scholarly journals The effects of psychiatric history and age on self-regulation of the default mode network

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stavros Skouras ◽  
Frank Scharnowski
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Default Mode Network ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Psychiatric History ◽  
Down Regulation ◽  
Default Mode ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractReal-time neurofeedback enables human subjects to learn to regulate their brain activity, effecting behavioral changes and improvements of psychiatric symptomatology. Neurofeedback up-regulation and down-regulation have been assumed to share common neural correlates. Neuropsychiatric pathology and aging incur suboptimal functioning of the default mode network. Despite the exponential increase in real-time neuroimaging studies, the effects of aging, pathology and the direction of regulation on neurofeedback performance remain largely unknown. Using open-access analyses and real-time fMRI data shared through the Rockland Sample Real-Time Neurofeedback project (N=136), we first modeled neurofeedback performance and learning in a group of subjects with psychiatric history (na=74) and a healthy control group (nb=62). Subsequently, we examined the relationship between up-regulation and down-regulation learning, the relationship between age and neurofeedback performance in each group and differences in neurofeedback performance between the two groups. Results show that in an initial session of default mode network neurofeedback with real-time fMRI, up-regulation and down-regulation learning scores are negatively correlated. Moreover, age correlates negatively with default mode network neurofeedback performance, only in absence of psychiatric history. Finally, adults with psychiatric history outperform healthy controls in default mode network up-regulation. Interestingly, the performance difference is related to no up-regulation learning in controls.

scholarly journals Self‐regulation of ventromedial prefrontal cortex activation using real‐time fMRI neurofeedback—Influence of default mode network

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 342-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Mayeli ◽  
Masaya Misaki ◽  
Vadim Zotev ◽  
Aki Tsuchiyagaito ◽  
Obada Al Zoubi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Default Mode Network ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Default Mode

scholarly journals Human back-tracking behaviour is associated with suppression of default-mode region activity and enhanced dorsal anterior cingulate activity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir-Homayoun Javadi ◽  
Eva Zita Patai ◽  
Eugenia Marin-Garcia ◽  
Aaron Margois ◽  
Heng-Ru M. Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Default Mode Network ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Dynamic Environments ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Default Mode ◽  
The Brain

AbstractCentral to the concept of the ‘cognitive map’ is that it confers behavioural flexibility, allowing animals to take efficient detours, exploit shortcuts and realise the need to back-track rather than persevere on a poorly chosen route. The neural underpinnings of such naturalistic and flexible behaviour remain unclear. During fMRI we tested human subjects on their ability to navigate to a set of goal locations in a virtual desert island riven by lava, which occasionally shifted to block selected paths (necessitating detours) or receded to open new paths (affording shortcuts). We found that during self-initiated back-tracking, activity increased in frontal regions and the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, while activity in regions associated with the core default-mode network was suppressed. Detours activated a network of frontal regions compared to shortcuts. Activity in right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex specifically increased when participants encountered new plausible shortcuts but which in fact added to the path (false shortcuts). These results help inform current models as to how the brain supports navigation and planning in dynamic environments.Significance StatementAdaptation to change is important for survival. Although real-world spatial environments are prone to continual change, little is known about how the brain supports navigation in dynamic environments where flexible adjustments to route plans are needed. Here, we used fMRI to examine the brain activity elicited when humans took forced detours, identified shortcuts and spontaneously back-tracked along their recent path. Both externally and internally generated changes in the route activated the fronto-parietal attention network, whereas only internally generated changes generated increased activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex with a concomitant disengagement in regions associated with the default-mode network. The results provide new insights into how the brain plans and re-plans in the face of a changing environment.

Quantitative analysis of mitral annulus morphology in aortic stenosis using real time 3-dimentional transesophageal echocardiography

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
W Suzuki ◽  
Y Nakano ◽  
H Ohashi ◽  
H Ando ◽  
K Waseda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mitral Valve ◽  
Aortic Stenosis ◽  
Transesophageal Echocardiography ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Mitral Annulus ◽  
Left Ventricular Ejection ◽  
Control Group ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Saddle Shape

Abstract Background Normal mitral annulus morphology is known to be saddle shape. There are a few reports regarding the relationship between flattening of the mitral annular saddle shape and mitral regurgitation. However, the relationship between aortic stenosis (AS) and mitral annulus morphology is unknown. Purpose To assess the impact of AS on mitral annular saddle shape using 3-dimentional transesophageal echocardiography. Methods A total of consecutive 83 subjects including 44 patients with severe AS (AS group) and 39 patients without AS (control group), who underwent real-time 3-dimentional transesophageal echocardiography of the mitral valve, were enrolled. The 3-dimentional geometry of the mitral annulus apparatus was evaluated by the parameters analyzed using dedicated quantification software such as anteroposterior diameter (APD), commissural width (CW), annular height (AH), mitral annulus (MA) area and annular height to commissural width ratio (AHCWR) as shown in Figure. We assessed the impact of severe AS on AHCWR, which is the key parameter showing flattening of the mitral annular saddle shape. These parameters were adjusted by body surface area (BSA). Exclusion criteria included left ventricular ejection fraction <50%, the presence of aortic regurgitation, mitral valve disease, pericardial or congenital diseases, endocarditis, cardiomyopathy, prior myocardial infarction, and paroxysmal or persistent atrial fibrillation. Results Comparisons of mitral valve geometry between AS group and control group are summarized in Table. AH/BSA and AHCWR were significantly lower in AS group compared with control group. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed severe AS to be a significant and independent predictor of lowering AHCWR (β=−0.39, t=−4.04, p<0.001) (adjusted with MA area, selected by stepwise analysis). Conclusions Severe AS might contribute to flattening of the mitral annular saddle shape, lead to the mitral annular structural remodeling. Assessment of the mitral annulus morphology might help evaluating severe AS. Mitral annulus 3-dimensional geometry Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

Patterns of Brain Activity Supporting Autobiographical Memory, Prospection, and Theory of Mind, and Their Relationship to the Default Mode Network

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1112-1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Nathan Spreng ◽  
Cheryl L. Grady
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Default Mode Network ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Default Mode ◽  
Cognitive Behaviors ◽  
Core Set ◽  
Multiple Processes ◽  
Human Feature

The ability to rise above the present environment and reflect upon the past, the future, and the minds of others is a fundamentally defining human feature. It has been proposed that these three self-referential processes involve a highly interconnected core set of brain structures known as the default mode network (DMN). The DMN appears to be active when individuals are engaged in stimulus-independent thought. This network is a likely candidate for supporting multiple processes, but this idea has not been tested directly. We used fMRI to examine brain activity during autobiographical remembering, prospection, and theory-of-mind reasoning. Using multivariate analyses, we found a common pattern of neural activation underlying all three processes in the DMN. In addition, autobiographical remembering and prospection engaged midline DMN structures to a greater degree and theory-of-mind reasoning engaged lateral DMN areas. A functional connectivity analysis revealed that activity of a critical node in the DMN, medial prefrontal cortex, was correlated with activity in other regions in the DMN during all three tasks. We conclude that the DMN supports common aspects of these cognitive behaviors involved in simulating an internalized experience.

scholarly journals O4.4. REAL TIME FMRI NEUROFEEDBACK TARGETING STG AND DMN REDUCES AUDITORY HALLUCINATIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S10-S10
Author(s):  
Margaret Niznikiewicz ◽  
Kana Okano ◽  
Clemens Bauer ◽  
Paul Nestor ◽  
Elizabetta Del Re ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Default Mode Network ◽  
Superior Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Central Executive ◽  
Auditory Hallucinations ◽  
Default Mode ◽  
Central Executive Network ◽  
Voice Recording

Abstract Background Auditory hallucinations (AH) are one of the core symptoms of schizophrenia (SZ) and constitute a significant source of suffering and disability. One third of SZ patients experience pharmacology-resistant AH, so an alternative/complementary treatment strategy is needed to alleviate this debilitating condition. In this study, real-time functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging neurofeedback (rt-fMRI NFB), a non-invasive technique, was used to help 10 SZ patients modulate their brain activity in key brain regions belonging to the network involved in the experience of auditory hallucinations. In two experiments we selected two different brain targets. 1. the superior temporal gyrus (STG) and 2. default mode network (DMN)-central executive network (CEN) connectivity. STG is a key area in the neurophysiology of AH. Hyperactivation of the default mode network (DMN) and of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) in SZ has been shown in imaging studies. Furthermore, several studies point to reduced anticorrelation between the DMN and the central executive network (CEN). Finally, DMN hyperconnectivity has been associated with positive symptoms such as AHs while reduced DMN anticorrelations have been associated with cognitive impairment. Methods In the STG-focused NFB experiment, subjects were trained to upregulate the STG activity while listening to their own voice recording and downregulate it while ignoring a stranger’s voice recording in the course of 21 min NFB session. Visual feedback was provided to subjects at the end of each run from their own STG activity in the form of a thermometer. AH were assessed with auditory hallucination scale pre-NFB and within a week after the NFB session. The DMN-CEN focused NFB experiment was conducted about 1 month later to minimize the carry over effects from the STG-focused NFB and was designed to help SZ patients modulate their DMN and CEN networks. DMN and CEN networks were defined individually for each subject. The goal of the task was to increase CEN-DMN anti-correlations. To achieve that patients were provided with meditation strategies to guide their performance. Feedback was provided in the form of a ball that traveled up if the modulation of DMN-CEN connectivity was successful and traveled down if it was not successful. AH measures were taken before the NFB session and within a week after the session. Results In the STG-focused NFB task, significant STG activation reduction was found in the comparison of pre- relative to post-NFB in the condition of ignoring another person’s voice (p<0.05), FWE-TFCE corrected. AH were also significantly reduced (p<0.01). Importantly, significant correlation was found between reductions in the STG activation and AH reductions (r=.83). In the DMN-CEN focused NFB task, significant increase in the anti-correlations between medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (p<0.05) was observed as well as significant reduction in the mPFC-PCC connectivity (p <0.05), in the pre-post NFB comparisons. AH were significantly reduced in post- relative to pre-NFB comparison (p<0.02). Finally, there was a significant correlation between individual scores in mPFC-STG connectivity and AH reductions. Discussion These the two experiments suggest that targeting both the STG BOLD activation and DMN-CEN connectivity in NFB tasks aimed at AH reduction result both in brain changes and in AH reductions. Together, these results provide strong preliminary support for the NFB use as a means to impact brain function leading to reductions in AH in SZ. Importantly, these results suggest that AH result from brain abnormalities in a network of brain regions and that targeting a brain region belonging to this network will lead to AH symptom reduction.

scholarly journals Spontaneous Brain Activity in the Default Mode Network Is Sensitive to Different Resting-State Conditions with Limited Cognitive Load

PLoS ONE ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. e5743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaogan Yan ◽  
Dongqiang Liu ◽  
Yong He ◽  
Qihong Zou ◽  
Chaozhe Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Default Mode Network ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Default Mode ◽  
Spontaneous Brain Activity

scholarly journals Temporal circuit of macroscale dynamic brain activity supports human consciousness

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. eaaz0087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zirui Huang ◽  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Jinsong Wu ◽  
George A. Mashour ◽  
Anthony G. Hudetz
Keyword(s):  
Default Mode Network ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Human Consciousness ◽  
Attention Network ◽  
Attention Networks ◽  
Default Mode ◽  
Dorsal Attention Network ◽  
Brain States

The ongoing stream of human consciousness relies on two distinct cortical systems, the default mode network and the dorsal attention network, which alternate their activity in an anticorrelated manner. We examined how the two systems are regulated in the conscious brain and how they are disrupted when consciousness is diminished. We provide evidence for a “temporal circuit” characterized by a set of trajectories along which dynamic brain activity occurs. We demonstrate that the transitions between default mode and dorsal attention networks are embedded in this temporal circuit, in which a balanced reciprocal accessibility of brain states is characteristic of consciousness. Conversely, isolation of the default mode and dorsal attention networks from the temporal circuit is associated with unresponsiveness of diverse etiologies. These findings advance the foundational understanding of the functional role of anticorrelated systems in consciousness.

scholarly journals The Functional Convergence and Heterogeneity of Social, Episodic, and Self-Referential Thought in the Default Mode Network

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 5915-5929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanya Wen ◽  
Daniel J Mitchell ◽  
John Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Default Mode Network ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Moral Dilemmas ◽  
Default Mode ◽  
Multiple Components ◽  
Common Activity ◽  
Rest Condition

Abstract The default mode network (DMN) is engaged in a variety of cognitive settings, including social, semantic, temporal, spatial, and self-related tasks. Andrews-Hanna et al. (2010; Andrews-Hanna 2012) proposed that the DMN consists of three distinct functional–anatomical subsystems—a dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dMPFC) subsystem that supports social cognition; a medial temporal lobe (MTL) subsystem that contributes to memory-based scene construction; and a set of midline core hubs that are especially involved in processing self-referential information. We examined activity in the DMN subsystems during six different tasks: 1) theory of mind, 2) moral dilemmas, 3) autobiographical memory, 4) spatial navigation, 5) self/other adjective judgment, and 6) a rest condition. At a broad level, we observed similar whole-brain activity maps for the six contrasts, and some response to every contrast in each of the three subsystems. In more detail, both univariate analysis and multivariate activity patterns showed partial functional separation, especially between dMPFC and MTL subsystems, though with less support for common activity across the midline core. Integrating social, spatial, self-related, and other aspects of a cognitive situation or episode, multiple components of the DMN may work closely together to provide the broad context for current mental activity.

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