scholarly journals Alpha oscillations govern interhemispheric spike timing coordination in the honey bee brain

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1921) ◽  
pp. 20200115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tzvetan Popov ◽  
Paul Szyszka
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bee ◽  
Spike Timing ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Gamma Activity ◽  
Alpha Oscillations ◽  
Brain Signals ◽  
Spontaneous Oscillation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Neuronal Spikes

In 1929 Hans Berger discovered the alpha oscillations: prominent, ongoing oscillations around 10 Hz in the electroencephalogram of the human brain. These alpha oscillations are among the most widely studied brain signals, related to cognitive phenomena such as attention, memory and consciousness. However, the mechanisms by which alpha oscillations affect human cognition await demonstration. Here, we suggest the honey bee brain as an experimentally more accessible model system for investigating the functional role of alpha oscillations. We found a prominent spontaneous oscillation around 18 Hz that is reduced in amplitude upon olfactory stimulation. Similar to alpha oscillations in primates, the phase of this oscillation biased both timing of neuronal spikes and amplitude of high-frequency gamma activity (40–450 Hz). These results suggest a common role of alpha oscillations across phyla and provide an unprecedented new venue for causal studies on the relationship between neuronal spikes, brain oscillations and cognition.

scholarly journals Alpha oscillations govern interhemispheric spike timing coordination in the honey bee brain

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tzvetan Popov ◽  
Paul Szyszka
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bee ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Spike Timing ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Gamma Activity ◽  
Alpha Oscillations ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Spontaneous Neural Activity ◽  
Neuronal Spikes

AbstractIn 1929 Hans Berger discovered the alpha oscillations: a prominent, ongoing 10 Hz rhythm in the human electroencephalogram (EEG). These alpha oscillations are amongst the most widely studied cerebral signals, related to cognitive phenomena such as attention, memory, and consciousness. However, the mechanisms by which alpha oscillations affect human cognition await demonstration. Here we suggest the honey bee brain as an experimentally more accessible model system for investigating the functional roles of alpha oscillations. We found a prominent alpha wave-like spontaneous neural activity (~ 18 Hz) that is reduced in amplitude upon stimulus presentation. The phase of this alpha activity biased both timing of neuronal spikes and amplitude of high-frequency gamma activity (~ 30 Hz). These results suggest a common role of oscillatory neuronal activity across phyla and provide an unprecedented new venue for causal studies on the relationship between neuronal spikes, brain oscillations, and cognition.

scholarly journals Microstructural and Functional Gradients are Increasingly Dissociated in Transmodal Cortices

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Casey Paquola ◽  
Reinder Vos De Wael ◽  
Konrad Wagstyl ◽  
Richard A.I. Bethlehem ◽  
Seok-Jun Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
System Level ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Neural Function ◽  
Structural Constraints ◽  
Primate Research ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryWhile the role of cortical microstructure in organising neural function is well established, it remains unclear how structural constraints can give rise to more flexible elements of cognition. While non-human primate research has demonstrated a close structure-function correspondence, the relationship between microstructure and function remains poorly understood in humans, in part because of the reliance onpost mortemanalyses which cannot be directly related to functional data. To overcome this barrier, we developed a novel approach to model the similarity of microstructural profiles sampled in the direction of cortical columns. Our approach was initially formulated based on an ultra-high-resolution 3D histological reconstruction of an entire human brain and then translated to myelin-sensitive MRI data in a large cohort of healthy adults. This novel method identified a system-level gradient of microstructural differentiation traversing from primary sensory to limbic regions that followed shifts in laminar differentiation and cytoarchitectural complexity. Importantly, while microstructural and functional gradients described a similar hierarchy, they became increasingly dissociated in transmodal default mode and fronto-parietal networks. Meta analytic decoding of these topographic dissociations highlighted involvement in higher-level aspects of cognition such as cognitive control and social cognition. Our findings demonstrate a relative decoupling of macroscale functional from microstructural gradients in transmodal regions, which likely contributes to the flexible role these regions play in human cognition.

scholarly journals Orexin and Alzheimer’s Disease: A New Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 621-626
Author(s):  
Yoo Hyun Um ◽  
Hyun Kook Lim
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Objective Measure ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Cognitive Profiles ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Close Observation ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The Relationship

Orexin’s role in human cognition has recently been emphasized and emerging evidences indicate its close relationship with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This review aimed to demonstrate recent research on the relationship between orexin and AD. Orexin’s role in stress regulation and memory is discussed, with significant findings related to sexual disparities in stress response, with potential clinical implications pertaining to AD pathology. There are controversies regarding the orexin levels in AD patients, but the role of orexin in the trajectory of AD is still emphasized in recent literatures. Orexin is also accentuated in the context of tau pathology, and orexin as a potential therapeutic target for AD is frequently discussed. Future directions with regard to the relationship between orexin and AD are suggested: 1) consideration for AD trajectory in the measurement of orexin levels, 2) the need for objective measure such as polysomnography and actigraphy, 3) the need for close observation of cognitive profiles of orexin-deficient narcolepsy patients, 4) the need for validation studies by neuroimaging 5) the need for taking account sexual disparities in orexinergic activiation, and 6) consideration for orexin’s role as a stress regulator. The aforementioned new perspectives could help unravel the relationship between orexin and AD.

The Legacy of Salomon Maimon

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Nisenbaum
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
German Idealism ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Pure Reason ◽  
Critique Of Pure Reason ◽  
Transcendental Deduction ◽  
Philosophical Significance ◽  
Argumentative Structure ◽  
The Relationship

Salomon Maimon decisively influenced the development of post-Kantian German Idealism, but there is little consensus on how to interpret most aspects of his thought, including the nature and philosophical significance of his skepticism and the reasons why he challenged Kant’s transcendental deduction of the categories in the Critique of Pure Reason. In this chapter, Nisenbaum argues that the two ideas that define Fichte’s doctrine of science, or Wissenschaftslehre—the necessity of a common derivation of all a priori knowledge from one principle, and the idea that philosophy should be based on freedom—can be traced back to Maimon’s Essay on Transcendental Philosophy. It is also argued that, by emphasizing the regulative role of the ideas of pure reason in Kant’s account of empirical cognition, Maimon enables a rereading of the argumentative structure of the first Critique that reveals the relationship between sensibility, understanding, and reason. This rereading of the first Critique shows that Kant has the resources to address Maimon’s key challenges, but it also puts pressure on Kant’s discursive account of human cognition.

Constituent order in silent gesture reflects the perspective of the producer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona Kirton ◽  
Simon Kirby ◽  
Kenny Smith ◽  
Jennifer Culbertson ◽  
Marieke Schouwstra
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Language Evolution ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
Human Agent ◽  
Constituent Order ◽  
Speech Research ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Computational Solution

Abstract Understanding the relationship between human cognition and linguistic structure is a central theme in language evolution research. Numerous studies have investigated this question using the silent gesture paradigm in which participants describe events using only gesture and no speech. Research using this paradigm has found that Agent–Patient–Action (APV) is the most commonly produced gesture order, regardless of the producer’s native language. However, studies have uncovered a range of factors that influence ordering preferences. One such factor is salience, which has been suggested as a key determiner of word order. Specifically, humans, who are typically agents, are more salient than inanimate objects, so tend to be mentioned first. In this study, we investigated the role of salience in more detail and asked whether manipulating the salience of a human agent would modulate the tendency to express humans before objects. We found, first, that APV was less common than expected based on previous literature. Secondly, salience influenced the relative ordering of the patient and action, but not the agent and patient. For events involving a non-salient agent, participants typically expressed the patient before the action and vice versa for salient agents. Thirdly, participants typically omitted non-salient agents from their descriptions. We present details of a novel computational solution that infers the orders participants would have produced had they expressed all three constituents on every trial. Our analysis showed that events involving salient agents tended to elicit AVP; those involving a non-salient agent were typically described with APV, modulated by a strong tendency to omit the agent. We argue that these findings provide evidence that the effect of salience is realized through its effect on the perspective from which a producer frames an event.

scholarly journals PERANAN KELOMPOK TANI DALAM PENGELOLAAN MADU LEBAH HUTAN (APIS DORSATA FABRICIUS) OLEH MASYARAKAT DI DESA NANGA LEBOYAN KECAMATAN SELIMBAU KAWASAN DANAU SENTARUM KABUPATEN KAPUAS HULU

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laila Quratul Aini ◽  
Iskandar A M ◽  
Gusti Hardiansyah
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bee ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Apis Dorsata ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Management Processes ◽  
Farmer Groups ◽  
The Relationship

Sustainable management of forest honey requires an organization especially to guarantee forest honey quality standards in terms of naturalness which can be in the form of farmer groups. This study aims to reveal the role of farmer groups in the management of forest honey bees. This research is expected to provide information on how the role of farmer groups in the management of forest honey bees by the community in Nanga Leboyan Village, Selimbau District, Danau Sentarum Regency, Kapuas Hulu Regency. This research was conducted by conducting direct interviews with forest honey bee farmer groups. Information about the role of farmer groups in forest honey bee management was obtained during interviews and direct observations in the form of honey management processes, the role of farmer groups in institutions, production, capital, and the relationship between the role of farmer groups and the productivity of honey farming presented in tables, figures and The photo is then analyzed descriptively qualitatively. The results of interviews with 70 members of the honey farmer group showed that the process of forest honey management in Nanga Leboyan Village was carried out according to stages, starting from the initial installation of the bend to post-harvest. Farmer groups play an important role in their institutions, production and capital. The relationship between the role of farmer groups with the productivity of honey farming in Nanga Leboyan Village can be positively related to increasing honey production.Keywords: farmer groups, forest honey bee management, Role.

scholarly journals Introspection confidence correlates with EEG decoding of self-generated thoughts and meta-awareness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naya Polychroni ◽  
Maria Herrojo Ruiz ◽  
Devin B. Terhune
Keyword(s):  
External Environment ◽  
Alpha Power ◽  
Alpha Oscillations ◽  
Neural Representations ◽  
Distribution Of Power ◽  
Listening Task ◽  
Multivariate Pattern ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Experiential State

AbstractThe neurophysiological bases of mind wandering (MW) – an experiential state wherein attention is disengaged from the external environment in favour of internal thoughts, and state meta-awareness are poorly understood. In parallel, the relationship between introspection confidence in experiential state judgements and neural representations remains unclear. Here, we recorded EEG whilst participants completed a listening task within which they made experiential state judgments and rated their confidence. Alpha power was reliably greater during MW episodes, with unaware MW further associated with greater delta and theta power. Multivariate pattern classification analysis revealed that MW, and meta-awareness can be decoded from the distribution of power in these three frequency bands. Critically, we show that individual decoding accuracies positively correlate with introspection confidence. Our results reaffirm the role of alpha oscillations in MW, implicate lower frequencies in meta-awareness, and are consistent with the proposal that introspection confidence indexes neurophysiological discriminability of representational states.

Choosing a Markov blanket

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Parr
Keyword(s):  
Markov Blanket ◽  
Target Article ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This commentary focuses upon the relationship between two themes in the target article: the ways in which a Markov blanket may be defined and the role of precision and salience in mediating the interactions between what is internal and external to a system. These each rest upon the different perspectives we might take while “choosing” a Markov blanket.

Staring Down Death

Crisis ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 212-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Joiner ◽  
Melanie A. Hom ◽  
Megan L. Rogers ◽  
Carol Chu ◽  
Ian H. Stanley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Clinical Utility ◽  
Blink Rate ◽  
Specific Task ◽  
Careful Planning ◽  
Eye Blink ◽  
Eye Blinks ◽  
Potential Clinical Utility ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Background: Lowered eye blink rate may be a clinically useful indicator of acute, imminent, and severe suicide risk. Diminished eye blink rates are often seen among individuals engaged in heightened concentration on a specific task that requires careful planning and attention. Indeed, overcoming one’s biological instinct for survival through suicide necessitates premeditation and concentration; thus, a diminished eye blink rate may signal imminent suicidality. Aims: This article aims to spur research and clinical inquiry into the role of eye blinks as an indicator of acute suicide risk. Method: Literature relevant to the potential connection between eye blink rate and suicidality was reviewed and synthesized. Results: Anecdotal, cognitive, neurological, and conceptual support for the relationship between decreased blink rate and suicide risk is outlined. Conclusion: Given that eye blinks are a highly observable behavior, the potential clinical utility of using eye blink rate as a marker of suicide risk is immense. Research is warranted to explore the association between eye blink rate and acute suicide risk.

Parenting Behaviors and Anxiety in Young Adults

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 170-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin N. Stevens ◽  
Joseph R. Bardeen ◽  
Kyle W. Murdock
Keyword(s):  
Effortful Control ◽  
Parenting Behaviors ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Anxiety Symptoms ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Parental Overprotection ◽  
High Control ◽  
Development Of Anxiety ◽  
The Relationship

Parenting behaviors – specifically behaviors characterized by high control, intrusiveness, rejection, and overprotection – and effortful control have each been implicated in the development of anxiety pathology. However, little research has examined the protective role of effortful control in the relation between parenting and anxiety symptoms, specifically among adults. Thus, we sought to explore the unique and interactive effects of parenting and effortful control on anxiety among adults (N = 162). Results suggest that effortful control uniquely contributes to anxiety symptoms above and beyond that of any parenting behavior. Furthermore, effortful control acted as a moderator of the relationship between parental overprotection and anxiety, such that overprotection is associated with anxiety only in individuals with lower levels of effortful control. Implications for potential prevention and intervention efforts which specifically target effortful control are discussed. These findings underscore the importance of considering individual differences in self-regulatory abilities when examining associations between putative early-life risk factors, such as parenting, and anxiety symptoms.

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