scholarly journals Relation between glacier-termini variations and summer temperature in Iceland since 1930

2007 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 170-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oddur Sigurđsson ◽  
Trausti Jónsson ◽  
Tómas Jóhannesson
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Summer Temperature ◽  
Climate Forcing ◽  
Correct Interpretation ◽  
Negative Mass ◽  
Climate History ◽  
Climate Fluctuations ◽  
Slowing Down

AbstractMeasurements of the retreat and advance of glacier termini are simple and straightforward and in many cases give clear indications about climate history. A careful analysis of glacier type and the processes that override the climate forcing of the mass balance are important for the correct interpretation of terminus variations in terms of climate fluctuations. Regular measurements of glacier variations in Iceland were started in 1930. The Iceland Glaciological Society is now responsible for the monitoring programme. The observed front variations of non-surge-type outlet glaciers of various sizes have closely mimicked major variations of the climate in Iceland during the 20th century. Most of the glaciers retreated rapidly during the warm decades from 1930 to 1960, slowing down as the climate cooled during the following decade, and started to advance after 1970. The rate of advance peaked in the 1980s, after which it slowed down as a consequence of rapid warming of the climate that has taken place since the mid-1980s. Mass-balance measurements show alternating positive and negative mass balance of glaciers during the period 1987–95, but the mass balance has been predominantly negative since 1996. Most glaciers in Iceland began to retreat after 1990, and by 2000 all monitored non-surge-type glaciers in Iceland were retreating. A comparison of the front variations of non-surge-type glaciers and mean summer temperature shows that the major shifts in the climate were followed by a change in the rate of advance or retreat at the termini with a delay of only a few years. This delay does not seem to correlate with the size, the mass turnover or other characteristics of the glacier.

scholarly journals Middle Holocene Climate Oscillations Recorded in the Western Dvina Lakeland

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1611
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Mroczkowska ◽  
Dominik Pawłowski ◽  
Emilie Gauthier ◽  
Andrey Mazurkevich ◽  
Tomi P. Luoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River System ◽  
Summer Temperature ◽  
Human Occupation ◽  
Holocene Climate ◽  
Climate History ◽  
Remarkable Feature ◽  
Climate Oscillations ◽  
Climate Fluctuations ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic Oscillation

Although extensive archeological research works have been conducted in the Serteya region in recent years, the Holocene climate history in the Western Dvina Lakeland in Western Russia is still poorly understood. The Neolithic human occupation of the Serteyka lake–river system responded to climate oscillations, resulting in the development of a pile-dwelling settlement between 5.9 and 4.2 ka cal BP. In this paper, we present the quantitative paleoclimatic reconstructions of the Northgrippian stage (8.2–4.2 ka cal BP) from the Great Serteya Palaeolake Basin. The reconstructions were created based on a multiproxy (Chironomidae, pollen and Cladocera) approach. The mean July air temperature remained at 17–20 °C, which is similar to the present temperature in the Smolensk Upland. The summer temperature revealed only weak oscillations during 5.9 and 4.2 ka cal BP. A more remarkable feature during those events was an increase in continentality, manifested by a lower winter temperature and lower annual precipitation. During the third, intermediate oscillation in 5.0–4.7 ka cal BP, a rise in summer temperature and stronger shifts in continental air masses were recorded. It is still unclear if the above-described climate fluctuations are linked to the North Atlantic Oscillation and can be interpreted as an indication of Bond events because only a few high-resolution paleoclimatic reconstructions from the region have been presented and these reconstructions do not demonstrate explicit oscillations in the period of 5.9 and 4.2 ka cal BP.

scholarly journals From surge-type to non-surge-type glacier behaviour: midre Lovénbreen, Svalbard

2003 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 97-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siri Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Longitudinal Profile ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Negative Mass ◽  
Glacier Forefield ◽  
Area 5 ◽  
Valley Glacier ◽  
History Of

AbstractSince the beginning of the 1900s, the polythermal valley glacier midre Lovénbreen (area 5 km2) in northwestern Svalbard has retreated approximately 1km. The glacier has not surged for at least 110 years, and the present smooth longitudinal profile and negative mass balance suggest that it is not currently building up to a surge. Based on limited evidence, it has often been assumed that midre Lovénbreen surged around 1880. The ongoing retreat is probably due to quiescent-phase stagnation amplified by 20th-century climate change, as is the case for several other glaciers in Svalbard. Recently, small eskers have been found in the glacier forefield. Based on their geomorphological appearance, these are interpreted as concertina eskers, and they add to the dynamic history of the glacier. Midre Lovénbreen is interpreted as an example of a change from surge-type to non-surge-type glacier behaviour.

Global warming influences dynamics of plague’s epidemic manifestations in XX-XXI centuries

2017 ◽  
pp. 38-40
Author(s):  
E.S. Zenkevich ◽  
N.V. Popov
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Modern Trend ◽  
Climate Fluctuations ◽  
The World ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
High Level

During the second half of 20th century, a high level of plague incidence in the world was in 1960–1979 and 1990–2009. The significant decrease of infection cases was in 1950–1959, 1980–1989, 2010–2015. It is noticed, that the observed cyclical nature of the alternation of high and low incidence plague’s periods, in many respects related to modern trend of climate fluctuations.

scholarly journals Mass Balance Sensitivity and Future Projections of Rabots Glaciär, Sweden

Climate ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
Moon Taveirne ◽  
Laura Ekemar ◽  
Berta González Sánchez ◽  
Josefine Axelsson ◽  
Qiong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Climate Scenario ◽  
Summer Temperature ◽  
Glacier Mass Balance ◽  
Northern Sweden ◽  
Dramatic Decrease ◽  
Future Projections ◽  
Modelling Studies ◽  
The Relationship

Glacier mass balance is heavily influenced by climate, with responses of individual glaciers to various climate parameters varying greatly. In northern Sweden, Rabots Glaciär’s mass balance has decreased since it started being monitored in 1982. To relate Rabots Glaciär’s mass balance to changes in climate, the sensitivity to a range of parameters is computed. Through linear regression of mass balance with temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed and incoming radiation the climate sensitivity is established and projections for future summer mass balance are made. Summer mass balance is primarily sensitive to temperature at −0.31 m w.e. per °C change, while winter mass balance is mainly sensitive to precipitation at 0.94 m w.e. per % change. An estimate using summer temperature sensitivity projects a dramatic decrease in summer mass balance to −3.89 m w.e. for the 2091–2100 period under climate scenario RCP8.5. With large increases in temperature anticipated for the next century, more complex modelling studies of the relationship between climate and glacier mass balance is key to understanding the future development of Rabots Glaciär.

scholarly journals Glacier Surface Mass Balance in the Suntar-Khayata Mountains, Northeastern Siberia

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1949 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Zhang ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Zongli Jiang ◽  
Junfeng Wei ◽  
Hiroyuki Enomoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Surface Mass Balance ◽  
Negative Mass ◽  
Glacier Surface ◽  
Surface Mass ◽  
Northeastern Siberia ◽  
Response To Temperature ◽  
Rapid Mass

Arctic glaciers comprise a small fraction of the world’s land ice area, but their ongoing mass loss currently represents a large cryospheric contribution to the sea level rise. In the Suntar-Khayata Mountains (SKMs) of northeastern Siberia, in situ measurements of glacier surface mass balance (SMB) are relatively sparse, limiting our understanding of the spatiotemporal patterns of regional mass loss. Here, we present SMB time series for all glaciers in the SKMs, estimated through a glacier SMB model. Our results yielded an average SMB of −0.22 m water equivalents (w.e.) year−1 for the whole region during 1951–2011. We found that 77.4% of these glaciers had a negative mass balance and detected slightly negative mass balance prior to 1991 and significantly rapid mass loss since 1991. The analysis suggests that the rapidly accelerating mass loss was dominated by increased surface melting, while the importance of refreezing in the SMB progressively decreased over time. Projections under two future climate scenarios confirmed the sustained rapid shrinkage of these glaciers. In response to temperature rise, the total present glacier area is likely to decrease by around 50% during the period 2071–2100 under representative concentration pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5).

scholarly journals Ocean-driven thinning enhances iceberg calving and retreat of Antarctic ice shelves

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (11) ◽  
pp. 3263-3268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Liu ◽  
John C. Moore ◽  
Xiao Cheng ◽  
Rupert M. Gladstone ◽  
Jeremy N. Bassis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Climate Forcing ◽  
Empirical Estimate ◽  
Positive Mass ◽  
Ice Shelves ◽  
Total Mass Loss ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Iceberg Calving ◽  
Ice Sheet Mass Balance

Iceberg calving from all Antarctic ice shelves has never been directly measured, despite playing a crucial role in ice sheet mass balance. Rapid changes to iceberg calving naturally arise from the sporadic detachment of large tabular bergs but can also be triggered by climate forcing. Here we provide a direct empirical estimate of mass loss due to iceberg calving and melting from Antarctic ice shelves. We find that between 2005 and 2011, the total mass loss due to iceberg calving of 755 ± 24 gigatonnes per year (Gt/y) is only half the total loss due to basal melt of 1516 ± 106 Gt/y. However, we observe widespread retreat of ice shelves that are currently thinning. Net mass loss due to iceberg calving for these ice shelves (302 ± 27 Gt/y) is comparable in magnitude to net mass loss due to basal melt (312 ± 14 Gt/y). Moreover, we find that iceberg calving from these decaying ice shelves is dominated by frequent calving events, which are distinct from the less frequent detachment of isolated tabular icebergs associated with ice shelves in neutral or positive mass balance regimes. Our results suggest that thinning associated with ocean-driven increased basal melt can trigger increased iceberg calving, implying that iceberg calving may play an overlooked role in the demise of shrinking ice shelves, and is more sensitive to ocean forcing than expected from steady state calving estimates.

Extending the Place Glacier mass-balance record to AD 1585, using tree rings and wood density

2011 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa J. Wood ◽  
Dan J. Smith ◽  
Michael N. Demuth
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Climate Forcing ◽  
Glacier Mass Balance ◽  
Increment Core ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Circulation Indices ◽  
Forcing Mechanisms

AbstractRecognizing that climate influences both annual tree-ring growth and glacier mass balance, changes in the mass balance of Place Glacier, British Columbia, were documented from increment core records. Annually resolved ring-width (RW), maximum (MXD), and mean density (MD) chronologies were developed from Engelmann spruce and Douglas-fir trees sampled at sites within the surrounding region. A snowpack record dating to AD 1730 was reconstructed using a multivariate regression of spruce MD and fir RW chronologies. Spruce MXD and RW chronologies were used to reconstruct winter mass balance (Bw) for Place Glacier to AD 1585. Summer mass balance (Bs) was reconstructed using the RW chronology from spruce, and net balance was calculated from Bw and Bs. The reconstructions provide insight into the changes that snowpack and mass balance have undergone in the last 400 years, as well as identifying relationships to air temperature and circulation indices in southern British Columbia. These changes are consistent with other regional mass-balance reconstructions and indicate that the persistent weather systems characterizing large scale climate-forcing mechanisms play a significant glaciological role in this region. A comparison to dated moraine surfaces in the surrounding region substantiates that the mass-balance shifts recorded in the proxy data are evident in the response of glaciers throughout the region.

Influences of Classical Indian Music in Albert Roussel’s Evocations

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-141
Author(s):  
Noémi Karácsony ◽  
Mădălina Dana Rucsanda
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Musical Work ◽  
20Th Century Music ◽  
Musical Discourse ◽  
Orchestral Work ◽  
Indian Music ◽  
Albert Roussel ◽  
The Impact

"An important figure of early 20th century music, the French composer Albert Roussel was deeply influenced by his encounter with India, which led to the composition of several orientalist works. The present paper aims to disclose the influences of classical Indian music in the orchestral work Evocations. Despite the Impressionist sound of the musical discourse, a careful analysis reveals the incorporation of several scalar structures in which Hindu rāgas can be recognized. Roussel goes beyond the musical representation of India: his goal is not the creation of a musical work with powerful oriental sound, but the evocation of the impact this encounter had on his creation. Situated at the crossroad of several stylistic orientations, Roussel incorporates Impressionist, Neo-classical and Post-romantic influences in rigorously devised structures, aiming to create an unusual and novel sound. Keywords: Albert Roussel, orientalism, Impressionism, India, rāga "

scholarly journals A regression model for the mass-balance distribution of the Vatnajökull ice cap, Iceland

2003 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 189-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guðefinna Aðalgeirsdóttir ◽  
G. Hilmar Gudmundsson ◽  
Helgi Björnsson
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Surface Mass Balance ◽  
Negative Mass ◽  
Equilibrium Line Altitude ◽  
Surface Mass ◽  
Ice Cap ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Slope Direction

AbstractA non-linear regression model describing the mass-balance distribution of the whole Vatnajökull ice cap, Iceland, for the years 1992–2000 is presented. All available data from some 40 locations over this 9 year period were used to determine the parameters of the model. The regression model uses six adjustable parameters which all have a clear physical interpretation. They are the slope, direction and the height of the equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) plane, two altitude mass-balance gradients, and a maximum value of the surface mass balance. It is found that the temporal variation of the observed mass-balance distribution can be accurately described through annual shifts of the ELA. Annual shifts in ELA are on the order of 100 m, which is of the same magnitude as the change expected to be caused by the climate variation predicted during the next decades. A slight trend towards a more negative mass balance is detected during this 9 year period.

MONISMO PREDICAZIONALE SUI LIMITI DI UN’INTERPRETAZIONE EPISTEMOLOGICA DELL’ELEATISMO

Méthexis ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-33
Author(s):  
MASSIMO PULPITO
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
The Other ◽  
Traditional View ◽  
Profound Influence ◽  
The One

Today, the field of Parmenidean studies is still divided over the fundamental question of the correct exegesis of the verb 'to be' in the poem On Nature. The two principal interpretative lines supported by scholars are, on the one hand, the traditional view that understands the verb ‘to be’ in its existential sense and, on the other, the one that arose in the 20th century that focuses on its predicative sense. This paper examines the latest and most ambitious attempt to interpret the thought of Parmenides and the profound influence that he had on pluralist philosophers, starting from a purely predicative approach. It is an epistemological interpretation of the Eleaticism proposed by Patricia Curd, centred on the notion of ‘predicational monism’, which has the unquestionable merit to place Parmenides within the pre-Socratic naturalistic debate but that, after a careful analysis, fails to convince. In fact, this interpretation, which certainly appears to be one of the most articulate and intelligent proposals of recent years, raises a series of exegetical and argumentative problems that do not seem possible to resolve without exiting the predicative horizon.

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