scholarly journals Phytoene Synthase 2 Can Compensate for the Absence of Psy1 in Pepper Fruit (Capsicum annuum)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
So-Jeong Jang ◽  
Hyo-Bong Jeong ◽  
Ayoung Jung ◽  
Min-Young Kang ◽  
Suna Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Color ◽  
Color Variation ◽  
Phytoene Synthase ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Virus Induced Gene Silencing ◽  
Knockout Mutant ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Yellow Color ◽  
Pepper Fruit

AbstractPhytoene synthase 1 (PSY1) and Capsanthin-capsorubin synthase (CCS) are two major genes responsible for fruit color variation in pepper (Capsicum spp.), although fruit colors cannot be explained by variations in these two genes alone. Furthermore, the role of PSY2 in fruit color development in pepper is unknown. Here, we used a systemic approach to discover the genetic factors responsible for the yellow fruit color of C. annuum ‘MicroPep Yellow’ (MY) and to reveal the role of PSY2 in fruit color. We detected a complete deletion of PSY1 and a retrotransposon insertion in CCS in MY. Despite the loss of PSY1 and CCS function, the MY and mutant F2 plants from a cross between MY and the MicroPep Red (MR) accumulated basal levels of carotenoids, indicating that other PSY genes may complement the loss of PSY1. A qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that PSY2 is constitutively expressed in both MR and MY fruits, and a color complementation assay using Escherichia coli revealed that PSY2 is capable of biosynthesizing a carotenoid. Virus-induced gene silencing of PSY2 in MY resulted in white fruits. These findings suggest that PSY2 can compensate for the absence of PSY1 in fruit, resulting in the yellow color of MY fruits.HighlightWe reveal the novel function of PSY2 in the development of yellow pepper fruit coloration using a psy1 knockout mutant. This gene function was not previously identified in solanaceous crops.

scholarly journals Phytoene synthase 2 can compensate for the absence of PSY1 in the control of color in Capsicum fruit

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
pp. 3417-3427 ◽  
Author(s):  
So-Jeong Jang ◽  
Hyo-Bong Jeong ◽  
Ayoung Jung ◽  
Min-Young Kang ◽  
Suna Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Color ◽  
Color Variation ◽  
Phytoene Synthase ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Virus Induced Gene Silencing ◽  
Yellow Color ◽  
Pepper Fruit ◽  
Capsicum Spp ◽  
Complete Deletion

Abstract Phytoene synthase 1 (PSY1) and capsanthin-capsorubin synthase (CCS) are two major genes responsible for fruit color variation in pepper (Capsicum spp.). However, the role of PSY2 remains unknown. We used a systemic approach to examine the genetic factors responsible for the yellow fruit color of C. annuum ‘MicroPep Yellow’ (MY) and to determine the role of PSY2 in fruit color. We detected complete deletion of PSY1 and a retrotransposon insertion in CCS. Despite the loss of PSY1 and CCS function, both MY and mutant F2 plants from a cross between MY and the ‘MicroPep Red’ (MR) accumulated basal levels of carotenoids, indicating that other PSY genes may complement the loss of PSY1. qRT-PCR analysis indicated that PSY2 was constitutively expressed in both MR and MY fruits, and a color complementation assay using Escherichia coli revealed that PSY2 was capable of biosynthesizing a carotenoid. Virus-induced gene silencing of PSY2 in MY resulted in white fruits. These findings indicate that PSY2 can compensate for the absence of PSY1 in pepper fruit, resulting in the yellow color of MY fruits.

scholarly journals 673 PB 151 MOLECULAR MARKERS FOR FRUIT COLOR IN APPLE (MALUS X. DOMESTICA)

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 529c-529
Author(s):  
Frank Cheng ◽  
Norman Weeden ◽  
Susan Brown
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Rapd Markers ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Fruit Color ◽  
Color Variation ◽  
Yellow Color ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Early Seedling ◽  
Density Map ◽  
Highly Correlated

The ability to pre-screen apple populations for fruit color at an early seedling stage would be advantageous. In progeny of the cross `Rome Beauty' × `White Angel' red/yellow color variation was found to be highly correlated with the genotype at Idh-2, an isozyme locus that was heterozygous in both parents. We postulate that the red/yellow color variation was produced by a single gene linked to I&-2 and also heterozygous in both parents. This population was also screened with over 400 primers to detect randomly amplified polymorphic (RAPD) markers for fruit color. DNA extraction procedures were developed for bark, and DNA was extracted from bark samples and leaves. Red and yellow fruited individuals were examined in bulk. Several markers have been found that are linked to red color. A high density map is being constructed in this region. These markers are being examined in other crosses segregating for fruit color. The application of these markers will be discussed in relation to the inheritance and manipulation of fruit color.

scholarly journals Multi-allelic APRR2 Gene is Associated with Fruit Pigment Accumulation in Melon and Watermelon

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elad Oren ◽  
Galil Tzuri ◽  
Lea Vexler ◽  
Asaf Dafna ◽  
Ayala Meir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Qualitative Difference ◽  
Fruit Color ◽  
Color Variation ◽  
Consumer Acceptance ◽  
Haplotypic Diversity ◽  
Allelism Tests ◽  
Pigment Accumulation ◽  
Light Green

AbstractColor and pigment content are important aspects of fruit quality and consumer acceptance of cucurbit crops. Here, we describe the independent mapping and cloning of a common causative APRR2 gene regulating pigment accumulation in melon and watermelon. We initially show that the APRR2 transcription factor is causative for the qualitative difference between dark and light green rind in both crops. Further analyses establish the link between sequence or expression level variations in the CmAPRR2 gene and pigments content in the rind and flesh of mature melon fruits. GWAS of young fruit rind color in a panel composed of 177 diverse melon accessions did not result in any significant association, leading to an earlier assumption that multiple genes are involved in shaping the overall phenotypic variation at this trait. Through resequencing of 25 representative accessions and allelism tests between light rind accessions, we show that multiple independent SNPs in the CmAPRR2 gene are causative for the light rind phenotype. The multi-haplotypic nature of this gene explain the lack of detection power obtained through GBS-based GWAS and confirm the pivotal role of this gene in shaping fruit color variation in melon. This study demonstrates the power of combining bi- and multi-allelic designs with deep sequencing, to resolve lack of power due to high haplotypic diversity and low allele frequencies. Due to its central role and broad effect on pigment accumulation in fruits, the APRR2 gene is an attractive target for carotenoids bio-fortification of cucurbit crops.

scholarly journals CALCIUM AND ETHEPHON EFFECTS ON PAPRIKA PEPPER FRUIT RETENTION AND FRUIT COLOR DEVELOPMENT

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 269F-269
Author(s):  
James R. Cooksey ◽  
Brian A. Kahn ◽  
James E. Motes
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Ripening ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Fruit Color ◽  
Red Pigment ◽  
Fruit Abscission ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Pepper Fruit

While ethephon [(2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid] has increased yields of red fruits, its use as a pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruit ripening agent has been limited by premature fruit abscission and defoliation. We tested ethephon solutions of 0, 1500, 3000, 4500, and 6000 μl·liter-1 with or without 0.1M Ca(OH)2 as a one-time foliar application to field-grown paprika pepper in southwestern Oklahoma. There was a linear increase in fruit abscission with increasing ethephon rates in two out of three years, with or without added calcium. Ethephon at 6000 μl·liter-1 improved the percent of total fruit weight due lo marketable fruits in two out of three years, primarily by decreasing the weight of harvested green fruits. However, ethephon never significantly increased the dry weight of harvested marketable fruits over that obtained from the control. There also was no effect of ethephon on the intensity of red pigment extracted from dehydrated marketable fruits. The only significant effect of Ca(OH)2 was an undesirable increase in the retention of green fruits on the plants. Ethephon had little value as a fruit ripening agent for paprika under the conditions of our studies, and Ca(OH)2 was not useful as an additive to ethephon sprays.

The role of inflammation in recent-onset dilated cardiomyopathy

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Chaloupka ◽  
J Krejci ◽  
H Poloczkova ◽  
P Hude ◽  
E Ozabalova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dilated Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Myocardial Inflammation ◽  
Gene Variants ◽  
Absolute Increase ◽  
Recent Onset ◽  
Cardiotropic Viruses

Abstract Background The aetiology of recent-onset dilated cardiomyopathy (RODCM) includes inflammatory, genetic, toxic and metabolic causes. Delineating the role of inflammation on the genetic background could improve risk stratification. Purpose We aimed to ascertain the role of inflammation evaluated by serum CRP immunohistochemical and PCR analysis of endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) in conjunction with genetic testing in left ventricular reverse remodelling (LVRR) in 12-month follow-up. Methods 83 RODCM patients enrolled in this prospective observational study underwent 12-month echocardiographic follow up whole-exome sequencing, and EMB. Presence of cardiotropic viruses was determined by PCR analysis of the EMB samples. Inflammation was defined according to TIMIC immunohistochemical criteria as the presence of >7 CD3+ lymphocytes/mm2 and/or >14 infiltrating leukocytes (LCA+ cells/mm2). LVRR was defined as an absolute increase in LV ejection fraction > +10% and a relative decrease of LV end-diastolic diameter >−10% at 12 months. Results LVRR occurred in 28 (34%) of all cases. PCR analysis uncovered cardiotropic viruses in 55 (66%) patients, with highest prevalence of parvovirus B19 (47%). (Figure 1) EMB analysis detected inflammation in 28 (34%) cases and inflammation significantly positively predicted LVRR (P=0.019). Sequencing identified disease-related gene variants (ACMG class 3–5) in 45 (54%) patients. Carriers of non-titin gene variants showed a lowest probability of 12-month LVRR (19%) P=0.041. Combination of genetic findings and inflammation did not improve the prediction of LVRR in 12 months. (Table 1) Conclusion Both myocardial inflammation and disease-causing variants can be identified in a large proportion of RODCM cases. Prognostic value of CRP and virus detection is low. Non-titin disease-related variants carriers of are less likely to reach LVRR. In contrast, myocardial inflammation detected by EMB predicts favourable remodelling in 12 months. Figure 1 Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

scholarly journals Spo0A Suppresses sin Locus Expression in Clostridioides difficile

mSphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Babita Adhikari Dhungel ◽  
Revathi Govind
Keyword(s):  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
The United States ◽  
Upstream Region ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Master Regulator ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile

ABSTRACT Clostridioides difficile is the leading cause of nosocomial infection and is the causative agent of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. The severity of the disease is directly associated with toxin production, and spores are responsible for the transmission and persistence of the organism. Previously, we characterized sin locus regulators SinR and SinR′ (we renamed it SinI), where SinR is the regulator of toxin production and sporulation. The SinI regulator acts as its antagonist. In Bacillus subtilis, Spo0A, the master regulator of sporulation, controls SinR by regulating the expression of its antagonist, sinI. However, the role of Spo0A in the expression of sinR and sinI in C. difficile had not yet been reported. In this study, we tested spo0A mutants in three different C. difficile strains, R20291, UK1, and JIR8094, to understand the role of Spo0A in sin locus expression. Western blot analysis revealed that spo0A mutants had increased SinR levels. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis of its expression further supported these data. By carrying out genetic and biochemical assays, we show that Spo0A can bind to the upstream region of this locus to regulates its expression. This study provides vital information that Spo0A regulates the sin locus, which controls critical pathogenic traits such as sporulation, toxin production, and motility in C. difficile. IMPORTANCE Clostridioides difficile is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrheal disease in the United States. During infection, C. difficile spores germinate, and the vegetative bacterial cells produce toxins that damage host tissue. In C. difficile, the sin locus is known to regulate both sporulation and toxin production. In this study, we show that Spo0A, the master regulator of sporulation, controls sin locus expression. Results from our study suggest that Spo0A directly regulates the expression of this locus by binding to its upstream DNA region. This observation adds new detail to the gene regulatory network that connects sporulation and toxin production in this pathogen.

scholarly journals Harnessing anthocyanin-rich fruit: a visible reporter for tracing virus-induced gene silencing in pepper fruit

Plant Methods ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jihyun Kim ◽  
Minkyu Park ◽  
Eun Soo Jeong ◽  
Je Min Lee ◽  
Doil Choi
Keyword(s):  
Gene Silencing ◽  
Virus Induced Gene Silencing ◽  
Pepper Fruit

miR-369-3p serves as prognostic factor and regulates cancer progression of hepatocellular carcinoma

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Can Chen ◽  
Yi Zong ◽  
Jiaojiao Tang ◽  
Ruisheng Ke ◽  
Lizhi Lv ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Migration And Invasion ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Huh7 Cells

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of miR-369-3p in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Materials & methods: The expression levels of miR-369-3p were detected using the quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis. The cell counting kit-8 and transwell assays were used to explore the effects of miR-369-3p on cell proliferation, migration and invasion of HCC cells. Results: The miR-369-3p expression was downregulated in HCC tissues and cell lines, in comparison to the normal controls, respectively. In vitro, overexpression of miR-369-3p in Hep 3B and Huh7 cells inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion. SOX4 was a direct target of miR-369-3p. Conclusion: Our results suggested that miR-369-3p may be a tumor suppressor in HCC by targeting SOX4.

Islet Co-Expression of CD133 and ABCB5 in Human Retinoblastoma Specimens

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Zschoche ◽  
Sergej Skosyrski ◽  
Neele Babst ◽  
Mahdy Ranjbar ◽  
Felix Rommel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Resistance ◽  
Sphingosine Kinase ◽  
Immunohistochemical Analysis ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Sphingosine Kinase 1 ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Beam Radiation ◽  
Sphingosine Kinase 2 ◽  
Human Retinoblastoma

Abstract Background The role of CD133 und ABCB5 is discussed in treatment resistance in several types of cancer. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether CD133+/ABCB5+ colocalization differs in untreated, in beam radiation treated, and in chemotherapy treated retinoblastoma specimens. Additionally, CD133, ABCB5, sphingosine kinase 1, and sphingosine kinase 2 gene expression was analyzed in WERI-RB1 (WERI RB1) and etoposide-resistant WERI RB1 subclones (WERI ETOR). Methods Active human untreated retinoblastoma specimens (n = 12), active human retinoblastoma specimens pretreated with beam radiation before enucleation (n = 8), and active human retinoblastoma specimens pretreated with chemotherapy before enucleation (n = 7) were investigated for localization and expression of CD133 and ABCB5 by immunohistochemistry. Only specimens with IIRC D, but not E, were included in this study. Furthermore, WERI RB1 and WERI ETOR cell lines were analyzed for CD133, ABCB5, sphingosine kinase 1, and sphingosine kinase 2 by the real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results Immunohistochemical analysis revealed the same amount of CD133+/ABCB5+ colocalization islets in untreated and treated human retinoblastoma specimens. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed a statistically significant upregulation of CD133 in WERI ETOR (p = 0.002). No ABCB5 expression was detected in WERI RB1 and WERI ETOR. On the other hand, SPHK1 (p = 0.0027) and SPHK2 (p = 0.017) showed significant downregulation in WERI ETOR compared to WERI RB1. Conclusions CD133+/ABCB5+ co-localization islets were noted in untreated and treated human retinoblastoma specimens. Therefore, we assume that CD133+/ABCB5+ islets might play a role in retinoblastoma genesis, but not in retinoblastoma treatment resistance.

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