scholarly journals Crab fisherman communities in north Brazil: a new high risk population for vampire bat rabies

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nailde de Paula Silva ◽  
Elane Araújo Andrade ◽  
Denis Cardoso ◽  
Ruth de Souza Guimarães ◽  
Mateus Borges Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
The State ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Study Region ◽  
North Brazil ◽  
Vampire Bats ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics ◽  
Vampire Bat

AbstractAn outbreak of human rabies transmitted by hematophagous bats occurred in 2018 in the state of Pará, Brazil, eastern Amazon, after 14 years with no record of the disease. It is necessary to understand the epidemiological characteristics of these attacks to protect the local population. This study aimed to characterize attacks of humans by vampire bats in the municipality of São João da Ponta, Pará state, Brazil, from 2013 to 2015. All individuals attacked by bats who sought medical care during the study period (n=5) were identified in the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) database and answered a questionnaire about the circumstances of the attack. Using snowball sampling, seed cases identified other individuals who were attacked in the same period but did not seek medical care (n=61), totalizing 66 people attacked in the same period. The interviewees were male (92.4%), adults between 20 and 50 years old (69.6%) and had completed elementary education (86.3%). Most were rural residents (92.4%) and crab fishermen (79.3%). The interviewees (92.4%) identified the mangrove of the Mãe Grande de Curuçá extractive reserve as an area conducive to attacks by vampire bats, where groups of fishermen sometimes concentrate for days for crab fishing, often living in improvised dwellings without walls and covered by tarps or straw (88.8%). The wounds were single bites (71.2%) and were located on the lower limbs (93.9%). Overall, 42.4% of participants had been bitten more than four times throughout their life (range 1-23 attacks). Participants were unaware of the risk of contracting rabies by the bite (95.4%). Using São João da Ponta as a model, this study shows that bat attacks are an essentially occupational problem in the study region. Indeed, for each reported attack, there are 12.2 unreported cases. It is necessary to develop strategies to reach this population for prophylactic treatment.Author SummaryDifferent from which occurs worldwide in relation to rabies transmission, in Amazon region, vampire bat is involved on direct transmission of rabies virus to humans when searching for bloodmeal. It is common in the state of Pará, Eastern Amazon, large areas inhabited near forests and mangroves. People living there use forest natural resources as a way of income and sustenance and these working conditions is what our study points out as an important factor for aggressions predisposition. Here this subject is shown as an occupational problem. This study also quantified for the first time underreported human’s aggressions by bats in Amazon, using the snowball sampling, which valued the relationship between individuals to reach the target population. Based on these results, rabies surveillance may direct actions for prevention and health education for these individuals, including changes in notifications forms and suggesting pre-exposure prophylaxis in vaccination calendar of the Brazilian Ministry of Health for these individuals exposed to the rabies virus.

scholarly journals Temporal patterns of vampire bat rabies and host connectivity in Belize

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Becker ◽  
Alice Broos ◽  
Laura M. Bergner ◽  
Diana K. Meza ◽  
Nancy B. Simmons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Phase Lag ◽  
Microsatellite Data ◽  
Spatial Spread ◽  
Infection Dynamics ◽  
Vampire Bats ◽  
Virus Exposure ◽  
Bat Rabies ◽  
Vampire Bat

AbstractIn the Neotropics, vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) are the main reservoir host for rabies, a highly fatal encephalitis caused by viruses in the genus Lyssavirus. Although patterns of rabies virus exposure and infection have been well-studied for vampire bats in South America and Mexico, exploring the ecology of vampire bat rabies in other regions is crucial for predicting risks to livestock and humans. In Belize, rabies outbreaks in livestock have increased in recent years, underscoring the need for systematic data on viral dynamics in vampire bats. In this study, we examine the first three years of a longitudinal study on the ecology of vampire bat rabies in northern Belize. Rabies seroprevalence in bats was high across years (29–80%), suggesting active and endemic virus circulation. Across two locations, the seroprevalence time series per site were inversely related and out of phase by at least a year. Microsatellite data demonstrated historic panmixia of vampire bats, and mark–recapture detected rare but contemporary inter-site dispersal. This degree of movement could facilitate spatial spread of rabies virus but is likely insufficient to synchronize infection dynamics, which offers one explanation for the observed phase lag in seroprevalence. More broadly, our analyses suggest frequent transmission of rabies virus within and among vampire bat roosts in northern Belize and highlight the need for future spatiotemporal, phylogenetic, and ecological studies of vampire bat rabies in Central America.

scholarly journals Epidemiological Characteristics of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome from 2010 to 2019 in Mainland China

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 3092
Author(s):  
Xiaoxia Huang ◽  
Jiandong Li ◽  
Aqian Li ◽  
Shiwen Wang ◽  
Dexin Li
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics ◽  
Severe Fever

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease that is a severe threat to public health considering its high fatality and person-to-person transmission. In order to obtain an updated and deep understanding of the epidemiological characteristics of SFTS in mainland China, we used Pearson’s chi-squared test to compare the fatality rate and demographic characteristics in different groups. Data were analyzed in R3.6.1 (R Development Core Team 2018), while the visualization was performed in ArcGIS 10 (ESRI, Redlands, CA, USA), and the statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. A total of 13,824 SFTS cases involving 8899 lab-confirmed cases and 4925 probable cases were reported and included in the epidemiological analysis. Our study found that the number of SFTS cases showed an increasing trend with a small decrease in the past three years. The laboratory-confirmed rate was about 64.4%, which varied between different years and areas. Although most cases (99.3%) were distributed in 7 provinces (Henan, Shandong, Anhui, Hubei, Liaoning, Zhejiang, and Jiangsu), the regional distribution of SFTS gradually expanded from 5 provinces in 2010 to 25 provinces by 2019, especially at the town level. The SFTS cases were mainly sporadic. A total of 96.5% occurred from April to October, and 93.3% of cases were concentrated in middle-aged and elderly people (40–84 years old). Farmers were the main high-risk population. Female cases were slightly more than male cases; however, there were differences between different provinces. The mortality rate showed an increasing trend with age. Overall, the SFTS cases were mainly middle-aged and elderly farmers that sporadically distributed throughout seven provinces with a spatially expanding trend. The laboratory-confirmed rate varied in different years and provinces, which implied that the diagnosis and report criteria for SFTS should be further updated and unified in order to get a better understanding of its epidemiological characteristics and provide scientific data for SFTS control.

Modeling of CCLP in koryo extract production

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji Chol ◽  
Ri Jun Il
Keyword(s):  
Process Control ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
State Space ◽  
State Space Model ◽  
The State ◽  
Space Model ◽  
Effective Components ◽  
Counter Current

Abstract The modeling of counter-current leaching plant (CCLP) in Koryo Extract Production is presented in this paper. Koryo medicine is a natural physic to be used for a diet and the medical care. The counter-current leaching method is mainly used for producing Koryo medicine. The purpose of the modeling in the previous works is to indicate the concentration distributions, and not to describe the model for the process control. In literature, there are no nearly the papers for modeling CCLP and especially not the presence of papers that have described the issue for extracting the effective components from the Koryo medicinal materials. First, this paper presents that CCLP can be shown like the equivalent process consisting of two tanks, where there is a shaking apparatus, respectively. It allows leachate to flow between two tanks. Then, this paper presents the principle model for CCLP and the state space model on based it. The accuracy of the model has been verified from experiments made at CCLP in the Koryo Extract Production at the Gang Gyi Koryo Manufacture Factory.

scholarly journals Vampire bats exhibit evolutionary reduction of bitter taste receptor genes common to other bats

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1788) ◽  
pp. 20141079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Hong ◽  
Huabin Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Bitter Taste ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Selective Constraint ◽  
Behavioural Response ◽  
Bitter Taste Receptor ◽  
Pathway Gene ◽  
Vampire Bats ◽  
Vampire Bat ◽  
Strong Functional Constraint

The bitter taste serves as an important natural defence against the ingestion of poisonous foods and is thus believed to be indispensable in animals. However, vampire bats are obligate blood feeders that show a reduced behavioural response towards bitter-tasting compounds. To test whether bitter taste receptor genes ( T2R s) have been relaxed from selective constraint in vampire bats, we sampled all three vampire bat species and 11 non-vampire bats, and sequenced nine one-to-one orthologous T2R s that are assumed to be functionally conserved in all bats. We generated 85 T2R sequences and found that vampire bats have a significantly greater percentage of pseudogenes than other bats. These results strongly suggest a relaxation of selective constraint and a reduction of bitter taste function in vampire bats. We also found that vampire bats retain many intact T2R s, and that the taste signalling pathway gene Calhm1 remains complete and intact with strong functional constraint. These results suggest the presence of some bitter taste function in vampire bats, although it is not likely to play a major role in food selection. Together, our study suggests that the evolutionary reduction of bitter taste function in animals is more pervasive than previously believed, and highlights the importance of extra-oral functions of taste receptor genes.

scholarly journals Complete Genome Sequence of a Vampire Bat Rabies Virus from French Guiana

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Lavergne ◽  
Edith Darcissac ◽  
Hervé Bourhy ◽  
Sourakhata Tirera ◽  
Benoît de Thoisy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Complete Genome Sequence ◽  
Complete Genome ◽  
French Guiana ◽  
Genomic Sequence ◽  
Amazon Region ◽  
Desmodus Rotundus ◽  
Bat Rabies ◽  
Vampire Bat

A rabies virus was detected in a common vampire bat ( Desmodus rotundus ) in French Guiana. Its genomic sequence was obtained and found to be closely related to other hematophagous bat-related viruses that widely circulate in the northern Amazon region. This virus is named AT6.

Сlinical and epidemiological characteristics of botulism

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-72
Author(s):  
Lelya P. Cherenova ◽  
Anna V. Matsuy ◽  
Igor V. Cherenov
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Blurred Vision ◽  
Persistent Symptoms ◽  
Canned Vegetables ◽  
Dried Fish ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics ◽  
Difficulty Walking

Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of botulism in the Astrakhan region for the period from 2013 to 2019 are presented. 37 people with a diagnosis of Botulism were under observation. It was found that most often (28 (75.7%) cases) patients associated their disease with the use of canned home-made products. Canned vegetables (cucumbers, tomatoes, vegetable salad, eggplant, cabbage) were consumed by 18 (48.7%) people, mushrooms 10 (27%), dried fish 7 (18.9%), herring-balyk 1 (2.7%) and home-made liver pate-1 (2.7%) patient. The incubation period in the observed patients was on average 2.4 days. It lasted 12 days in 24 (64.9%) patients, 3-5 days in 12 (32.4%) patients, and 6 days in 1 (2.7%) patient. According to the severity of the condition, 17 (45.9%) patients were hospitalized in the intensive care unit. Severe course of the disease was in 17 (45.9%) patients, moderate-in 20 (54.1%) patients. Early and persistent symptoms in all patients were marked muscle weakness, in 78.4% of patients dizziness, in 83.8% of patients difficulty walking and unsteadiness of gait. In 34 (91.9%) patients, the most pronounced symptoms were ophthalmoplegic: blurred vision, fog, flies in front of the eyes, inability to read the text. In General, up to 10 cases of botulism are registered annually in the Astrakhan region. Almost half of the patients (45.9%) have severe botulism. The disease is mostly sporadic and is associated with the use of canned vegetables and home-made mushrooms. In addition, cases of botulism associated with the use of dried fish have become more frequent in the Astrakhan region. Late hospitalization was observed in 1/3 of patients (11 (29.7%) cases) with botulism. This is due to untimely diagnosis at the pre-hospital stage and late access of patients to medical care.

scholarly journals Medical support in children's camp: problems and solutions

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 310-317
Author(s):  
Anna S. Sedova ◽  
Leonid M. Protsenko
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Rest Period ◽  
Medical Personnel ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
State Of Health ◽  
Medical Support ◽  
Medical Problems ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Problems And Solutions

Introduction. High-quality medical support is an essential component of effective and safe recreation of children in the camp. Aim is a scientific substantiation of improving the system of medical care in the camps. Material and methods. A survey of 353 directors of day and stationary camps was conducted in the fall of 2020. Results. The most pressing medical problems of the system of medical care of children in the camp were identified: lack of medical personnel (in 46.3% of camps); difficulties with licensing medical activities in the camp (in 15.8% of camps); low qualifications of medical personnel and medical literacy of pedagogical personnel in matters of medical support for camps (in 7.1% and 10.7% of camps, respectively); the inaccuracy of information available in the camp about the state of health of children in the medical certificates of children (in 22.6% of camps). 74.6% of directors pointed to the problems of interaction with the parents of children (unwillingness to provide children with medical certificates or necessary additional information about the state of health of children, refusal to receive treatment prescribed in the camp, etc.). Conclusion. It is necessary to improve the legal regulation in the field of children’s recreation; provision of camps with qualified medical personnel; educational programs on medical care for children in the camp for teachers; increasing the responsibility for the health of children during their rest period of medical organizations that draw up medical documents for children in front of the camp, as well as parents of children.

scholarly journals Medical Care for Residents of Ivanovo, Kostroma and Yaroslavl Regions in Virgin Lands in 1954–1964 Years

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-410
Author(s):  
Andrei A. Rybin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Health Care System ◽  
Far East ◽  
The State ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Medical Institutions ◽  
Qualified Personnel ◽  
Unused Land

The problem of the introduction of unused land into agricultural turnover is currently relevant in society, since at the present stage the state is implementing a campaign to develop the uninhabited territories of the Far East of the country. During this period, a large number of studies on virgin lands were published, but today many questions remain open. In particular, the problem of medical care in the virgin lands is not sufficiently studied by historians. The article defines the stages of development of medicine in the areas of development of new lands, also considers the problem of lack of medical institutions and qualified personnel. Finally, medicine was developed in the virgin lands, in particular, it was possible to move from small medical stations to the polyclinic health care system.

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