scholarly journals The network properties of the brain at the time of normal birth support the acquisition of language processing

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piergiorgio Salvan ◽  
Tomoki Arichi ◽  
Diego Vidaurre ◽  
J Donald Tournier ◽  
Shona Falconer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Language Abilities ◽  
Normal Birth ◽  
Neural Substrate ◽  
Network Properties ◽  
The Brain

AbstractLanguage acquisition appears to rely at least in part on recruiting pre-existing brain structures. We hypothesized that the neural substrate for language can be characterized by distinct, non-trivial network properties of the brain, that modulate language acquisition early in development. We tested whether these brain network properties present at the normal age of birth predicted later language abilities, and whether these were robust against perturbation by studying infants exposed to the extreme environmental stress of preterm birth.We found that brain network controllability and integration predicted respectively phonological, ‘bottom-up’ and syntactical, ‘top-down’ language skills at 20 months, and that syntactical but not phonological functions were modulated by premature extrauterine life. These data show that the neural substrate for language acquisition is a network property present at term corrected age. These distinct developmental trajectories may be relevant to the emergence of social interaction after birth.

scholarly journals ANALISIS GANGGUAN BERBAHASA PADA ANAK DI KECAMATAN PAHAE JULU

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Sales Sitompul
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Language Disorders ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Acquisition Device ◽  
The Brain

This study originated from cases of language disorders that occur in society in Pahae Julu district. Language is a need to interact, and humans have been blessed with Language Acquisition Device (LAD) or any language by god. However, if when speaking of someone impaired both LAD and language processing part of the brain, then the communication will not be smooth. The language disorders can happen to anyone. The purpose of this study is to reveal some kinds of language disorders, cases of language disorders and to find out the causes of language disorders experienced by the community in Pahae Julu. The method used in this research is descriptive research method type of case studies.

Language Acquisition and Cerebral Specialization in 20-Month-Old Infants

1993 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debra L. Mills ◽  
Sharon A. Coffey-Corina ◽  
Helen J. Neville
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Left Hemisphere ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Language Abilities ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Anterior Posterior

The purpose of the present study was to examine patterns of neural activity relevant to language processing in 20-month-old infants, and to determine whether or not changes in cerebral organization occur as a function of specific changes in language development. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded as children listened to a series of words whose meaning was understood by the child, words whose meaning the child did not understand, and backward words. The results showed that specific and different ERP components discriminated comprehended words from unknown and from backward words. Distinct lateral and anterior-posterior specializations were apparent in EW responsiveness to the different types of words. Moreover, the results suggested that increasing language abilities were associated with increasing cerebral specialization for language processing over the temporal and parietal regions of the left hemisphere.

scholarly journals Sensory-modality independent activation of the brain network for language

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Arana ◽  
André Marquand ◽  
Annika Hultén ◽  
Peter Hagoort ◽  
Jan-Mathijs Schoffelen
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Sentence Processing ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Sensory Modality ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Large Network ◽  
Individual Subject ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe meaning of a sentence can be understood, whether presented in written or spoken form. Therefore it is highly probable that brain processes supporting language comprehension are at least partly independent of sensory modality. To identify where and when in the brain language processing is independent of sensory modality, we directly compared neuromagnetic brain signals of 200 human subjects (102 males) either reading or listening to sentences. We used multiset canonical correlation analysis to align individual subject data in a way that boosts those aspects of the signal that are common to all, allowing us to capture word-by-word signal variations, consistent across subjects and at a fine temporal scale. Quantifying this consistency in activation across both reading and listening tasks revealed a mostly left hemispheric cortical network. Areas showing consistent activity patterns include not only areas previously implicated in higher-level language processing, such as left prefrontal, superior & middle temporal areas and anterior temporal lobe, but also parts of the control-network as well as subcentral and more posterior temporal-parietal areas. Activity in this supramodal sentence processing network starts in temporal areas and rapidly spreads to the other regions involved. The findings do not only indicate the involvement of a large network of brain areas in supramodal language processing, but also indicate that the linguistic information contained in the unfolding sentences modulates brain activity in a word-specific manner across subjects.

Identifying neuroanatomical signatures in insomnia and migraine comorbidity

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kun-Hsien Chou ◽  
Pei-Lin Lee ◽  
Chih-Sung Liang ◽  
Jiunn-Tay Lee ◽  
Hung-Wen Kao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Structural Covariance ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
The Right ◽  
Global Brain ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Study Objectives While insomnia and migraine are often comorbid, the shared and distinct neuroanatomical substrates underlying these disorders and the brain structures associated with the comorbidity are unknown. We aimed to identify patterns of neuroanatomical substrate alterations associated with migraine and insomnia comorbidity. Methods High-resolution T1-weighted images were acquired from subjects with insomnia, migraine, and comorbid migraine and insomnia, respectively, and healthy controls (HC). Direct group comparisons with HC followed by conjunction analyses identified shared regional gray matter volume (GMV) alterations between the disorders. To further examine large-scale anatomical network changes, a seed-based structural covariance network (SCN) analysis was applied. Conjunction analyses also identified common SCN alterations in two disease groups, and we further evaluated these shared regional and global neuroanatomical signatures in the comorbid group. Results Compared with controls, patients with migraine and insomnia showed GMV changes in the cerebellum and the lingual, precentral, and postcentral gyri (PCG). The bilateral PCG were common GMV alteration sites in both groups, with decreased structural covariance integrity observed in the cerebellum. In patients with comorbid migraine and insomnia, shared regional GMV and global SCN changes were consistently observed. The GMV of the right PCG also correlated with sleep quality in these patients. Conclusion These findings highlight the specific role of the PCG in the shared pathophysiology of insomnia and migraine from a regional and global brain network perspective. These multilevel neuroanatomical changes could be used as potential image markers to decipher the comorbidity of the two disorders.

scholarly journals High Proficiency in a Second Language is Characterized by Greater Involvement of the First Language Network: Evidence from Chinese Learners of English

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 1649-1663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Cao ◽  
Ran Tao ◽  
Li Liu ◽  
Charles A. Perfetti ◽  
James R. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Chinese Speakers ◽  
Native Chinese Speakers ◽  
The Right

The assimilation hypothesis argues that second language learning recruits the brain network for processing the native language, whereas the accommodation hypothesis argues that learning a second language recruits brain structures not involved in native language processing. This study tested these hypotheses by examining brain activation of a group of native Chinese speakers, who were late bilinguals with varying levels of proficiency in English, when they performed a rhyming judgment to visually presented English word pairs (CE group) during fMRI. Assimilation was examined by comparing the CE group to native Chinese speakers performing the rhyming task in Chinese (CC group), and accommodation was examined by comparing the CE group to native English speakers performing the rhyming task in English (EE group). The CE group was very similar in activation to the CC group, supporting the assimilation hypothesis. Additional support for the assimilation hypothesis was the finding that higher proficiency in the CE group was related to increased activation in the Chinese network (as defined by the CC > EE), including the left middle frontal gyrus, the right inferior parietal lobule, and the right precuneus, and decreased activation in the English network (as defined by the EE > CC), including the left inferior frontal gyrus and the left inferior temporal gyrus. Although most of the results support assimilation, there was some evidence for accommodation as the CE group showed less activation in the Chinese network including the right middle occipital gyrus, which has been argued to be involved in holistic visuospatial processing of Chinese characters.

The Now-or-Never bottleneck: A fundamental constraint on language

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morten H. Christiansen ◽  
Nick Chater
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Language System ◽  
New Material ◽  
Linguistic Input ◽  
Duality Of Patterning ◽  
Available Information ◽  
The Brain

AbstractMemory is fleeting. New material rapidly obliterates previous material. How, then, can the brain deal successfully with the continual deluge of linguistic input? We argue that, to deal with this “Now-or-Never” bottleneck, the brain must compress and recode linguistic input as rapidly as possible. This observation has strong implications for the nature of language processing: (1) the language system must “eagerly” recode and compress linguistic input; (2) as the bottleneck recurs at each new representational level, the language system must build a multilevel linguistic representation; and (3) the language system must deploy all available information predictively to ensure that local linguistic ambiguities are dealt with “Right-First-Time”; once the original input is lost, there is no way for the language system to recover. This is “Chunk-and-Pass” processing. Similarly, language learning must also occur in the here and now, which implies that language acquisition is learning to process, rather than inducing, a grammar. Moreover, this perspective provides a cognitive foundation for grammaticalization and other aspects of language change. Chunk-and-Pass processing also helps explain a variety of core properties of language, including its multilevel representational structure and duality of patterning. This approach promises to create a direct relationship between psycholinguistics and linguistic theory. More generally, we outline a framework within which to integrate often disconnected inquiries into language processing, language acquisition, and language change and evolution.

scholarly journals Frequency-specific directed interactions in the human brain network for language

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Schoffelen ◽  
A. Hultén ◽  
N. Lam ◽  
A. Marquand ◽  
J. Uddén ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Causality Analysis ◽  
Functional Topology ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Beta Frequency ◽  
Bidirectional Interactions ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe brain’s remarkable capacity for language requires bidirectional interactions between functionally specialized brain regions. We used magnetoencephalography to investigate interregional interactions in the brain network for language, while 102 participants were reading sentences. Using Granger causality analysis, we identified inferior frontal cortex and anterior temporal regions to receive widespread input, and middle temporal regions to send widespread output. This fits well with the notion that these regions play a central role in language processing. Characterization of the functional topology of this network, using data-driven matrix factorization, which allowed for partitioning into a set of subnetworks, revealed directed connections at distinct frequencies of interaction. Connections originating from temporal regions peaked at alpha frequency, whereas connections originating from frontal and parietal regions peaked at beta frequency. These findings indicate that processing different types of linguistic information may depend on the contributions of distinct brain rhythms.One Sentence SummaryCommunication between language relevant areas in the brain is supported by rhythmic synchronization, where different rhythms reflect the direction of information flow.

Infant movement as a window into language processing

Gesture ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 222-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurel Fais ◽  
Julia Leibowich ◽  
Ladan Hamadani ◽  
Lana Ohira
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Coding System ◽  
Language Abilities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Manual Movements ◽  
Infant Language

We demonstrate differential, systematic, cross-modal responses to language by contrasting the regularities of infant movement behavior in contexts in which infants are presented with language stimuli, with those exhibited in the context of music. Using a detailed coding system, we show that infants recognize the social underpinnings of language and respond to language stimuli with vocal, gaze, head, and torso, (but not arm or manual) movements that differ from those exhibited to music stimuli. We propose that measures of these sorts of bodily gestures can not only provide a reliable supplement to looking time measures for gauging infant language abilities, but also uncover novel, richly textured nuances to our understanding of infant language acquisition.

scholarly journals Brain network motif topography may predict emergence from disorders of consciousness: a case series

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle Nadin ◽  
Catherine Duclos ◽  
Yacine Mahdid ◽  
Alexander Rokos ◽  
Mohamed Badawy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Series ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Disorders Of Consciousness ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Network Motifs ◽  
Relative Power ◽  
Network Properties ◽  
Recovery From Anesthesia ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Recovery Of Consciousness

Abstract Neuroimaging methods have improved the accuracy of diagnosis in patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC), but novel, clinically translatable methods for prognosticating this population are still needed. In this case series, we explored the association between topographic and global brain network properties and prognosis in patients with DOC. We recorded high-density electroencephalograms in three patients with acute or chronic DOC, two of whom also underwent an anesthetic protocol. In these two cases, we compared functional network motifs, network hubs and power topography (i.e. topographic network properties), as well as relative power and graph theoretical measures (i.e. global network properties), at baseline, during exposure to anesthesia and after recovery from anesthesia. We also compared these properties to a group of healthy, conscious controls. At baseline, the topographic distribution of nodes participating in alpha motifs resembled conscious controls in patients who later recovered consciousness and high relative power in the delta band was associated with a negative outcome. Strikingly, the reorganization of network motifs, network hubs and power topography under anesthesia followed by their return to a baseline patterns upon recovery from anesthesia, was associated with recovery of consciousness. Our findings suggest that topographic network properties measured at the single-electrode level might provide more prognostic information than global network properties that are averaged across the brain network. In addition, we propose that the brain network’s capacity to reorganize in response to a perturbation is a precursor to the recovery of consciousness in DOC patients.

scholarly journals Functional Neuroanatomy of Meaning Acquisition from Context

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 2153-2166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Mestres-Missé ◽  
Estela Càmara ◽  
Antoni Rodriguez-Fornells ◽  
Michael Rotte ◽  
Thomas F. Münte
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Imaging Study ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Parahippocampal Gyrus ◽  
Middle Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Functional Neuroanatomy ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
The Brain

An important issue in language learning is how new words are integrated in the brain representations that sustain language processing. To identify the brain regions involved in meaning acquisition and word learning, we conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Young participants were required to deduce the meaning of a novel word presented within increasingly constrained sentence contexts that were read silently during the scanning session. Inconsistent contexts were also presented in which no meaning could be assigned to the novel word. Participants showed meaning acquisition in the consistent but not in the inconsistent condition. A distributed brain network was identified comprising the left anterior inferior frontal gyrus (BA 45), the middle temporal gyrus (BA 21), the parahippocampal gyrus, and several subcortical structures (the thalamus and the striatum). Drawing on previous neuroimaging evidence, we tentatively identify the roles of these brain areas in the retrieval, selection, and encoding of the meaning.

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