scholarly journals Microstructural and Functional Gradients are Increasingly Dissociated in Transmodal Cortices

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Casey Paquola ◽  
Reinder Vos De Wael ◽  
Konrad Wagstyl ◽  
Richard A.I. Bethlehem ◽  
Seok-Jun Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
System Level ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Neural Function ◽  
Structural Constraints ◽  
Primate Research ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryWhile the role of cortical microstructure in organising neural function is well established, it remains unclear how structural constraints can give rise to more flexible elements of cognition. While non-human primate research has demonstrated a close structure-function correspondence, the relationship between microstructure and function remains poorly understood in humans, in part because of the reliance onpost mortemanalyses which cannot be directly related to functional data. To overcome this barrier, we developed a novel approach to model the similarity of microstructural profiles sampled in the direction of cortical columns. Our approach was initially formulated based on an ultra-high-resolution 3D histological reconstruction of an entire human brain and then translated to myelin-sensitive MRI data in a large cohort of healthy adults. This novel method identified a system-level gradient of microstructural differentiation traversing from primary sensory to limbic regions that followed shifts in laminar differentiation and cytoarchitectural complexity. Importantly, while microstructural and functional gradients described a similar hierarchy, they became increasingly dissociated in transmodal default mode and fronto-parietal networks. Meta analytic decoding of these topographic dissociations highlighted involvement in higher-level aspects of cognition such as cognitive control and social cognition. Our findings demonstrate a relative decoupling of macroscale functional from microstructural gradients in transmodal regions, which likely contributes to the flexible role these regions play in human cognition.

An exploration of adolescent nonsuicidal self-injury and religious coping

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. Westers ◽  
Mark Rehfuss ◽  
Lynn Olson ◽  
Constance M. Wiemann
Keyword(s):  
Religious Coping ◽  
Self Injury ◽  
Negative Religious Coping ◽  
Religious Constructs ◽  
And Function ◽  
Role Of Religion ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Pearson Correlations ◽  
Nonsuicidal Self Injury

Abstract Many adolescents who engage in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) self-identify as religious, but the role of religion in their NSSI is not known. This exploratory study examined the relationship between religious coping and religiousness among adolescents who self-injure and the function of their NSSI. Thirty adolescents aged 12–19 years who had engaged in NSSI participated in an interview and completed questionnaires. Multiple regressions were used to examine the relationship between religious coping and NSSI, and Pearson correlations were used to assess the relationship between religiousness and function of NSSI. Greater use of positive religious coping was associated with lower likelihood of engaging in NSSI to rid oneself of unwanted emotions, whereas greater use of negative religious coping was associated with greater likelihood of engaging in NSSI for this reason as well as to avoid punishment or unwanted responsibility. Higher religiousness was associated with greater use of NSSI to communicate with or gain attention from others, whereas lower religiousness was associated with greater use of NSSI to relieve unwanted emotions. Having a greater understanding of how religious constructs are related to the various functions served by NSSI may inform treatment of this population, particularly among religious youth who self-injure.

scholarly journals Alpha oscillations govern interhemispheric spike timing coordination in the honey bee brain

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1921) ◽  
pp. 20200115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tzvetan Popov ◽  
Paul Szyszka
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bee ◽  
Spike Timing ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Gamma Activity ◽  
Alpha Oscillations ◽  
Brain Signals ◽  
Spontaneous Oscillation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Neuronal Spikes

In 1929 Hans Berger discovered the alpha oscillations: prominent, ongoing oscillations around 10 Hz in the electroencephalogram of the human brain. These alpha oscillations are among the most widely studied brain signals, related to cognitive phenomena such as attention, memory and consciousness. However, the mechanisms by which alpha oscillations affect human cognition await demonstration. Here, we suggest the honey bee brain as an experimentally more accessible model system for investigating the functional role of alpha oscillations. We found a prominent spontaneous oscillation around 18 Hz that is reduced in amplitude upon olfactory stimulation. Similar to alpha oscillations in primates, the phase of this oscillation biased both timing of neuronal spikes and amplitude of high-frequency gamma activity (40–450 Hz). These results suggest a common role of alpha oscillations across phyla and provide an unprecedented new venue for causal studies on the relationship between neuronal spikes, brain oscillations and cognition.

scholarly journals The Intermingling of State and Private Companies: Analysing Censorship of the 19th National Communist Party Congress on WeChat

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
Lotus Ruan ◽  
Masashi Crete-Nishihata ◽  
Jeffrey Knockel ◽  
Ruohan Xiong ◽  
Jakub Dalek
Keyword(s):  
Communist Party ◽  
Information Control ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Political Events ◽  
Critical Content ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Party Congress

Abstract This paper examines the relationship between political events and information control on WeChat through a longitudinal analysis of keyword censorship related to China's 19th National Communist Party Congress (NCPC19). We use a novel method to track censorship on WeChat before, during and after the NCPC19 to probe the following questions. Does censorship change after an event is over? What roles do the government and private companies play in information control in China? Our findings show that the system of information control in China can trigger blunt reactions to political events. In addition to critical content around the Congress and leaders, WeChat also censored neutral and potentially positive references to government policies and ideological concepts. The decision making behind this censorship is a product of the interaction between the government, which influences actions through directives, and the companies, which ultimately implement controls on their platforms. While this system is effective in compelling companies to implement censorship, the intermingling of the state and private companies can lead to outcomes that may not align with government strategies. We call for a deeper understanding of the role of private companies in censorship and a more nuanced assessment of the government's capacity to control social media.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Personal Resources and Depression in a Sample of Victims of Cyberbullying: Comparison of Groups with and without Symptoms of Depression

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (24) ◽  
pp. 9307
Author(s):  
Lourdes Rey ◽  
Cirenia Quintana-Orts ◽  
Sergio Mérida-López ◽  
Natalio Extremera
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Personal Resources ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Adolescent Victims

Previous research has highlighted the relationship between being cybervictimised and the presence of clinical symptoms, such as depression. To date, however, there has been no comparative analysis of the personal resources profiles of adolescent victims of cyberbullying with and without depressive symptoms. The current study analysed the relationship between positive personal resources and clinical symptoms in 251 adolescent victims of cyberbullying at several Spanish high schools. It examined how several positive personal resources varied in adolescent victims of cyberbullying who displayed symptoms of depression (n = 89) or did not (n = 162). Victims of cyberbullying who displayed depressive symptoms reported lower levels of personal resources (emotional intelligence, gratitude, optimism, and forgiveness) than those who did not. Logistic regression provided evidence that gratitude was the strongest predictor of depressive symptoms in victims of cyberbullying, followed by emotional intelligence and optimism. These findings expand the existing literature on the role of personal resources in mental health and highlight the need for their development in youths to help them cope more effectively and function better after being cyberbullied.

scholarly journals Expression of CD markers in JAK2V617F positive myeloproliferative neoplasms: Prognostic significance

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeid Shahrabi ◽  
Ali Ehsanpour ◽  
Somayyeh Heidary ◽  
Mohammad Shahjahani ◽  
Masumeh Maleki Behzad
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Prognostic Biomarker ◽  
Myeloproliferative Neoplasms ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Prognostic Significance ◽  
Leukemic Transformation ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cd Markers

Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are clonal stem cell disorders characterized by the presence of JAK2V617F mutation. Thrombohemorrhagic as well as autoimmune or inflammatory phenomena are common clinical outcomes of these disorders. Recent studies have shown that abnormality in frequency and function of blood cells manifested by an alteration in CD markers’ expression patterns play a key role in these complications. So, there may be a relationship between CD markers’ expressions and prognosis of JAK2V617F positive MPNs. Therefore, in this review, we have focused on these abnormalities from the perspective of changing expressions of CD markers and assessment of the relationship between these changes with prognosis of JAK2V617F positive MPNs. It can be stated that the abnormal expression of a large number of CD markers can be used as a prognostic biomarker for clinical outcomes including thrombohememorrhagic events, as well as autoimmune and leukemic transformation in JAK2V617F positive MPNs. Considering the possible role of CD markers’ expressions in JAK2V617F MPNs prognosis, further studies are needed to confirm the relationship between the expression of CD markers with prognosis to be able to find an appropriate therapeutic approach via targeting CD markers.

Toward an Affective Aesthetics: Cognitive-Driven Interaction in the Affective Environment of the Mind Cupola

Leonardo ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brigitta Zics
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Feedback Loops ◽  
Affective Responses ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Human Response ◽  
Artistic Practice ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Cognitive Feedback ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Relationship

This article presents two interactive artworks that represent a shift in artistic practice in their approach to active spectatorship. This approach to interaction incorporates the cognitive processes of the participant through an aesthetic interconnection between technological effect and affective human response. The discussion of the artworks seeks to demonstrate how this aesthetic interconnection creates a novel approach to an engagement with interaction, while suggesting a new forum for addressing the philosophical problem of the relationship between body and mind. This aesthetic interconnection between technology and human cognition, which will be referred to as affective aesthetics, is stimulated by introducing a novel application of emerging technologies that dynamically effect and evaluate the participant's affective responses through cognitive feedback loops within interactive artworks.

1. Everything has structure

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Blockley
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Structural Engineering ◽  
Fitness For Purpose ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Environmental Criteria ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
And Function ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

‘Everything has structure’ considers the fundamental nature and role of structure and the relationship of structural engineering with other engineering disciplines and with architecture. Decision making is driven by the purpose of a man-made structure and how ‘fitness for purpose’ is realised. There is a need to understand how forces flow through a structure in order to ensure it meets its primary purpose of being strong and safe whilst at the same time meeting many other needs such as affordability, aesthetic, and regulatory and environmental criteria. The best structures are a harmony of architecture and engineering—where form and function are one and the flow of forces is logical.

Enzyme redesign and interactions of substrate analogues with sterol methyltransferase to understand phytosterol diversity, reaction mechanism and the nature of the active site

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 1189-1196 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.D. Nes
Keyword(s):  
Active Site ◽  
Functional Divergence ◽  
Product Distribution ◽  
Site Directed Mutagenesis ◽  
Site Model ◽  
Bifunctional Enzymes ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Sterol Methyltransferase

Several STM (sterol methyltransferase) genes have been cloned, sequenced and expressed in bacteria recently, making it possible to address questions of the relationship between sterol structure and function. The active site and mechanism of action of a set of phylogenetically diverse SMTs have been probed by site-directed mutagenesis as well as by using substrate and related analogues of the SMT-catalysed reaction. An active-site model has been developed that is in accord with the results presented, which is consistent with the hypothesis that SMTs are bifunctional enzymes kinetically responsible to bind Δ24-acceptor sterols of specific steric and electronic character and rigid orientation imposed by multiple hydrophobic active site contacts exacted from a common waxy core. Functional divergence influenced by the architectural role of sterols in membranes is considered to govern the evolution of product distribution and specificity of individual SMTs as discussed.

The Left Needs Rhythm

2019 ◽  
pp. 181-218
Author(s):  
Sarah Ehlers
Keyword(s):  
Political Community ◽  
Community Formation ◽  
Popular Front ◽  
Jewish American ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Lorine Niedecker ◽  
Historical Relationship ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter considers the role of the archive in left literary studies through a recovery of Jewish-American communist poet Martha Millet. Specifically, it uses Millet’s work to trace a history and theory of poetic rhythm that rethinks the relationship between modernist poetic forms and left politics. The chapter’s first section uses Millet’s involvement with the children’s magazine The New Pioneer to unpack the historical relationship between traditional forms and political community formation. The generic histories enacted by communist children’s poems provide a foundation for considering how rhythm was evoked in Popular Front and antifascist poetic discourses. The second section argues that during the Popular Front diverse traditional genres were collapsed into an ideal rhythmic poem, where rhythm described both form and function. The third section focuses on Millet’s contributions to Seven Poets in Search of an Answer (1944) to demonstrate how rhythm was redefined in antifascist discourses. Throughout, the chapter suggests how Millet’s poetry might be read in relation to poets such as Carl Sandburg, Lorine Niedecker, and Kenneth Fearing. A coda returns to Millet’s Cold War criticism in order to ask what is at stake in her critical erasure and her critical recovery.

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