scholarly journals Spatiotemporal neural correlates of brain-computer interface learning

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Constance Corsi ◽  
Mario Chavez ◽  
Denis Schwartz ◽  
Nathalie George ◽  
Laurent Hugueville ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Related Activity ◽  
Computer Interfaces ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Communication Control

AbstractBrain-computer interfaces have been largely developed to allow communication, control, and neurofeedback in human beings. Despite their great potential, BCIs perform inconsistently across individuals. Moreover, the neural processes activated by training that enable humans to achieve good control remain poorly understood. In this study, we show that BCI skill acquisition is paralleled by a progressive reinforcement of task-related activity and by the reduction of connectivity between regions beyond those primarily targeted during the experiments. Notably, these patterns of activity and connectivity reflect growing automaticity and predict future BCI performance. Altogether, our findings provide new insights in the neural mechanisms underlying BCI learning, which have implications for the use of this technology in a broad range of real-life applications.

scholarly journals Magnetoencephalographic Signals Identify Stages in Real-Life Decision Processes

2001 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 241-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Braeutigam ◽  
John F. Stins ◽  
Steven P. R. Rose ◽  
Stephen J. Swithenby ◽  
Tim Ambler
Keyword(s):  
Functional Anatomy ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Brand Choice ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Motor Speech ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Shopping Experience ◽  
Life Decision ◽  
High Salience

We used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to study the dynamics of neural responses in eight subjects engaged in shopping for day-to-day items from supermarket shelves. This behavior not only has personal and economic importance but also provides an example of an experience that is both personal and shared between individuals. The shopping experience enables the exploration of neural mechanisms underlying choice based on complex memories. Choosing among different brands of closely related products activated a robust sequence of signals within the first second after the presentation of the choice images. This sequence engaged first the visual cortex (80-100 ms), then as the images were analyzed, predominantly the left temporal regions (310-340 ms). At longer latency, characteristic neural activetion was found in motor speech areas (500-520 ms) for images requiring low salience choices with respect to previous (brand) memory, and in right parietal cortex for high salience choices (850-920 ms). We argue that the neural processes associated with the particular brand-choice stimulus can be separated into identifiable stages through observation of MEG responses and knowledge of functional anatomy.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporally distinct neural mechanisms underlie our reactions to and comparison between value-based options

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Frömer ◽  
A. Shenhav
Keyword(s):  
Neural Activity ◽  
Consumer Goods ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Related Activity

AbstractPrevious research suggests that people evaluate options in at least two ways: (1) appraising their overall value and (2) choosing between them. Here we test whether these processes are temporally dissociable, with appraisal-related processes tied to the time one’s options appear and choice-related processes tied to the time a decision is made. We recorded EEG while participants individually rated and subsequently made choices between consumer goods. As predicted, we found appraisal-related neural activity locked to the onset of the stimuli and choice-related activity locked to (and preceding) the response. Patterns of appraisal- and choice-related activity were further associated with distinct topographical profiles. Using a novel neural index of one’s certainty about a given item’s value, we also provide evidence that choices and choice-related activity were further modulated by this option-specific value certainty. Taken together, our results support the hypothesis that spatiotemporally distinct mechanisms underlie appraisal and choice, suggesting that commonly observed neural correlates of choice value may reflect either or both of these processes.

scholarly journals I am happy for us: Neural processing of vicarious joy when winning for parents versus strangers

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1309-1322
Author(s):  
Philip Brandner ◽  
Berna Güroğlu ◽  
Eveline A. Crone
Keyword(s):  
Family Relationships ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Emotional Closeness ◽  
Neural Processes

AbstractThis study investigated the neural processes underlying vicarious joy and their dependence on emotional closeness. Prior studies revealed that the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) is a target brain region for processing rewards for self, but the neural mechanisms of processing rewards for others are not yet well understood. A functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm was employed in young adults (N = 30), in combination with a self-report questionnaire on the perceived emotional closeness to the target. We examined the neural correlates of vicarious rewards when winning money for oneself or one of three other targets. To examine family relationships, two of the targets were the mother and father of the participants, and the third target was an unknown stranger. We found an increase in activation in the NAcc when playing for family members compared with a stranger. We further observed a difference in neural activation when winning for the father compared with the mother in an extended network involving the medial prefrontal cortex and precuneus, brain regions involved in mentalizing. These findings were not related to reports of emotional closeness. This new paradigm has considerable value for future research into the fundamental neural processes underlying empathy and vicarious joy.

Psychology: Volume 1

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Positive Psychology ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Cognitive Capability ◽  
Affective Processes ◽  
Abstract Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cognition And Affect

This survey of research on psychology in five volumes is a part of a series undertaken by the ICSSR since 1969, which covers various disciplines under social science. Volume One of this survey, Cognitive and Affective Processes, discusses the developments in the study of cognitive and affective processes within the Indian context. It offers an up-to-date assessment of theoretical developments and empirical studies in the rapidly evolving fields of cognitive science, applied cognition, and positive psychology. It also analyses how pedagogy responds to a shift in the practices of knowing and learning. Additionally, drawing upon insights from related fields it proposes epithymetics–desire studies – as an upcoming field of research and the volume investigates the impact of evolving cognitive and affective processes in Indian research and real life contexts. The development of cognitive capability distinguishes human beings from other species and allows creation and use of complex verbal symbols, facilitates imagination and empowers to function at an abstract level. However, much of the vitality characterizing human life is owed to the diverse emotions and desires. This has made the study of cognition and affect as frontier areas of psychology. With this in view, this volume focuses on delineating cognitive scientific contributions, cognition in educational context, context, diverse applications of cognition, psychology of desire, and positive psychology. The five chapters comprising this volume have approached the scholarly developments in the fields of cognition and affect in innovative ways, and have addressed basic as well applied issues.

Neural Correlates of Syntactic Processing in Two-Year-Olds

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 1667-1678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regine Oberecker ◽  
Manuela Friedrich ◽  
Angela D. Friederici
Keyword(s):  
Sentence Processing ◽  
Phrase Structure ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Syntactic Processing ◽  
Early Language ◽  
Late Positivity ◽  
Early Language Development ◽  
First Pass ◽  
Anterior Negativity

Event-related brain potential (ERP) studies of sentence processing in adults have shown that phrase-structure violations are associated with two ERP components: an early left anterior negativity (ELAN) and a late, centro-parietal positivity (P600). Although the ELAN reflects highly automatic first-pass sentence parsing, the P600 has been interpreted to reflect later, more controlled processes. The present ERP study investigates the processing of phrase-structure violations in children below three years of age. Both children (mean age of 2.8 years) and adults passively listened to short active sentences that were either correct or syntactically incorrect. Adults displayed an ELAN that was followed by a P600 to the syntactic violation. Children also demonstrated a biphasic ERP pattern consisting of an early left hemispheric negativity and a late positivity. Both components, however, started later and persisted longer than those observed in adults. The left lateralization of the children's negativity suggests that this component can be interpreted as a child-specific precursor to the ELAN observed in adults. The appearance of the early negativity indicates that the neural mechanisms of syntactic parsing are present, in principle, during early language development.

scholarly journals Neural mechanisms underlying regulation of empathy and altruism by beliefs of others' pain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Yu ◽  
Shihui Han
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Altruistic Behavior ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Temporoparietal Junction ◽  
Subjective Estimation ◽  
Show Evidence

Perceived cues signaling others' pain induce empathy that in turn motivates altruistic behavior toward those who appear suffering. This perception-emotion-behavior reactivity is the core of human altruism but does not always occur in real life situations. Here, by integrating behavioral and multimodal neuroimaging measures, we investigate neural mechanisms underlying the functional role of beliefs of others' pain in modulating empathy and altruism. We show evidence that decreasing (or enhancing) beliefs of others' pain reduces (or increases) subjective estimation of others' painful emotional states and monetary donations to those who show pain expressions. Moreover, decreasing beliefs of others' pain attenuates neural responses to perceived cues signaling others' pain within 200 ms after stimulus onset and modulate neural responses to others' pain in the frontal cortices and temporoparietal junction. Our findings highlight beliefs of others' pain as a fundamental cognitive basis of human empathy and altruism and unravel the intermediate neural architecture.

scholarly journals Neural correlates of subsequent memory-related gaze reinstatement

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordana S. Wynn ◽  
Zhong-Xu Liu ◽  
Jennifer D. Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Oculomotor Control ◽  
Related Activity ◽  
Pattern Similarity ◽  
Occipital Pole

AbstractMounting evidence linking gaze reinstatement- the recapitulation of encoding-related gaze patterns during retrieval- to behavioral measures of memory suggests that eye movements play an important role in mnemonic processing. Yet, the nature of the gaze scanpath, including its informational content and neural correlates, has remained in question. In the present study, we examined eye movement and neural data from a recognition memory task to further elucidate the behavioral and neural bases of functional gaze reinstatement. Consistent with previous work, gaze reinstatement during retrieval of freely-viewed scene images was greater than chance and predictive of recognition memory performance. Gaze reinstatement was also associated with viewing of informationally salient image regions at encoding, suggesting that scanpaths may encode and contain high-level scene content. At the brain level, gaze reinstatement was predicted by encoding-related activity in the occipital pole and basal ganglia, neural regions associated with visual processing and oculomotor control. Finally, cross-voxel brain pattern similarity analysis revealed overlapping subsequent memory and subsequent gaze reinstatement modulation effects in the parahippocampal place area and hippocampus, in addition to the occipital pole and basal ganglia. Together, these findings suggest that encoding-related activity in brain regions associated with scene processing, oculomotor control, and memory supports the formation, and subsequent recapitulation, of functional scanpaths. More broadly, these findings lend support to Scanpath Theory’s assertion that eye movements both encode, and are themselves embedded in, mnemonic representations.

scholarly journals Novel Neonatal Simulator Provides High-Fidelity Ventilation Training Comparable to Real-Life Newborn Ventilation

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 940
Author(s):  
Joanna Haynes ◽  
Peder Bjorland ◽  
Øystein Gomo ◽  
Anastasia Ushakova ◽  
Siren Rettedal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Neonatal Resuscitation ◽  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
High Resource ◽  
Clinical Conditions

Face mask ventilation of apnoeic neonates is an essential skill. However, many non-paediatric healthcare personnel (HCP) in high-resource childbirth facilities receive little hands-on real-life practice. Simulation training aims to bridge this gap by enabling skill acquisition and maintenance. Success may rely on how closely a simulator mimics the clinical conditions faced by HCPs during neonatal resuscitation. Using a novel, low-cost, high-fidelity simulator designed to train newborn ventilation skills, we compared objective measures of ventilation derived from the new manikin and from real newborns, both ventilated by the same group of experienced paediatricians. Simulated and clinical ventilation sequences were paired according to similar duration of ventilation required to achieve success. We found consistencies between manikin and neonatal positive pressure ventilation (PPV) in generated peak inflating pressure (PIP), mask leak and comparable expired tidal volume (eVT), but positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was lower in manikin ventilation. Correlations between PIP, eVT and leak followed a consistent pattern for manikin and neonatal PPV, with a negative relationship between eVT and leak being the only significant correlation. Airway obstruction occurred with the same frequency in the manikin and newborns. These findings support the fidelity of the manikin in simulating clinical conditions encountered during real newborn ventilation. Two limitations of the simulator provide focus for further improvements.

scholarly journals Evolutionary Multitasking-Based Multiobjective Optimization Algorithm for Channel Selection in Hybrid Brain Computer Interfacing Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianyu Liu ◽  
Zhixiong Xu ◽  
Lei Cao ◽  
Guowei Tan
Keyword(s):  
Multiobjective Optimization ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Channel Selection ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Neural Engineering ◽  
Computer Interfaces ◽  
Classification Tasks ◽  
Optimization Methodology ◽  
Brain Computer Interfacing ◽  
Selection Of

Hybrid-modality brain-computer Interfaces (BCIs), which combine motor imagery (MI) bio-signals and steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs), has attracted wide attention in the research field of neural engineering. The number of channels should be as small as possible for real-life applications. However, most of recent works about channel selection only focus on either the performance of classification task or the effectiveness of device control. Few works conduct channel selection for MI and SSVEP classification tasks simultaneously. In this paper, a multitasking-based multiobjective evolutionary algorithm (EMMOA) was proposed to select appropriate channels for these two classification tasks at the same time. Moreover, a two-stage framework was introduced to balance the number of selected channels and the classification accuracy in the proposed algorithm. The experimental results verified the feasibility of multiobjective optimization methodology for channel selection of hybrid BCI tasks.

scholarly journals Neural correlates of beauty retouching to enhance attractiveness of self-depictions in women

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chisa Ota ◽  
Tamami Nakano
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Facial Attractiveness ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Amygdala Activity ◽  
Increased Activity

AbstractBeauty filters, while often employed for retouching photos to appear more attractive on social media, when used in excess cause images to give a distorted impression. The neural mechanisms underlying this change in facial attractiveness according to beauty retouching level remain unknown. The present study used functional magnetic resonance imaging in women as they viewed photos of their own face or unknown faces that had been retouched at three levels: no, mild, and extreme. The activity in the nucleus accumbens (NA) exhibited a positive correlation with facial attractiveness, whereas amygdala activity showed a negative correlation with attractiveness. Even though the participants rated others’ faces as more attractive than their own, the NA showed increased activity only for their mildly retouched own face and the amygdala exhibited greater activation in the others’ faces condition than the own face condition. Moreover, amygdala activity was greater for extremely retouched faces than for unretouched or mildly retouched faces for both conditions. Frontotemporal and cortical midline areas showed greater activation for one’s own than others’ faces, but such self-related activation was absent when extremely retouched. These results suggest that neural activity dynamically switches between the NA and amygdala according to perceived attractiveness of one’s face.

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