scholarly journals Protection afforded by prior infection against SARS-CoV-2 reinfection with the Omicron variant

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heba Altarawneh ◽  
Hiam Chemaitelly ◽  
Patrick Tang ◽  
Mohammad Rubayet Hasan ◽  
Suelen Qassim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Calendar Time ◽  
Robust Estimates ◽  
Negative Case ◽  
Risk Of Exposure ◽  
Prior Infection ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Pcr Test

BACKGROUND: Natural SARS-CoV-2 infection elicits strong protection against reinfection with the Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), and Delta (B.1.617.2) variants. However, the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant harbors multiple mutations that can mediate immune evasion. We estimated effectiveness of prior infection in preventing reinfection (PES) with Omicron and other SARS-CoV-2 variants in Qatar. METHODS: PES was estimated using the test-negative, case-control study design, employing a methodology that was recently investigated and validated for derivation of robust estimates for PES. Cases (PCR-positive persons with a variant infection) and controls (PCR-negative persons) were exact-matched by sex, 10-year age group, nationality, and calendar time of PCR test, to control for known differences in the risk of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infection in Qatar. RESULTS: PES against symptomatic reinfection was estimated at 90.2% (95% CI: 60.2-97.6) for Alpha, 84.8% (95% CI: 74.5-91.0) for Beta, 92.0% (95% CI: 87.9-94.7) for Delta, and 56.0% (95% CI: 50.6-60.9) for Omicron. Only 1 Alpha, 2 Beta, 0 Delta, and 2 Omicron reinfections progressed to severe COVID-19. None progressed to critical or fatal COVID-19. PES against hospitalization or death due to reinfection was estimated at 69.4% (95% CI: -143.6-96.2) for Alpha, 88.0% (95% CI: 50.7-97.1) for Beta, 100% (95% CI: 43.3-99.8) for Delta, and 87.8% (95% CI: 47.5-97.1) for Omicron. CONCLUSIONS: Protection afforded by prior infection in preventing symptomatic reinfection with Alpha, Beta, or Delta is robust, at about 90%. While such protection against reinfection with Omicron is lower, it is still considerable at nearly 60%. Prior-infection protection against hospitalization or death at reinfection appears robust, regardless of variant.

scholarly journals Influenza vaccine effectiveness against hospitalisation due to laboratory-confirmed influenza in children in England in the 2015–2016 influenza season – a test-negative case–control study

2019 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. L. Boddington ◽  
F. Warburton ◽  
H. Zhao ◽  
N. Andrews ◽  
J. Ellis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Risk Group ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Vaccine Effectiveness ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Live Attenuated Vaccine ◽  
Negative Case ◽  
Control Study

AbstractEngland has recently started a new paediatric influenza vaccine programme using a live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV). There is uncertainty over how well the vaccine protects against more severe end-points. A test-negative case–control study was used to estimate vaccine effectiveness (VE) in vaccine-eligible children aged 2–16 years of age in preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza hospitalisation in England in the 2015–2016 season using a national sentinel laboratory surveillance system. Logistic regression was used to estimate the VE with adjustment for sex, risk-group, age group, region, ethnicity, deprivation and month of sample collection. A total of 977 individuals were included in the study (348 cases and 629 controls). The overall adjusted VE for all study ages and vaccine types was 33.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.3–54.6) after adjusting for age group, sex, index of multiple deprivation, ethnicity, region, sample month and risk group. Risk group was shown to be an important confounder. The adjusted VE for all influenza types for the live-attenuated vaccine was 41.9% (95% CI 7.3–63.6) and 28.8% (95% CI −31.1 to 61.3) for the inactivated vaccine. The study provides evidence of the effectiveness of influenza vaccination in preventing hospitalisation due to laboratory-confirmed influenza in children in 2015–2016 and continues to support the rollout of the LAIV childhood programme.

scholarly journals Recent MMR vaccination in Health Care Workers and Covid-19: a test negative case-control study

Vaccine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Lundberg ◽  
Maria Bygdell ◽  
Gustaf Stukat von Feilitzen ◽  
Susanne Woxenius ◽  
Claes Ohlsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Negative Case ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals 717. Antibiotic treatment of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli related gastroenteritis and the risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome: a population based matched case-control study in Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S409-S410
Author(s):  
Shota Myojin ◽  
Kyongsun Pak ◽  
Mayumi Sako ◽  
Tohru Kobayashi ◽  
Takuri Takahashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
Matched Case Control Study ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background The role of therapeutic intervention, particularly antibiotics, for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) related infection is controversial. Methods We performed a population based matched case-control study to assess the association between treatment (antibiotics, antidiarrheal agents and probiotics) for STEC related infections and HUS development. We identified all STEC HUS patients as cases and matched five non-HUS patients as controls using the data from the National Epidemiological Surveillance of Infectious Diseases (NESID) between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2018. Further medical information was obtained by standardized questionnaires answered by physicians who registered each patient. We used multivariate conditional logistic regression model to evaluate the association between exposures (use of antibiotics, use of antidiarrheal agents, days between disease onset and fosfomycin administration [within two or three days]) and the development of HUS, by matched odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Covariates we used were sex, age group, area code, presence of diarrhea and other factors. We also performed subgroup analyses using age (adults and children) as a stratification factor. Results 7,760 STEC related patients were registered in the NESID. We selected patients who had a record of HUS diagnosis (n=182) and matched controls without HUS (n=910). After collecting standardized paper-based questionnaires, we enrolled 90 HUS patients and 371 non-HUS patients for analysis. In the main analysis, matched OR of fosfomycin was 0.75(0.47-1.20) in all ages, 1.41(0.51-3.88) in adults and 0.58(0.34-1.01) in children. Matched OR of antidiarrheal agents was 2.07(1.07-4.03) in all ages, 1.84(0.32-10.53) in adults, 2.65(1.21-5.82) in children. Matched OR of probiotics was 0.86(0.46-1.61) in all ages, 0.76(0.21-2.71) in adults, 1.00(0.48-2.09) in children. There was no significant association between the timing of fosfomycin use in the first two or five days of illness and HUS development in any age group. Conclusion Our results suggest that fosfomycin might decrease the risk of HUS in children younger than 15 years of age with STEC confirmed bacterial gastroenteritis. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

scholarly journals Effectiveness of an inactivated virus-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBV152, in India: a test-negative, case-control study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devashish Desai ◽  
Adil Rashid Khan ◽  
Manish Soneja ◽  
Ankit Mittal ◽  
Shivdas Naik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Negative Case ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals Effectiveness of CoronaVac, ChAdOx1, BNT162b2 and Ad26.COV2.S among individuals with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago Cerqueira-Silva ◽  
Jason R Andrews ◽  
Viviane S Boaventura ◽  
Otavio T Ranzani ◽  
Vinicius de Araujo Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Control Study ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Symptomatic Infection ◽  
Series Completion ◽  
Negative Controls ◽  
Prior Infection ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Dose Vaccine

Background. COVID-19 vaccines have proven highly effective among SARS-CoV-2 naive individuals, but their effectiveness in preventing symptomatic infection and severe outcomes among individuals with prior infection is less clear. Methods. Utilizing national COVID-19 notification, hospitalization, and vaccination datasets from Brazil, we performed a case-control study using a test-negative design to assess the effectiveness of four vaccines (CoronaVac, ChAdOx1, Ad26.COV2.S and BNT162b2) among individuals with laboratory-confirmed prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. We matched RT-PCR positive, symptomatic COVID-19 cases with RT-PCR-negative controls presenting with symptomatic illnesses, restricting both groups to tests performed at least 90 days after an initial infection. We used multivariable conditional logistic regression to compare the odds of test positivity, and the odds of hospitalization or death due to COVID-19, according to vaccination status and time since first or second dose of vaccines. Findings. Among individuals with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic infection ≥ 14 days from vaccine series completion was 39.4% (95% CI 36.1-42.6) for CoronaVac, 56.0% (95% CI 51.4-60.2) for ChAdOx1, 44.0% (95% CI 31.5-54.2) for Ad26.COV2.S, and 64.8% (95% CI 54.9-72.4) for BNT162b2. For the two-dose vaccine series (CoronaVac, ChAdOx1, and BNT162b2), effectiveness against symptomatic infection was significantly greater after the second dose compared with the first dose. Effectiveness against hospitalization or death ≥ 14 days from vaccine series completion was 81.3% (95% CI 75.3-85.8) for CoronaVac, 89.9% (95% CI 83.5-93.8) for ChAdOx1, 57.7% (95% CI -2.6-82.5) for Ad26.COV2.S, and 89.7% (95% CI 54.3-97.7) for BNT162b2.

scholarly journals QT Interval Changes in Children With Febrile Convulsion Comparing With Healthy

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Alireza Teimouri ◽  
◽  
Noor Mohammad Noori ◽  
Ali Khajeh ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Qt Interval ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Febrile Convulsion ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Pediatric Cardiologist ◽  
Control Study

A temperature-related seizure is a febrile seizure that affects the QT interval. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in the QT interval caused by febrile convulsion compared with healthy children. Method This case-control study considered the distribution of 180 children equally shared between patients and controls. The study was conducted at the "Ali Ebne Abi Talib" Hospital in Zahedan, Iran. The disease diagnosed and confirmed based on standard definitions of febrile convulsion. QT interval measured by ECG and interpreted by a pediatric cardiologist and collected data were analyzed with SPSS 19 considering 0.05 as significant error. Results Among the ECG parameters, HR, R in aVL, S in V3, LVM, QTd, QTc and QTcd were significantly different in children with febrile convulsion compared to the peers. From those who had abnormal QTd, FC children were more frequented but not significant (CHI SQUARE=1.053, p=0.248), when children with FC were more in abnormality regarding QTc (CHI SQUARE=13.032, p<0.001) and QTcd (CHI SQUARE=21.6, P<0.001) significantly. In children with FC, those who were aged less than 12 months, had the highest level of HR but not significant (CHI SQUARE=4.59, p=0.101). Similar trends occurred for R in aVL and S in V3 that were higher in the age group >24 months (p>0.05). LVM had the highest value in the age group of >24 months significantly (CHI SQUARE= 52.674, P<0.001) and the other QT parameters were same in Fc children with different age groups (P>0.05). Conclusion From the study concluded that dispersion corrected QT, corrected QT and dispersion QT changed significantly in children with febrile convulsion in comparing with the healthy children but with constant values in children with FC in different age groups.

scholarly journals Smoking, the environment and meningococcal disease: a case control study

1994 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Stanwell ◽  
J. M. Stuart ◽  
A. O. Hughes ◽  
P. Robinson ◽  
M. B. Griffin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Meningococcal Disease ◽  
Stressful Life Events ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Control Study

SUMMARYThis case control study investigated environmental factors in 74 confirmed cases of meningococcal disease (MD). In children aged under 5, passive smoking in the home (30 or more cigarettes daily) was associated with an odds ratio (OR) of 7.5 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.46–38.66). ORs increased both with the numbers of cigarettes smoked and with the number of smokers in the household, suggesting a dose–response relationship. MD in this age group was also significantly associated with household overcrowding (more than 1.5 persons per room) (OR 6.0, 95% CI 1.10–32.8), with kisses on the mouth with 4 or more contacts in the previous 2 weeks (OR 2.46, 95% CI 1.09–5.56), with exposure to dust from plaster, brick or stone in the previous 2 weeks (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.07–4.65); and with changes in residence (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.0–8.99), marital arguments (OR 3.0, 95 % CI 1.26–7.17) and legal disputes in the previous 6 months (OR 3.10, 95% CI 1.24–7.78). These associations were independent of social class. Public health measures to lower the prevalence of cigarette smoking by parents of young children may reduce the incidence of MD. The influence of building dust and stressful life events merits further investigation.

Effectiveness of H1N1/09 monovalent and trivalent influenza vaccines against hospitalization with laboratory-confirmed H1N1/09 influenza in Australia: A test-negative case control study

Vaccine ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (43) ◽  
pp. 7320-7325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen C. Cheng ◽  
Tom Kotsimbos ◽  
Heath A. Kelly ◽  
Louis B. Irving ◽  
Simon D. Bowler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Influenza Vaccines ◽  
Negative Case ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals A CASE CONTROL STUDY ON DETERMINANTS OF CHILDHOOD ASTHMA IN SCHOOL CHIL-DREN OF CHITRADURGA CITY

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Prakruthi G. M. ◽  
Bharathi D. R. ◽  
Yogananda R.
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Asthma ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Asthmatic Children ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Strength Of Association ◽  
Control Study

Objective: Asthma is a chronic airway inflammatory disease in which many cells and cellular elements play a role often arising from allergies, subsequently cause shortness of breath, wheezing and coughing it affects children in different ways. To study the sociodemographic characteristics of asthmatic children and compare the predisposing factors of asthma in children.Methods: A Community based Case control study in selected schools in chitradurga for a period of 6 mo. A total of 90 children, among which 30 asthma children and 60 non asthma children were participated. Odds ratio will be calculated to know the strength of association. chi square test will be calculated to the significance.Results: A total of 90 children aged<14 y data. Female children are more exposed to asthma than male. In childhood asthma age group between 10-14years the age group of 10 y(26.7%) and 12 y (26.7%) were more exposed to the asthma.Conclusion: In Chitradurga city, the study area, is of no exception with regard to case control. From the total of 90 children selected for the study majority were found risk factors affected. It was due to their family history, exposure to pet animals, allergy, age group, BMI and sex.

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