scholarly journals The interaction of climate history and evolution impacts alpine biodiversity assembly differently in freshwater and on land

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Jardim-deQueiroz ◽  
Carmela J. Doenz ◽  
Florian Altermatt ◽  
Roman Alther ◽  
Špela Borko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Radiation ◽  
Range Expansion ◽  
Glacial Refugia ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
European Alps ◽  
Climate History ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Climate Fluctuations ◽  
Quaternary Climate ◽  
Genetic Signatures

Quaternary climate fluctuations can affect biodiversity assembly through speciation in two non-mutually-exclusive ways: a glacial species pump, where isolation in glacial refugia accelerates allopatric speciation, and adaptive radiation during ice-free periods. Here we detected biogeographic and genetic signatures associated with both mechanisms in the generation of the European Alps biodiversity. Age distributions of endemic and widespread species within aquatic and terrestrial taxa (amphipods, fishes, amphibians, butterflies and flowering plants) revealed that endemic fish evolved only in lakes, are highly sympatric and mainly of Holocene age, consistent with adaptive radiation. Endemic amphipods are ancient, suggesting preglacial radiation with limited range expansion and local Pleistocene survival, perhaps facilitated by a groundwater-dwelling lifestyle. Terrestrial endemics are mostly of Pleistocene age, and are thus more consistent with the glacial species pump. The lack of evidence for Holocene adaptive radiation in the terrestrial biome may be attributable to a faster range expansion of these taxa after glacial retreats, though fewer stable environments may also have contributed to differences between terrestrial areas and lakes. The high proportion of young, endemic species make the Alps vulnerable to climate change, but the mechanisms and consequences of species loss will likely differ between biomes because of their distinct histories.

scholarly journals Glacial refugia and reticulate evolution: the case of the Tasmanian eucalypts

2004 ◽  
Vol 359 (1442) ◽  
pp. 275-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gay E. McKinnon ◽  
Gregory J. Jordan ◽  
René E. Vaillancourt ◽  
Dorothy A. Steane ◽  
Brad M. Potts
Keyword(s):  
Introgressive Hybridization ◽  
Glacial Refugia ◽  
Reticulate Evolution ◽  
Fire Frequency ◽  
Morphological Evidence ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Quaternary Climate ◽  
Large Island ◽  
Tasmanian Endemic

Tasmania is a natural laboratory for investigating the evolutionary processes of the Quaternary. It is a large island lying 40–44° S, which was repeatedly glaciated and linked to southeastern continental Australia during the Quaternary. Climate change promoted both the isolation of species in glacial refugia, and an exchange between Tasmanian and mainland floras. Eucalyptus is a complex and diverse genus, which has increased in abundance in Australia over the past 100 kyr, probably in response to higher fire frequency. Morphological evidence suggests that gene flow may have occurred between many eucalypt species after changes in their distribution during the Quaternary. This paper summarizes recent genetic evidence for migration and introgressive hybridization in Tasmanian Eucalyptus . Maternally inherited chloroplast DNA reveals a long–term persistence of eucalypts in southeastern Tasmanian refugia, coupled with introgressive hybridization involving many species. Detailed analysis of the widespread species Eucalyptus globulus suggests that migration from mainland Australia was followed by introgression involving a rare Tasmanian endemic. The data support the hypothesis that changes in distribution of interfertile species during the Quaternary have promoted reticulate evolution in Eucalyptus .

scholarly journals Middle Holocene Climate Oscillations Recorded in the Western Dvina Lakeland

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1611
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Mroczkowska ◽  
Dominik Pawłowski ◽  
Emilie Gauthier ◽  
Andrey Mazurkevich ◽  
Tomi P. Luoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River System ◽  
Summer Temperature ◽  
Human Occupation ◽  
Holocene Climate ◽  
Climate History ◽  
Remarkable Feature ◽  
Climate Oscillations ◽  
Climate Fluctuations ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic Oscillation

Although extensive archeological research works have been conducted in the Serteya region in recent years, the Holocene climate history in the Western Dvina Lakeland in Western Russia is still poorly understood. The Neolithic human occupation of the Serteyka lake–river system responded to climate oscillations, resulting in the development of a pile-dwelling settlement between 5.9 and 4.2 ka cal BP. In this paper, we present the quantitative paleoclimatic reconstructions of the Northgrippian stage (8.2–4.2 ka cal BP) from the Great Serteya Palaeolake Basin. The reconstructions were created based on a multiproxy (Chironomidae, pollen and Cladocera) approach. The mean July air temperature remained at 17–20 °C, which is similar to the present temperature in the Smolensk Upland. The summer temperature revealed only weak oscillations during 5.9 and 4.2 ka cal BP. A more remarkable feature during those events was an increase in continentality, manifested by a lower winter temperature and lower annual precipitation. During the third, intermediate oscillation in 5.0–4.7 ka cal BP, a rise in summer temperature and stronger shifts in continental air masses were recorded. It is still unclear if the above-described climate fluctuations are linked to the North Atlantic Oscillation and can be interpreted as an indication of Bond events because only a few high-resolution paleoclimatic reconstructions from the region have been presented and these reconstructions do not demonstrate explicit oscillations in the period of 5.9 and 4.2 ka cal BP.

Molecular evidence for glacial refugia of mountain plants in the European Alps

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 3547-3555 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. SCHONSWETTER ◽  
I. STEHLIK ◽  
R. HOLDEREGGER ◽  
A. TRIBSCH
Keyword(s):  
Glacial Refugia ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
European Alps ◽  
Mountain Plants

Late Quaternary climate history of the Horton Plains, central Sri Lanka

2003 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 1525-1541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rathnasiri Premathilake ◽  
Jan Risberg
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Late Quaternary ◽  
Climate History ◽  
Quaternary Climate ◽  
History Of

scholarly journals The cockle Cerastoderma edule at Northeast Atlantic shores: genetic signatures of glacial refugia

2011 ◽  
Vol 159 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Krakau ◽  
Sabine Jacobsen ◽  
Kurt Thomas Jensen ◽  
Karsten Reise
Keyword(s):  
Glacial Refugia ◽  
Cerastoderma Edule ◽  
Northeast Atlantic ◽  
Genetic Signatures

scholarly journals Relation between glacier-termini variations and summer temperature in Iceland since 1930

2007 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 170-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oddur Sigurđsson ◽  
Trausti Jónsson ◽  
Tómas Jóhannesson
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Summer Temperature ◽  
Climate Forcing ◽  
Correct Interpretation ◽  
Negative Mass ◽  
Climate History ◽  
Climate Fluctuations ◽  
Slowing Down

AbstractMeasurements of the retreat and advance of glacier termini are simple and straightforward and in many cases give clear indications about climate history. A careful analysis of glacier type and the processes that override the climate forcing of the mass balance are important for the correct interpretation of terminus variations in terms of climate fluctuations. Regular measurements of glacier variations in Iceland were started in 1930. The Iceland Glaciological Society is now responsible for the monitoring programme. The observed front variations of non-surge-type outlet glaciers of various sizes have closely mimicked major variations of the climate in Iceland during the 20th century. Most of the glaciers retreated rapidly during the warm decades from 1930 to 1960, slowing down as the climate cooled during the following decade, and started to advance after 1970. The rate of advance peaked in the 1980s, after which it slowed down as a consequence of rapid warming of the climate that has taken place since the mid-1980s. Mass-balance measurements show alternating positive and negative mass balance of glaciers during the period 1987–95, but the mass balance has been predominantly negative since 1996. Most glaciers in Iceland began to retreat after 1990, and by 2000 all monitored non-surge-type glaciers in Iceland were retreating. A comparison of the front variations of non-surge-type glaciers and mean summer temperature shows that the major shifts in the climate were followed by a change in the rate of advance or retreat at the termini with a delay of only a few years. This delay does not seem to correlate with the size, the mass turnover or other characteristics of the glacier.

scholarly journals Paleodistribution modeling suggests glacial refugia in Scandinavia and out‐of‐Tibet range expansion of the Arctic fox

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 170-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Fuentes‐Hurtado ◽  
Anouschka R. Hof ◽  
Roland Jansson
Keyword(s):  
Range Expansion ◽  
Glacial Refugia ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Fox

scholarly journals Repeated range expansion and niche shift in a volcanic hotspot archipelago: radiation of Hawaiian Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae)

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya Yang ◽  
Clifford W. Morden ◽  
Margaret J. Sporck-Koehler ◽  
Lawren Sack ◽  
Paul E. Berry
Keyword(s):  
Range Expansion ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Hawaiian Islands ◽  
Hawaiian Island ◽  
Coastal Vegetation ◽  
Niche Shift ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Island Endemic ◽  
Ideal System

AbstractAim The taxon cycle hypothesis describes the cyclic movement of taxa during range expansion and contraction, accompanied by an evolutionary shift from open and often coastal vegetation to closed, and often inland forest vegetation in island systems. The Hawaiian Archipelago is an ideal system to test this hypothesis given the linear fashion of island formation and a relatively well-understood geological history.Location Hawaiian Islands.Methods We sampled 153 individuals in 15 of the 16 native species of Hawaiian Euphorbia section Anisophyllum on six major Hawaiian Islands, plus 11 New World close relatives, to elucidate the biogeographic movement of this lineage along the Hawaiian island chain. We used a concatenated chloroplast DNA data set of more than eight kilobases in aligned length and applied maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference for phylogenetic reconstruction. Connectivity among islands and habitat types was estimated using BayesTraits. Age and phylogeographic patterns were co-estimated using BEAST. In addition, we used nuclear ribosomal ITS and the low-copy genes LEAFY and G3pdhC to investigate the reticulate relationships within this radiation.Results We estimate that Hawaiian Euphorbia first arrived on Kauai or Niihau ca. 5 million years ago and subsequently diverged into 16 species on all major Hawaiian Islands. During this process Euphorbia dispersed from older to younger islands in a stepping-stone fashion through open, dispersal-prone habitats. Taxa that occupy closed vegetation on Kauai and Oahu evolved in situ from open vegetation taxa of the same island. Consequently, widespread species tend to occupy habitats with open vegetation, whereas single island endemic species predominantly occur in habitats with closed canopy and are only found on the two oldest islands of Kauai and Oahu.Main conclusions The spatial and temporal patterns of dispersal and range shifts in Hawaiian Euphorbia support an intra-volcanic-archipelago version of the taxon cycle hypothesis.

scholarly journals European common frog (Rana temporaria) recolonised Switzerland from multiple glacial refugia in northern Italy via trans- and circum-Alpine routes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Jansen van Rensburg ◽  
M Robin ◽  
B C Phillips ◽  
J Van Buskirk
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Rana Temporaria ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Glacial Refugia ◽  
Interesting Case ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
European Alps ◽  
Frog Rana Temporaria ◽  
History Of

AbstractThe high mountain ranges of western Europe have had a profound effect on the recolonisation of Europe from glacial refugia. The Alps present a particularly interesting case, because they present an absolute barrier to dispersal to most lineages, obstructing recolonisation from multiple refugia in the Italian Alps. Here we investigate the effect of the European Alps on the the phylogeographic history of Rana temporaria across its range in Switzerland. Based on partial cytochrome b and COX1 sequences we find two mitochondrial lineages that occur roughly north and south of the alpine ridge bisecting Switzerland, with contact zones between them in the east and west. The northern haplogroup falls within the previously identified common western European haplogroup, while the southern haplogroup is unique to Switzerland. We find that the lineages diverged ~110 kya, approximately the onset of the last glacial maximum, indicative of origins in separate refugia. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that the lineages originate from two refugia in northern Italy, and colonised Switzerland via trans- and curcum-alpine routes. Our results show that the European Alps is a semi-permeable barrier to dispersal for R. temporaria, and have contributed to the complex recolonisation history of Switzerland.

Climate, History, and Social Change in Sweden and the Baltic Sea Area From About 1700

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Lilja
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
Environmental Discourse ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Climate History ◽  
Climate Fluctuations ◽  
Climate Research

The growing concern about global warming has turned focus in Sweden and other Baltic countries toward the connection between history and climate. Important steps have been taken in the scientific reconstruction of climatic parables. Historic climate data have been published and analyzed, and various proxy data have been used to reconstruct historic climate curves. The results have revealed an ongoing regional warming from the late 17th to the early 21st century. The development was not continuous, however, but went on in a sequence of warmer and colder phases.Within the fields of history and socially oriented climate research, the industrial revolution has often been seen as a watershed between an older and a younger climate regime. The breakthrough of the industrial society was a major social change with the power to influence climate. Before this turning point, man and society were climate dependent. Weather and short-term climate fluctuations had major impacts on agrarian culture. When the crops failed several years in sequence, starvation and excess mortality followed. As late as 1867–1869, northern Sweden and Finland were struck by starvation due to massive crop failures.Although economic activities in the agricultural sector had climatic effects before the industrial society, when industrialization took off in Sweden in the 1880s it brought an end to the large-scale starvations, but also the start of an economic development that began to affect the atmosphere in a new and broader way. The industrial society, with its population growth and urbanization, created climate effects. Originally, however, the industrial outlets were not seen as problems. In the 18th century, it was thought that agricultural cultivation could improve the climate, and several decades after the industrial take-off there still was no environmental discourse in the Swedish debate. On the contrary, many leading debaters and politicians saw the tall chimneys, cars, and airplanes as hopeful signs in the sky. It was not until the late 1960s that the international environmental discourse reached Sweden. The modern climate debate started to make its imprints as late as the 1990s.During the last two decades, the Swedish temperature curve has unambiguously turned upwards. Thus, parallel to the international debate, the climate issue has entered the political agenda in Sweden and the other Nordic countries. The latest development has created a broad political consensus in favor of ambitious climate goals, and the people have gradually started to adapt their consumption and lifestyles to the new prerequisites.Although historic climate research in Sweden has had a remarkable expansion in the last decades, it still leans too much on its climate change leg. The clear connection between the climate fluctuations during the last 300 years and the major social changes that took place in these centuries needs to be further studied.

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