scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Omicron: reduction of potent humoral responses and resistance to clinical immunotherapeutics relative to viral variants of concern

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anupriya Aggarwal ◽  
Alberto Ospina Stella ◽  
Gregory Walker ◽  
Anoushka Akerman ◽  
Vanessa Milogiannakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
The Other ◽  
Therapeutic Antibodies ◽  
Human Igg ◽  
The World ◽  
Humoral Responses ◽  
Developed World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rapid Emergence

From late 2020 the world observed the rapid emergence of many distinct SARS-CoV-2 variants. At the same time, pandemic responses resulted in significant global vaccine rollouts that have now significantly lowered Covid-19 hospitalisation and mortality rates in the developed world. Unfortunately, in late 2021, the variant Omicron (B.1.1.529) emerged and it eclipsed the other variants of concern (VOC) in its number of Spike polymorphisms, and its ability to compete with and displacement of the dominant VOC Delta. Herein we accessed the impact of Omicron to humoral neutralisation in vaccinated, convalescent cohorts, in concentrated human IgG from thousands of plasma donors and also alongside many clinically used monoclonal antibodies. Overall, we observed a 17 to 22 fold drop in neutralisation titres across all donors that reached a titre to Omicron. Concentrated pooled human IgG from convalescent and vaccinated donors had greater breadth but was still reduced by 16-fold. In all therapeutic antibodies tested, significant neutralization was only observed for Sotrovimab, with other monoclonals unable to neutralize B.1.1.529.

scholarly journals Rapid isolation and resolution immune evasion and viral fitness across contemporary SARS-CoV-2 variants

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anupriya Aggarwal ◽  
Alberto Stella ◽  
Anouschka Akerman ◽  
Gregory Walker ◽  
Vanessa Milogiannakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Viral Fitness ◽  
Neutralising Antibodies ◽  
Viral Isolation ◽  
Rapid Isolation ◽  
The World ◽  
Developed World ◽  
Late Stages ◽  
Rapid Emergence ◽  
Roll Out

Abstract From late 2020 the world observed the rapid emergence of many distinct SARS-CoV-2 variants. At the same time, pandemic responses coalesced into significant global vaccine roll-out that have now significantly lowered Covid-19 hospital and mortality rates in the developed world. Over this period, we developed a rapid platform (R-20) for viral isolation and characterisation using primary remnant diagnostic swabs. This combined with quarantine testing and genomics surveillance, enabled the rapid isolation and characterisation of all major SARS-CoV-2 variants (all variants of concern and 6 variants of interest) globally with a 4-month period. This platform facilitated viral variant isolation and enabled rapid resolution of variant phenotype by allowing determining end point viral titers from primary nasopharyngeal swabs and through ranking of evasion of neutralising antibodies. In late 2021, when the Delta variant was dominating, Omicron rapidly emerged. Using this platform, we isolated and tested the first cases of this variant within Australia. In this setting we observed Omicron to diverge from other variants at two levels: Firstly, it ranks at the mots evasive to neutralisation antibodies compared to all VOCs and major VUIs. Secondly, it no longer engages TMPRSS2 during the late stages of fusion.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Omicron: evasion of potent humoral responses and resistance to clinical immunotherapeutics relative to viral variants of concern

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anupriya Aggarwal ◽  
Alberto Stella ◽  
Gregory Walker ◽  
Anouschka Akerman ◽  
Vanessa Milogiannakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Human Igg ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Virus Variant ◽  
Fold Reduction ◽  
Humoral Responses ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First World

Abstract Genetically distinct viral variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been recorded since January 2020. Over this time global vaccine programs have been introduced, contributing to lowered COVID-19 hospitalisation and mortality rates, particularly in the first world. In late 2021, the Omicron (B.1.1.529) virus variant emerged, with significant genetic differences and clinical effects from other variants of concern (VOC). This variant a demonstrated higher number of polymorphisms in the gene encoding the Spike (S) protein, and there has been displacement of the dominant Delta variant. We assessed the impact of Omicron infection on the ability of: serum from vaccinated and/or previously infected individuals; concentrated human IgG from plasma donors, and licensed monoclonal antibody therapies to neutralise the virus in vitro. There was a 17 to 27-fold reduction in neutralisation titres across all donors who had a detectable neutralising antibody titre to the Omicron variant. Concentrated pooled human IgG from convalescent and vaccinated donors had greater breadth of neutralisation, although the potency was still reduced 16-fold. Of all therapeutic antibodies tested, significant neutralisation of the Omicron variant was only observed for Sotrovimab, with other monoclonal antibodies unable to neutralise Omicron in vitro. These results have implications for ongoing therapy of individuals infected with the Omicron variant.

Modernism, Empiricism, and Rationalism

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-47
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Squires
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modern Poetry ◽  
Philosophical Perspective ◽  
Irish Poetry ◽  
Dimensional Spectrum ◽  
Culture History ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rule Out

Modernism is usually defined historically as the composite movement at the beginning of the twentieth century which led to a radical break with what had gone before in literature and the other arts. Given the problems of the continuing use of the concept to cover subsequent writing, this essay proposes an alternative, philosophical perspective which explores the impact of rationalism (what we bring to the world) on the prevailing empiricism (what we take from the world) of modern poetry, which leads to a concern with consciousness rather than experience. This in turn involves a re-conceptualisation of the lyric or narrative I, of language itself as a phenomenon, and of other poetic themes such as nature, culture, history, and art. Against the background of the dominant empiricism of modern Irish poetry as presented in Crotty's anthology, the essay explores these ideas in terms of a small number of poets who may be considered modernist in various ways. This does not rule out modernist elements in some other poets and the initial distinction between a poetics of experience and one of consciousness is better seen as a multi-dimensional spectrum that requires further, more detailed analysis than is possible here.

Comparative gene genealogical analyses of strains of serotype AD identify recombination in populations of serotypes A and D in the human pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans

Microbiology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 149 (8) ◽  
pp. 2147-2154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianping Xu ◽  
Thomas G. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pathogenic Yeast ◽  
Gene Genealogy ◽  
Serotype A ◽  
The World ◽  
Significant Divergence ◽  
Allelic Group

Cryptococcus neoformans is a major pathogen of humans throughout the world. Using commercial monoclonal antibodies to capsular epitopes, strains of C. neoformans manifest five serotypes: A, B, C, D and AD. Previous studies demonstrated significant divergence among serotypes A, B, C and D, which are typically haploid. In contrast, most strains of serotype AD are diploid or aneuploid and result from recent hybridization between strains of serotypes A and D. Whether serotypes A, B, C and D represent strictly asexual lineages is not known. Using comparative genealogical analyses of two genes, the authors investigated whether recombination occurred among strains within serotypes A and D. For each of 14 serotype AD strains, a portion (642 bp) of the orotidine monophosphate pyrophosphorylase (URA5) gene was cloned and sequenced. Each of these 14 strains contained two different alleles and sequences for both alleles were obtained. The URA5 gene genealogy was compared to that derived from the laccase (LAC) gene, which was reported recently for the same 14 strains. For both genes, each of the 14 serotype AD strains contained two phylogenetically distinct alleles: one allele was highly similar to those from serotype A strains and the other to alleles from serotype D strains. However, within both the serotype A allelic group and the serotype D allelic group, there was significant incongruence between genealogies derived from URA5 and LAC. The results suggest recombination in natural populations of both serotypes A and D.

EXPERIENCE OF DEVELOPED COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD ON REGULATION OF SPORTS AND HEALTH SPHERE AND PROMOTION OF ITS DEVELOPMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-100
Author(s):  
Serhii Tsymbaliuk
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Organizational Models ◽  
Economic Role ◽  
The World ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
Developed World ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of the article is to study the experience of developed countries in the regulation of sports and health in order to stimulate its development and adaptation to new challenges and threats. In the course of the research the methods of theoretical and comparative analysis were used to reveal the peculiarities of the American and European models of sports and health man-agement; statistical and graphical - to determine the economic role and trends in the sports and health industry in the world, the impact of the pandemic on income from sports. The article develops organizational and economic approaches to intensify the development of sports and recreation. Certain features of organizational models of management, sports legislation, financ-ing, possible tools to stimulate the development of sports and health in the developed world form a scientific basis for substantiating ways to intensify this area.

scholarly journals The Right to Citizenship – Slovenia and Australia

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Walters
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Former Yugoslavia ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Important Principle ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The World ◽  
Rule Changes ◽  
The Right ◽  
Citizenship Laws ◽  
The Impact

Most people across the world automatically assume citizenship at birth or acquire citizenship by descent or naturalisation. Since the growth of the concept of citizenship from the French and American Revolutions, it has become an important principle to the nation state and individual. Citizenship is the right to have rights. However, the right to citizenship is limited. In some cases when territorial rule changes the citizenship laws may exclude individuals resident in the territory. This article compares the development of the first citizenship laws in Australia and Slovenia, and the impact that these new laws had on the residents of both states. The first citizenship laws established by Australia were in 1948. More than forty years later in 1990, when Slovenia finally obtained independence from the former Yugoslavia, the new country was able to establish their own citizenship laws. The result of the Slovenian citizenship laws saw many former Yugoslav citizens who were resident in Slovenia being without citizenship of any state. Subsequently, these people were declared stateless. On the other hand, for Australia, the outcome was relatively smooth with the transition from British subjects to Australian citizenship.

GreenPM®

2013 ◽  
pp. 39-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Mochal ◽  
Andrea Krasnoff
Keyword(s):  
Project Management ◽  
Software Package ◽  
Material Handling ◽  
Resource Depletion ◽  
Project Managers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Management Process ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Unlimited Amount

The world is going green and we are collectively realizing that we do not have an unlimited amount of natural resources to utilize as we have done in the past. Material Handling Industry of America (2007) notes, “Not only do we have climate problems but we are also dealing with a resource depletion issue.” However, the project management profession seems to be in its infancy in applying green standards. How can we apply these “green” concepts to our project management discipline? One obvious way is that we can manage green projects more efficiently. For example, if you are the project manager on a project that will result in using less packaging in your products, it would be good if your project completed on time. The sooner that project ends, the sooner the green benefits will be achieved. On the other hand, if you are dealing with projects such as installing a new software package or upgrading network infrastructure, how can these projects become more environmentally friendly? The answer is Green Project Management (GreenPM®). Green project management is a model that allows project managers to think green throughout a project and make decisions that take into account the impact on the environment—if any. It is a way to ingrain “greenthink” (or green thinking) into every project management process. Greenthink connects the environment with the decisions that are made, whether project-related, professional, or in our everyday lives.

Communication Process in Family Reinforcing the Gender Differences in Bangladesh

2016 ◽  
pp. 137-147
Author(s):  
Sabiha Yeasmin Rosy ◽  
Md. Mynul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
The Other ◽  
Communication Process ◽  
Human Being ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
The World ◽  
Public World ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact

Family is an important institution to build a person's personality, morality, value and attitude. When this institution communicates properly, it shows the impact e.g. a boy or a girl becomes social human being. Unfortunately in our family gender biasness is reinforced continuously by starting to behave differently with boys and girls from the childhood. Parents communicate with them in a different way which constructs the traits of “masculinity” and “femininity”. Girls are compelled to learn the feminine role with politeness, submissiveness and their mobility is restricted in public world. It is a family which trains a girl to be a good mother, wife, sister or daughter, on the other hand a boy learns to be social, intellectual, able to run the world and strong. This different formation of role and behavior results in the ongoing discrimination everywhere in the society. This reinforcement is sort of relief from social stigmatization but has overall negative impact on life and through this family can be counted as the main birthplace of discrimination against women. Girls and boys must be raised neutrally to eradicate the gender differences and ensure the equality.

Impact of Social Media and Technology Companies on Digital Journalism

2019 ◽  
pp. 147-170
Author(s):  
Şükrü Oktay Kılıç ◽  
Zeynep Genel
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
News Media ◽  
Business Models ◽  
The Other ◽  
Media Companies ◽  
Digital Journalism ◽  
The World ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Media And Technology ◽  
The Impact

A handful of social media companies, with their shifting strategies to become hosts of all information available online, have significantly changed the news media landscape in recent years. Many news media companies across the world have gone through reorganizations in a bid to keep up with new storytelling techniques, technologies, and tools introduced by social media companies. With their non-transparent algorithms favoring particular content formats and lack of interest in developing solid business models for publishers, social media platforms, on the other hand, have attracted widespread criticism by many academics and media practitioners. This chapter aims at discussing the impact of social media on journalism with the help of digital research that provides an insight on what storytelling types with which three most-followed news outlets in Turkey gain the most engagement on Facebook.

The Significant Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Supply Chains

2022 ◽  
pp. 185-202
Author(s):  
Ana Paula Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chains ◽  
Consumer Demand ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
The Other ◽  
Operational Decisions ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
The World ◽  
Containment Measures ◽  
The Impact

As the COVID-19 pandemic has spread across the world, the existence of disruptions in demand and supply have become more severe, conducted by containment measures taken by countries and affecting different sectors around the world. Although businesses and workplaces are restarting activities in some countries, with containment measures gradually being lifted, overall consumer demand is expected to remain low, also determined by the loss of jobs and income. Therefore, the scale of the impact on supply chains exceeded anything most companies had anticipated. This study aims to understand how companies were affected and identify some lessons learned about their vulnerabilities and the possible ways to address them in the long term. On the other hand, it is intended to reveal some of the impacts of COVID-19 and make some practical suggestions that can help in political and operational decisions to strengthen and build additional resilience in supply chains in the future.

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