scholarly journals The Relationship Between Genome Size and Metabolic Rate in Extant Vertebrates

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob D. Gardner ◽  
Michel Laurin ◽  
Chris L. Organ
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Rate Variation ◽  
Large Nucleus ◽  
Functional Connection ◽  
Strong Positive Relationship ◽  
Elevated Rate ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Rule Out

AbstractGenome size has long been hypothesized to affect metabolic rate in various groups of animals. The mechanism behind this proposed association is the nucleotypic effect, in which large nucleus and cell sizes influence cellular metabolism through surface area-to-volume ratios. Here, we provide a review of the recent literature on the relationship between genome size and metabolic rate. We also conduct an analysis using phylogenetic comparative methods and a large sample of extant vertebrates. We find no evidence that the effect of genome size improves upon models in explaining metabolic rate variation. Not surprisingly, our results show a strong positive relationship between metabolic rate and body mass, as well as a substantial difference in metabolic rate between endothermic and ectothermic vertebrates, controlling for body mass. The presence of endothermy can also explain elevated rate shifts in metabolic rate whereas genome size cannot. We further find no evidence for a punctuated model of evolution for metabolic rate. Our results do not rule out the possibility that genome size affects cellular physiology in some tissues, but they are consistent with previous research suggesting little support for a direct functional connection between genome size and basal metabolic rate in extant vertebrates.

scholarly journals The relationship between genome size and metabolic rate in extant vertebrates

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1793) ◽  
pp. 20190146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob D. Gardner ◽  
Michel Laurin ◽  
Chris L. Organ
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Rate Variation ◽  
Large Nucleus ◽  
Functional Connection ◽  
Strong Positive Relationship ◽  
Elevated Rate ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Rule Out

Genome size has long been hypothesized to affect the metabolic rate in various groups of animals. The mechanism behind this proposed association is the nucleotypic effect, in which large nucleus and cell sizes influence cellular metabolism through surface area-to-volume ratios. Here, we provide a review of the recent literature on the relationship between genome size and metabolic rate. We also conduct an analysis using phylogenetic comparative methods and a large sample of extant vertebrates. We find no evidence that the effect of genome size improves upon models in explaining metabolic rate variation. Not surprisingly, our results show a strong positive relationship between metabolic rate and body mass, as well as a substantial difference in metabolic rate between endothermic and ectothermic vertebrates, controlling for body mass. The presence of endothermy can also explain elevated rate shifts in metabolic rate whereas genome size cannot. We further find no evidence for a punctuated model of evolution for metabolic rate. Our results do not rule out the possibility that genome size affects cellular physiology in some tissues, but they are consistent with previous research suggesting little support for a direct functional connection between genome size and basal metabolic rate in extant vertebrates. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Vertebrate palaeophysiology’.

scholarly journals Scaling of statically derived osteocyte lacunae in extant birds: implications for palaeophysiological reconstruction

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 20180837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orvil Grunmeier ◽  
Michael D. D'Emic
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Growth Rate Constant ◽  
Osteocyte Lacunae ◽  
Osteocyte Lacuna ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Osteocyte Lacunar

Osteocytes are mature versions of osteoblasts, bone-forming cells that develop in two ways: via ‘static’ osteogenesis, differentiating and ossifying tissue in situ to form a scaffold upon which other bone can form, or ‘dynamic’ osteogenesis, migrating to infill or lay down bone around neurovasculature. A previous study regressed the volume of osteocyte lacunae derived from dynamic osteogenesis (DO) of a broad sample of extant bird species against body mass, the growth rate constant ( k ), mass-specific metabolic rate, genome size, and erythrocyte size. There were significant relationships with body mass, growth rate, metabolic rate, and genome size, with the latter being the strongest. Using the same avian histological dataset, we measured over 3800 osteocyte lacunar axes derived from static osteogenesis (SO) in order to look for differences in the strength of form–function relationships inferred for DO-derived lacunae at the cellular and tissue levels. The relationship between osteocyte lacunar volume and body mass was stronger when measuring SO lacunae, whereas relationships between osteocyte lacunar volume versus growth rate and basal metabolic rate disappeared. The relationship between osteocyte lacuna volume and genome size remained significant and moderately strong when measuring SO lacunae, whereas osteocyte lacuna volume was still unrelated to erythrocyte size. Our results indicate that growth and metabolic rate signals are contained in avian DO but not SO osteocyte lacunae, suggesting that the former should be used in estimating these parameters in extinct animals.

scholarly journals The relationship between body mass and field metabolic rate among individual birds and mammals

2013 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 1009-1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence N. Hudson ◽  
Nick J. B. Isaac ◽  
Daniel C. Reuman
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Field Metabolic Rate ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between body mass and rate of rewarming from hibernation and daily torpor in mammals

1990 ◽  
Vol 151 (1) ◽  
pp. 349-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Geiser ◽  
R. V. Baudinette
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
The Other ◽  
Daily Torpor ◽  
Pronounced Increase ◽  
The Relationship

1. Rewarming rate from torpor and body mass were inversely related in 86 mammals ranging in body mass between 2 and 8500 g. 2. Most of the mammalian taxa investigated showed a similar change of rewarming rate with body mass. Only the insectivores showed a more pronounced increase in rewarming with a decrease in body mass than did the other taxa. The rates of rewarming of marsupials were similar to those of placentals. 3. At low air temperature (Ta), the rate of rewarming of marsupials was not related to body mass, although a strong relationship between the two variables was observed in the same species at high Ta. 4. The slopes relating rewarming rates and body mass of the mammalian groups and taxa analysed here were similar to those obtained earlier for mass-specific basal metabolic rate (BMR) and body mass in mammals, suggesting that the rate of rewarming and BMR are physiologically linked.

scholarly journals Hubungan Nutrien Pada Sedimen dan Penutupan Lamun Di Perairan Jepara

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Sarah Nabilla ◽  
Retno Hartati ◽  
Ria Azizah Tri Nuraini
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Seagrass Beds ◽  
Strong Positive Relationship ◽  
Seagrass Cover ◽  
Phosphate Analysis ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Rule Out

The availability of nutrients in seagrass beds can act as growth limiting factors. Absorption of nutrients in the water column is carried out by the leaves while the absorption of nutrients from the sediment is carried out by the roots but does not rule out the transport of nutrients by the roots will also arrive at the leaves of the seagrass. If the nutrient requirement is not met properly, then the growth will be disrupted. Like the difference in distribution and density of seagrass itself. Nutrient concentrations in waters vary. Nitrate and phosphate levels in the waters are strongly influenced by sources of organic material from outside/land (allochthonous) or from the water itself (autocthonous). This research was conducted with the aim of nothing: to determine the relationship between nutrient content (nitrate and phosphate) in sediment to seagrass cover in Teluk Awur and Pantai Blebak, JeparaData collection of seagrass and sediment was carried out on March 2018 in the waters of Teluk Awur and Blebak Beach, Kabupaten Jepara. Type identification, density, and coverage are carried out at the research location. Nitrate and phosphate analysis in sediments is carried out in Laboratorium Pengujian dan Peralatan. Based on the results of research that has been carried out, it can be concluded that there is a very strong positive relationship between nutrients and seagrass closure in the two research locations, each of which is 0.955 (91.1%) in Teluk Awur waters and 0.962 (92.6%) in Blebak Beach.Ketersediaan nutrien di perairan padang lamun dapat berperan sebagai faktor pembatas pertumbuhan. Penyerapan nutrien pada lamun pada kolom air dilakukan oleh daun sedangkan penyerapan nutrien dari sedimen dilakukan oleh akar namun tidak menutup kemungkinan pengangkutan nutrien oleh akar juga akan sampai pada bagian daun. Jika kebutuhan nutrien tidak terpenuhi dengan baik, maka pertumbuhannya mengalami gangguan. Seperti perbedaan sebaran dan kepadatan lamun itu sendiri. Konsentrasi nutrien di perairan bervariasi. Kadar nitrat dan fosfat di perairan sangat dipengaruhi oleh sumber bahan organik yang berasal dari luar/ daratan (allochthonous) maupun dari dalam perairan itu sendiri (autocthonous). Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan: untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kandungan nutrien (nitrat dan fosfat) pada sedimen terhadap tutupan lamun di Teluk Awur dan Pantai Blebak, Jepara. Identifikasi jenis, kepadatan dan penutupan dilakukan pada lokasi penelitian. Analisa nitrat dan fosfat dalam sedimen dilakukan di Laboratorium Pengujian dan Peralatan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan dapat di ambil kesimpulan bahwa terdapat hubungan sangat kuat positif antara nutrien dengan penutupan lamun pada dua lokasi penelitian, nilainya masing-masing sebesar 0,955 (91,1%) di Perairan Teluk Awur dan 0,962 (92,6%) di Pantai Blebak.

scholarly journals Resting metabolic rate and morphology in mice (Mus musculus) selected for high and low food intake

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (4) ◽  
pp. 777-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Selman ◽  
S. Lumsden ◽  
L. Bunger ◽  
W.G. Hill ◽  
J.R. Speakman
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Intestine Length ◽  
Body Components ◽  
The Relationship

We investigated the relationship between resting metabolic rate (RMR) and various morphological parameters in non-breeding mice, selected for high and low food intake corrected for body mass. RMR was measured at 30 degrees C, and mice were subsequently killed and dissected into 19 body components. High-food-intake mice had significantly greater body masses and a significantly elevated RMR compared with the low-intake mice. Data pooled across strains indicated that body mass, sex and strain together explained over 56 % of the observed variation in RMR. The effects of strain and sex on RMR and tissue morphology were removed, and three separate statistical analyses to investigate the relationship between RMR and organ morphology were performed: (i) employing individual regression analysis with each tissue component as a separate predictor against RMR; (ii) individual regression analysis with residual organ mass against residual RMR (i.e. with strain, sex and body mass effects removed); and (iii) pooling of some organ masses into functional groupings to reduce the number of predictors. Liver mass was the most significant morphological trait linked to differences in RMR. Small intestine length was significantly greater in the high-intake line; however, no difference was observed between strains in the dry mass of this organ, and there was no evidence to associate variability in the mass of the alimentary tract with variability in RMR. The effects of strain on RMR independent of the effect on body mass were consistent with the anticipated effect from the strain differences in the size of the liver.

scholarly journals Setting the pace of life: membrane composition of flight muscle varies with metabolic rate of hovering orchid bees

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1802) ◽  
pp. 20142232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique Rodríguez ◽  
Jean-Michel Weber ◽  
Benoît Pagé ◽  
David W. Roubik ◽  
Raul K. Suarez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Muscle Membrane ◽  
Rate Variation ◽  
Membrane Composition ◽  
Functional Link ◽  
Orchid Bees ◽  
Membrane Pacemaker

Patterns of metabolic rate variation have been documented extensively in animals, but their functional basis remains elusive. The membrane pacemaker hypothesis proposes that the relative abundance of polyunsaturated fatty acids in membrane phospholipids sets the metabolic rate of organisms. Using species of tropical orchid bees spanning a 16-fold range in body size, we show that the flight muscles of smaller bees have more linoleate (%18 : 3) and stearate (%18 : 0), but less oleate (%18 : 1). More importantly, flight metabolic rate (FlightMR) varies with the relative abundance of 18 : 3 according to the predictions of the membrane pacemaker hypothesis. Although this relationship was found across large differences in metabolic rate, a direct association could not be detected when taking phylogeny and body mass into account. Higher FlightMR, however, was related to lower %16 : 0, independent of phylogeny and body mass. Therefore, this study shows that flight muscle membrane composition plays a significant role in explaining diversity in FlightMR, but that body mass and phylogeny are other factors contributing to their variation. Multiple factors are at play to modulate metabolic capacity, and changing membrane composition can have gradual and stepwise effects to achieve a new range of metabolic rates. Orchid bees illustrate the correlated evolution between membrane composition and metabolic rate, supporting the functional link proposed in the membrane pacemaker hypothesis.

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