scholarly journals White matter microstructure in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic tractography study in 654 individuals

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christienne G. Damatac ◽  
Roselyne J. M. Chauvin ◽  
Marcel P. Zwiers ◽  
Daan van Rooij ◽  
Sophie E. A. Akkermans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Probabilistic Tractography ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
The Right ◽  
Clinical Measures ◽  
Symptom Measures

AbstractBackgroundAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by age-inappropriate levels of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity (HI). ADHD has been related to differences in white matter (WM) microstructure. However, much remains unclear regarding the nature of these WM differences, and which clinical aspects of ADHD they reflect. We systematically investigated if FA is associated with current and/or lifetime categorical diagnosis, impairment in daily life, and continuous ADHD symptom measures.MethodsDiffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) data were obtained from 654 participants (322 unaffected, 258 affected, 74 subthreshold; 7-29 years of age). We applied automated global probabilistic tractography on 18 major WM pathways. Linear mixed effects regression models were used to examine associations of clinical measures with overall brain and tract-specific fractional anisotropy (FA).ResultsThere were significant interactions of tract with all ADHD variables on FA. There were no significant associations of FA with current or lifetime diagnosis, nor with impairment. Lower FA in the right cingulum’s angular bundle (rCAB) was associated with higher hyperactivity/impulsivity symptom severity (PFWE=0.045). There were no significant effects for other tracts.ConclusionsThis is the first time global probabilistic tractography has been applied to an ADHD dataset of this size. We found no evidence for altered FA in association with ADHD diagnosis. Our findings indicate that associations of FA with ADHD are not uniformly distributed across WM tracts. Continuous symptom measures of ADHD may be more sensitive to FA than diagnostic categories. The rCAB in particular may play a role in symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity.

scholarly journals Study of white matter integrity in fathers of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heba H. ElShahawi ◽  
Safeya M. Effat ◽  
Eman M. Shorab ◽  
Hossam M. Sakr ◽  
Safaa E. Azab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Occurrence Rate ◽  
Adhd Group ◽  
Corona Radiata ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
The Right

Abstract Background Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is an early-onset neurodevelopmental disorder that can extend into adulthood with multiple reported neuroimaging abnormalities. The focus of this research was to assess white matter impairments in ADHD children’s fathers with and without potential adult ADHD to see if these differences are connected with the persistence of ADHD into adulthood. Results The occurrence rate of the potential adult ADHD diagnosis among fathers of children with ADHD was 60%. There were statistically significant differences between fathers with ADHD and the non-ADHD population, due to the fact that the mean FA of the left superior corona radiata and the right posterior corona radiata were lower in the ADHD group than in the non-ADHD group, while the FA of the ADHD group was significantly greater than that of the non-ADHD group in terms of the left and right anterior thalamic radiations, the right superior longitudinal fasciculus and the left anterior corona radiata. Conclusions We observed an increased prevalence of ADHD in fathers of children diagnosed with ADHD. Fathers with potential adult ADHD have a variety of white matter abnormalities that reflect the neurobiological basis of ADHD, even in sub-threshold cases. This may provide insight into the neuroanatomical locations associated with the maintenance of ADHD throughout adulthood.

scholarly journals Is late-onset Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) a valid diagnosis in adults?

2018 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-80
Author(s):  
Mauro Xavier Neto ◽  
Sofia Amaral Medeiros ◽  
Arthur de Campos Soares ◽  
Renério Fráguas Junior
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Current State ◽  
Pubmed Search

INTRODUCTION: The current Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) paradigm understands it as a childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorder that can persist into adult life. However, it has been raised the possibility of a late-onset ADHD syndrome. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the current state of knowledge regarding late-onset (i.e. age-of-onset > 12 years) ADHD. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Systematic literature review using PubMed (MEDLINE) and SCOPUS databases. RESULTS: We found six studies reporting data offering some support for the existence of late-onset ADHD: five from the PubMed search and one from the non-overlapping articles in the SCOPUS search. DISCUSSION: Despite the small number of studies, the differences in methodology among them and the presence of limitations in all of them, data regarding clinical aspects offer some support for the content validity of late-onset ADHD diagnosis in adults. CONCLUSIONS: Although many controversies still exist and studies supporting its construct validity are needed, late-onset ADHD may be a valid diagnosis in adults. Thus, clinicians should consider diagnosing and treating late-onset ADHD in adults, instead of just neglecting this possibility because of the age-of-onset criterion.

scholarly journals Long-Range White Matter Microstructural Alterations in Drug-Naive Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Tract-Based Spatial Statistics Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronghui Zhou ◽  
Peng Dong ◽  
Shuangli Chen ◽  
Andan Qian ◽  
Jiejie Tao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Spatial Statistics ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Adhd Children ◽  
Drug Naïve ◽  
The Right

Abstract Background Microstructural changes might underlie white matter (WM) pathology in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). To investigate WM alterations, particularly the changes in long-range fibers, in drug-naive children with ADHD, we conducted tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) analysis on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data. Materials and Methods In this study, 57 children with ADHD and 41 healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled. None of the enrolled ADHD children received any medication before data collection. The difference in fractional anisotropy (FA), and in mean (MD), axial (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD) between both groups were calculated using TBSS. WM changes were then correlated with clinical symptoms, including the hyperactivity index score and the impulsivity score. Results Whole-skeleton analysis identified several long-range fibers of decreased FA and increased RD in the ADHD group as compared to the HC group. ADHD children demonstrated decreased FA in the right corpus callosum (CC) splenium, left inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, and intersection of the anterior and posterior internal capsule. Moreover, higher RD was observed in the right CC splenium, superior longitudinal fasciculus, and posterior corona radiata. No regions of increased FA or reduced RD were observed, and no differences in MD or AD were noted. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that microstructural WM alterations and changes in the long-range WM connections are present in children with ADHD. We speculate that these changes may relate to the symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity.

Psychological and neuropsychological underpinnings of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder assessment

2021 ◽  
pp. 135910452199676
Author(s):  
A. Jordan Wright
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Executive Dysfunction ◽  
Life Outcomes ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right

The identification and diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is extremely important in order to help change the trajectory of an individual’s life outcomes. A review of the current state of evidence-based assessment of ADHD is dominated by the DSM-5’s conceptualization of behaviorally-oriented diagnostic criteria. This assumption that the DSM-5’s method for identifying ADHD is the gold standard underlies the research base that evaluates the incremental validity of measures and methods for diagnosing it. That is, when evaluating whether a measure is useful in the identification of ADHD, the ‘right answer’ is based on the DSM-5’s behaviorally-oriented definition. An alternative model for considering the fact that ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder, with its roots in executive dysfunction, is proposed. Using neuropsychological and cognitive tests to identify executive functioning problems can be combined with rating scales and interviews to diagnose ADHD in a way that does not ascribe entirely to a behavioral definition of the disorder.

scholarly journals A Cross-Sectional Study of 0.6 Million Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. e97-e103
Author(s):  
Irene Rethemiotaki
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder

AbstractAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is an increasingly recognized chronic neurodevelopmental disorder. This work aims at studying the prevalence and clinical characteristics of children with ADHD in the United States in the period between 2009 and 2018. Data from the National Health Interview Survey were analyzed by univariate and multivariate statistics to assess the role of socioeconomic factors in the development of ADHD. It has been studied 615,608 children, 51.2% male and 48.7% female. The prevalence of ADHD was 9.13%, with males predominating over females. The number of children with ADHD increased from 2009 to 2018 by 14.8%. As specified by multiple logistic regression analysis, males (odds ratio [OR] 2.38) who have neither mother nor father (OR 1.76) are twice as likely to have ADHD compared with their peers. In addition, family income (OR 1.40) and parent's education (OR 1.12) were significantly associated with ADHD. It has been highlighted the significance of deprivation of both family and financial comfort as primary indicators for ADHD in children. Moreover, children with ADHD were more likely to be males in the age group of 12 to 17.

scholarly journals Shared genetic background between children and adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Rovira ◽  
Ditte Demontis ◽  
Cristina Sánchez-Mora ◽  
Tetyana Zayats ◽  
Marieke Klein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Genetic Background ◽  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Common Genetic Variants ◽  
Shared Genetic

AbstractAttention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by age-inappropriate symptoms of inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity that persist into adulthood in the majority of the diagnosed children. Despite several risk factors during childhood predicting the persistence of ADHD symptoms into adulthood, the genetic architecture underlying the trajectory of ADHD over time is still unclear. We set out to study the contribution of common genetic variants to the risk for ADHD across the lifespan by conducting meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies on persistent ADHD in adults and ADHD in childhood separately and comparing the genetic background between them in a total sample of 17,149 cases and 32,411 controls. Our results show nine new independent loci and support a shared contribution of common genetic variants to ADHD in children and adults. No subgroup heterogeneity was observed among children, while this group consists of future remitting and persistent individuals. We report similar patterns of genetic correlation of ADHD with other ADHD-related datasets and different traits and disorders among adults, children and when combining both groups. These findings confirm that persistent ADHD in adults is a neurodevelopmental disorder and extend the existing hypothesis of a shared genetic architecture underlying ADHD and different traits to a lifespan perspective.

scholarly journals Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and risk for psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders in siblings

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elina Jokiranta-Olkoniemi ◽  
Keely Cheslack-Postava ◽  
Petteri Joelsson ◽  
Auli Suominen ◽  
Alan S. Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Spectrum Disorders

AbstractBackgroundProbands with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at increased risk for several psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. The risk of these disorders among the siblings of probands has not been thoroughly assessed in a population-based cohort.MethodsEvery child born in Finland in 1991–2005 and diagnosed with ADHD in 1995–2011 were identified from national registers. Each case was matched with four controls on sex, place, and date of birth. The full siblings of the cases and controls were born in 1981–2007 and diagnosed in 1981–2013. In total, 7369 cases with 12 565 siblings and 23 181 controls with 42 753 siblings were included in the analyses conducted using generalized estimating equations.Results44.2% of the cases and 22.2% of the controls had at least one sibling diagnosed with any psychiatric or neurodevelopmental disorder (risk ratio, RR = 2.1; 95% CI 2.0–2.2). The strongest associations were demonstrated for childhood-onset disorders including ADHD (RR = 5.7; 95% CI 5.1–6.3), conduct and oppositional disorders (RR = 4.0; 95% CI 3.5–4.5), autism spectrum disorders (RR = 3.9; 95% CI 3.3–4.6), other emotional and social interaction disorders (RR = 2.7; 95% CI 2.4–3.1), learning and coordination disorders (RR = 2.6; 95% CI 2.4–2.8), and intellectual disability (RR = 2.4; 95% CI 2.0–2.8). Also, bipolar disorder, unipolar mood disorders, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, other neurotic and personality disorders, substance abuse disorders, and anxiety disorders occurred at increased frequency among the siblings of cases.ConclusionsThe results offer potential utility for early identification of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders in at-risk siblings of ADHD probands and also argue for more studies on common etiologies.

Pre-, Peri-, and Post-Natal Risk Factors in ADHD

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-54
Author(s):  
Pangajam Ponnuswamy ◽  
Ann Sarah Paul ◽  
Aneesha Brigitte Jose
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Postnatal Development ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Core Symptoms

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder most commonly found in childhood with its core symptoms manifesting as inattention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity. As ADHD generates a substantial rate of burden to the society in terms of economic and medical resources used, priority is given to explore the risk factors that contributes towards the multifactorial origin of this disorder to offer possible preventive and therapeutic interventions. With heritability accounting for 75% to 80% of the variability seen in ADHD, the remaining are explained through environmental risk factors that are exposed during critical period of pre-, peri-, and postnatal development. Though literature on the risk factors have been mostly controversial, certain associations have been made with regards to ADHD pathophysiology.

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