scholarly journals Unifying mutualism diversity for interpretation and prediction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feilun Wu ◽  
Allison J. Lopatkin ◽  
Daniel A. Needs ◽  
Charlotte T. Lee ◽  
Sayan Mukherjee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Power ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Calibration Procedure ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Ecological Interaction ◽  
Level Of Abstraction ◽  
General Rules ◽  
Simple Rules ◽  
The Way

Coarse-grained rules are widely used in chemistry, physics and engineering. In biology, however, such rules are less common and under-appreciated. This gap can be attributed to the difficulty in establishing general rules to encompass the immense diversity and complexity of biological systems. Even when a rule is established, it is often challenging to map it to mechanistic details and to quantify these details. We here address these challenges on a study of mutualism, an essential type of ecological interaction in nature. Using an appropriate level of abstraction, we deduced a general rule that predicts the outcomes of mutualistic systems, including coexistence and productivity. We further developed a standardized calibration procedure to apply the rule to mutualistic systems without the need to fully elucidate or characterize their mechanistic underpinnings. Our approach consistently provides explanatory and predictive power with various simulated and experimental mutualistic systems. Our strategy can pave the way for establishing and implementing other simple rules for biological systems.

Multi-scale simulations of biological systems using the OPEP coarse-grained model

2018 ◽  
Vol 498 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Sterpone ◽  
Sébastien Doutreligne ◽  
Thanh Thuy Tran ◽  
Simone Melchionna ◽  
Marc Baaden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Systems ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Coarse Grained Model ◽  
Multi Scale

scholarly journals Should you save the more useful? The effect of generality on moral judgments about rescue and indirect effects

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucius Caviola ◽  
Stefan Schubert ◽  
Andreas Mogensen
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Moral Dilemmas ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Social Utility ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
General Phenomenon ◽  
Unemployed People ◽  
General Rules ◽  
The One

Across eight experiments (N = 2,310), we studied whether people would prioritize rescuing individuals who may be thought to contribute more to society. We found that participants were generally dismissive of general rules that prioritize more socially beneficial individuals, such as doctors instead of unemployed people. By contrast, participants were more supportive of one-off decisions to save the life of a more socially beneficial individual, even when such cases were the same as those covered by the rule. This generality effect occurred robustly even when controlling for various factors. It occurred when the decision-maker was the same in both cases, when the pairs of people differing in the extent of their indirect social utility was varied, when the scenarios were varied, when the participant samples came from different countries, and when the general rule only covered cases that are exactly the same as the situation described in the one-off condition. The effect occurred even when the general rule was introduced via a concrete precedent case. Participants’ tendency to be more supportive of the one-off proposal than the general rule was significantly reduced when they evaluated the two proposals jointly as opposed to separately. Finally, the effect also occurred in sacrificial moral dilemmas, suggesting it is a more general phenomenon in certain moral contexts. We discuss possible explanations of the effect, including concerns about negative consequences of the rule and a deontological aversion against making difficult trade-off decisions unless they are absolutelynecessary.

scholarly journals Movement Variability and the Use of Nonlinear Tools: Principles to Guide Physical Therapist Practice

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina T Harbourne ◽  
Nicholas Stergiou
Keyword(s):  
Complex Systems ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Physical Therapist ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
Movement Variability ◽  
Functional Movement ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
New Directions ◽  
The Way

Fields studying movement generation, including robotics, psychology, cognitive science, and neuroscience, utilize concepts and tools related to the pervasiveness of variability in biological systems. The concepts of variability and complexity and the nonlinear tools used to measure these concepts open new vistas for physical therapist practice and research in movement dysfunction of all types. Because mounting evidence supports the necessity of variability for health and functional movement, this perspective article argues for changes in the way therapists view variability, both in theory and in action. By providing clinical examples, as well as applying existing knowledge about complex systems, the aim of this article is to create a springboard for new directions in physical therapist research and practice.

World without colour and its photographs and optical images

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 79-97
Author(s):  
Reza Tavakol
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Visible Range ◽  
Optical Images ◽  
Cosmological Observations ◽  
The World ◽  
Visual Index ◽  
Different Origins ◽  
Human Eyes ◽  
The Way

Photographs and optical images, whatever their contents, are imprints of the electromagnetic waves in the (human) visible range of wavelengths, we refer to as light. Furthermore, they are designed to portray different parts of the visible light in terms of different colours, in analogy with the human eyes, however imperfectly. The world outside our eyes and cameras, however, is permeated by electromagnetic waves with much wider spectrum of wavelengths than those in the visible range. Importantly also, colour is a construct of our eye–brains: the Universe itself has no colour, independently of us. I ask how does the knowledge of these facts change the way we perceive the colour in optical images and photographs, whatever their relationship to the world in a representational sense may be? By employing three images, with very different origins and vistas – one a direct photograph, the other two synthetically constructed images using real cosmological observations – I demonstrate the extent to which colour in such images can hide the underlying phenomena of which they claim to visually speak, both due to its nature as a coarse-grained visual index, and by being restricted to the visible range. The aim is not to belittle the important role that our (restricted) vision together with our perception of colour have played in the evolution of our species, and still play in the way we relate to the world informationally, aesthetically and emotionally. But rather to show that recognizing the limitations of our vision and complementing it with the knowledge of the phenomena underlying optical images and photographs can allow us to perceive them anew and provide additional tools (both conceptual and visual) to imagine and envision such images outside the bounds of the visible range and colour.

Signs and sentiment in British wildlife art

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Welstead
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Affective Response ◽  
Level Of Abstraction ◽  
Critical Attention ◽  
Close Observation ◽  
Human World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Visual Clues ◽  
The Way

Wildlife art does not receive the critical attention that it deserves. In this chapter, William Welstead considers how the images made after close observation in the field incorporate the signs and visual clues that enable us to identify the species, have some idea of what the individuals are doing and how they relate to the wider environment. These are all important factors in building an informed view of the non-human world and establishing how we feel about it. Wildlife artists tread a difficult path between serving science and catering for the affective response of viewers and between the representational and the abstract in depicting their subject matter. Welstead suggests that the way we recognise wildlife by its overall look or ‘jizz’ means that drawings and paintings can capture in a few lines and shapes the essence of the creature. This economical application of lines and colour therefore allows for at least some level of abstraction. The subject would merit further attention from ecocritics.

The Contribution of MDA in Software-Defined Network

2021 ◽  
pp. 118-134
Author(s):  
Adra Hammoud ◽  
Mohamed Lahmer ◽  
Samir Mbarki ◽  
Fatima Sifou
Keyword(s):  
Software Defined Networking ◽  
Modeling Language ◽  
Software Defined Network ◽  
Model Driven Engineering ◽  
Model Driven ◽  
Level Of Abstraction ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Control And Management ◽  
The Way

Software-defined networking is changing the way we design and manage networks. This prominent paradigm based on the separation of control and management plane is highly heterogeneous with different devices from various technologies and leads to an incredible growing of materials. As SDN expands in size of devices and complexity, it faces greater administrative and management challenges. The paradigm of MDA was introduced using NETCONF/YANG as a way to model in order to deal with these management challenges and soften the development of SDN applications. The researchers joined the MDA and its related concepts as model-driven engineering to SDN to implement a platform called model-driven networking increasing the level of abstraction on development. This chapter presents a comprehensive survey of the research relating to MDN paradigm. It starts by introducing the basic concepts of SDN. Next, it presents the concepts related to MDA, and the YANG which is a modeling language. Last, it highlights the studies introducing the MDN paradigm and its benefits in SDN applications.

The Normalisation of Natural Philosophy: Occasional Causality and Coarse-Grained Reality

2020 ◽  
pp. 201-236
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Mutual Adaptation ◽  
Modern Natural ◽  
Conceptual Changes ◽  
Preliminary Application ◽  
The Way

This article investigates whether it possible to derive a new narrative about the transformation of early modern natural philosophy from the way in which natural philosophy was systematized in academic writings. It introduces the notion of ‘normalisation’—the mutual adaptation of certain ideas and existing traditions—as a way of studying and explaining conceptual changes during relatively long periods of time. The article provides the methodological underpinnings of this account of normalisation and offers a preliminary application of it by focusing on the role of ‘occasional causality’ in natural philosophy through the writings of four authors: Pierre Sylvain Régis (1632-1707), Johann Christoph Sturm (1635-1703), Petrus van Musschenbroek (1692-1761), and Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), who progressively normalise an account of ‘occasional causality’.

Some Recent Proposals in the Sphere of Administrative Justice

1938 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 926-931
Author(s):  
Kenneth C. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
Administrative Discretion ◽  
Administrative Management ◽  
Administrative Action ◽  
Complete Integration ◽  
General Rules ◽  
Rule Making ◽  
The Way

Among the problems touched upon by the President's Committee on Administrative Management is that of the role of administrative discretion in the governmental process. Both Professor Hart and Professor Cushman have contributed to the statement of, and have suggested solutions for, this problem.1 Professor Hart is concerned with the exercise of a rule-making discretion at the administrative level, and has ably defended the exercise of this type of decision-making by personnel under the control of the Executive rather than Congress. In other words, the mere fact that administrative action takes the form of general rules does not relate it functionally to the legislative department, and once the notion that rule-making is “legislation” in a separation-of-powers sense is got out of the way, the case for a complete integration of such powers under the control of the President can be pushed through to unqualified conclusion.

Part V Family Law, 21 Marriage and Other Adult Relationships

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torremans Paul
Keyword(s):  
Family Law ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Choice Of Law ◽  
Adult Relationships ◽  
Civil Partnership ◽  
Polygamous Marriage ◽  
Formal Validity ◽  
General Rules

This chapter examines the choice of law rules governing the formal validity of a marriage and those rules governing its essential validity or capacity to marry. It first considers the general rule governing the formalities of marriage as well as exceptions to the general rule before discussing the two main theories on the capacity to marry. It then looks at the reform of general rules on marriage, what law determines the nature of a marriage, the capacity to contract a polygamous marriage, and recognition of polygamous marriages in England. It also analyses the rules governing civil partnership and de facto cohabitation and concludes with an overview of special problems posed by polygamous marriages and same sex unions.

NATURE–INSPIRED INTELLIGENCE: A REVIEW OF SELECTED METHODS AND APPLICATIONS

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (04) ◽  
pp. 487-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
VASSILIOS VASSILIADIS ◽  
GEORGIOS DOUNIAS
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Real World ◽  
Optimization Problems ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
Artificial Immune Systems ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Survey Paper ◽  
The Way

The successful handling of numerous real–world complex problems has increased the popularity of nature–inspired intelligent (NII) algorithms and techniques. Their successful implementation primarily on difficult and complicated optimization problems, stresses their upcoming importance in the broader area of artificial intelligence. NII techniques take advantage of the way that biological systems deal with real–world situations. Specifically, they simulate the way real biological systems, such as the human brain, ant colonies and human immune system work, when solving complex real–world situations. In this survey paper, we briefly present a number of selected NII approaches and we point particular suitable areas of application for each of them. Specifically, five major categories of nature inspired approaches are presented, namely, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), DNA computing, artificial immune systems and membrane computing. Applications include problems related to optimization (financial, industrial and medical), task scheduling, system design (optimization of the system's parameters), image processing and data processing (feature selection and classification). We also refer to collaboration between NII techniques and classical AI methodologies, such as neural networks, genetic algorithms, fuzzy logic, etc. The current survey states that NII techniques are likely to become the next step in the rapid evolution of artificial intelligence tools.

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