distributed anodes can narrow the distance between the anodes so that the value of the material's resitivity is smaller and the electrons can be distributed evenly over the entire cathode surface.The corrosion that occurs in SS400 steel is a kind of uniform corrosion. It is seen from the size of the cavity that occurs on each side of the specimen after the immersion process.

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