scholarly journals Complete genome assembly of the Wolbachia endosymbiont of the horn fly Haematobia irritans irritans: a supergroup A strain with multiple horizontally acquired cytoplasmic incompatibility genes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukund Madhav ◽  
Rhys Parry ◽  
Jess A.T. Morgan ◽  
Peter James ◽  
Sassan Asgari
Keyword(s):  
Cytoplasmic Incompatibility ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Evolutionary Analysis ◽  
Wolbachia Pipientis ◽  
Haematobia Irritans ◽  
Horn Fly ◽  
Horn Flies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Horizontal Acquisition

AbstractThe horn fly, Haematobia irritans irritans, is a hematophagous parasite of livestock distributed throughout Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Welfare losses on livestock due to horn fly infestation are estimated to cost between USD 1-2.5 billion annually in North America and Brazil. The endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia pipientis is a maternally inherited manipulator of reproductive biology in arthropods and naturally infects laboratory colonies of horn flies from Kerrville, USA and Alberta, Canada, but has also been identified in wild-caught samples from Canada, USA, Mexico and Hungary. Reassembly of PacBio long-read and Illumina genomic DNA libraries from the Kerrville H. i. irritans genome project allowed for a complete and circularised 1.3 Mb Wolbachia genome (wHae). Annotation of wHae yielded 1249 coding genes, 34 tRNAs, three rRNAs, and five prophage regions. Comparative genomics and whole genome Bayesian evolutionary analysis of wHae compared to published Wolbachia genomes suggests that wHae is most closely related to and diverged from Wolbachia supergroup A strains known to infect Drosophila spp. Whole-genome synteny analyses between wHae and closely related genomes indicates that wHae has undergone convoluted genome rearrangements while maintaining high nucleotide identity. Comparative analysis of the cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) genes of wHae suggests two phylogenetically distinct CI loci and acquisition of another CifB homolog from phylogenetically distant supergroup A Wolbachia strains suggesting horizontal acquisition of these loci. The wHae genome provides a resource for future examination of the impact Wolbachia may have in both biocontrol and potential insecticide resistance of horn flies.ImportanceHorn flies, Haematobia irritans, are obligate hematophagous parasites of cattle having significant effects on production and animal welfare. Control of horn flies mainly relies on the use of insecticides, but issues with resistance have increased interest in development of alternative means of control. Wolbachia pipientis is an endosymbiont bacterium known to have a range of effects on host reproduction such as induction of cytoplasmic incompatibility, feminization, male killing, and also impacts on vector transmission. These characteristics of Wolbachia have been exploited in biological control approaches for a range of insect pests. Here we report the assembly and annotation of the circular genome of the Wolbachia strain of the Kerrickville, USA horn fly (wHae). Annotation of wHae suggests its unique features including the horizontal acquisition of additional transcriptionally active cytoplasmic incompatibility loci. This study will provide the foundation for future Wolbachia-induced biological effect studies for control of horn flies.

scholarly journals Wolbachia Endosymbiont of the Horn Fly (Haematobia irritans irritans): a Supergroup A Strain with Multiple Horizontally Acquired Cytoplasmic Incompatibility Genes

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukund Madhav ◽  
Rhys Parry ◽  
Jess A. T. Morgan ◽  
Peter James ◽  
Sassan Asgari
Keyword(s):  
Cytoplasmic Incompatibility ◽  
The United States ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Evolutionary Analysis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wolbachia Pipientis ◽  
Haematobia Irritans ◽  
Horn Fly ◽  
Horn Flies ◽  
Horizontal Acquisition

ABSTRACT The horn fly, Haematobia irritans irritans, is a hematophagous parasite of livestock distributed throughout Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Welfare losses on livestock due to horn fly infestation are estimated to cost between $1 billion and $2.5 billion (U.S. dollars) annually in North America and Brazil. The endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia pipientis is a maternally inherited manipulator of reproductive biology in arthropods and naturally infects laboratory colonies of horn flies from Kerrville, TX, and Alberta, Canada, but it has also been identified in wild-caught samples from Canada, the United States, Mexico, and Hungary. Reassembly of PacBio long-read and Illumina genomic DNA libraries from the Kerrville H. i. irritans genome project allowed for a complete and circularized 1.3-Mb Wolbachia genome (wIrr). Annotation of wIrr yielded 1,249 coding genes, 34 tRNAs, 3 rRNAs, and 5 prophage regions. Comparative genomics and whole-genome Bayesian evolutionary analysis of wIrr compared to published Wolbachia genomes suggested that wIrr is most closely related to and diverged from Wolbachia supergroup A strains known to infect Drosophila spp. Whole-genome synteny analyses between wIrr and closely related genomes indicated that wIrr has undergone significant genome rearrangements while maintaining high nucleotide identity. Comparative analysis of the cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) genes of wIrr suggested two phylogenetically distinct CI loci and acquisition of another cifB homolog from phylogenetically distant supergroup A Wolbachia strains, suggesting horizontal acquisition of these loci. The wIrr genome provides a resource for future examination of the impact Wolbachia may have in both biocontrol and potential insecticide resistance of horn flies. IMPORTANCE Horn flies, Haematobia irritans irritans, are obligate hematophagous parasites of cattle having significant effects on production and animal welfare. Control of horn flies mainly relies on the use of insecticides, but issues with resistance have increased interest in development of alternative means of control. Wolbachia pipientis is an endosymbiont bacterium known to have a range of effects on host reproduction, such as induction of cytoplasmic incompatibility, feminization, male killing, and also impacts vector transmission. These characteristics of Wolbachia have been exploited in biological control approaches for a range of insect pests. Here we report the assembly and annotation of the circular genome of the Wolbachia strain of the Kerrville, TX, horn fly (wIrr). Annotation of wIrr suggests its unique features, including the horizontal acquisition of additional transcriptionally active cytoplasmic incompatibility loci. This study provides the foundation for future studies of Wolbachia-induced biological effects for control of horn flies.

scholarly journals Influence of selective treatment on Haematobia irritans infestation of untreated cattle

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia Miraballes ◽  
Henrik Stryhn ◽  
Antonio Thadeu M. Barros ◽  
Martin Lucas ◽  
Luísa Nogueira Domingues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Selective Treatment ◽  
Haematobia Irritans ◽  
Horn Fly ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Reducing Costs ◽  
Horn Flies ◽  
The Impact

AbstractTo reduce the use of insecticide treatments against Haematobia irritans we evaluated the impact of treating 15% of the bovines, with the greatest number of flies including bulls, with 40% diazinon ear tags, on the infestation of untreated cows. Horn fly susceptibility to diazinon was measured before and after treatment, and peaks of infestation were recorded. Three groups of Bradford bovines were evaluated: Group 1 (control untreated), Group 2 (15% treated) and Group 3 (control 100% treated). Weekly counts of horn flies were performed on the same animals for 78 days. Two peaks of infestation were recorded, and a higher number of horn flies occurred in the untreated control group than in the untreated cows of the selectively treated group throughout the entire period of the study, except for a single week. The horn fly field population was significantly more susceptible to diazinon than the reference susceptible strain both before and after insecticide treatment. In conclusion, treatment of 15% of the most infested animals from a herd, with 40% diazinon ear tags, quickly reduced horn fly infestations of the entire herd and may be a practical approach for horn fly control, reducing costs and chemical use.

SUMMER TREATMENTS FOR CATTLE GRUB CONTROL AND THEIR EFFECTS ON HORN FLIES AND CATTLE WEIGHT GAINS

1965 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Khan ◽  
J. E. Lawson
Keyword(s):  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Haematobia Irritans ◽  
Horn Fly ◽  
Systemic Control ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Horn Flies ◽  
Daily Gain

Spraying yearlings with 2% Co-Ral in July was 100% effective for systemic control of cattle grubs (Hypoderma spp.). Spraying spring calves with 1% Co-Ral in August was equally effective, and gave better control (P < 0.01) than spraying with 1 or 2% Co-Ral in June or 0.5% Co-Ral in July. Co-Ral sprays were not suitable for horn fly (Haematobia irritans L.) control.Two per cent Sevin sprayed on calves in June or July did not control cattle grubs, and only partially controlled horn flies.Compared with the control group, the average daily gain was higher (P < 0.05) to weaning but lower (P < 0.05) in the feedlot in calves sprayed with 2% Sevin in June. Similarly, it was higher (P < 0.05) from birth to the end of the feedlot period in calves sprayed with 2% Co-Ral in June, but lower (P < 0.05) in calves sprayed with 0.5% Co-Ral in July.Mild toxicosis occurred in five calves sprayed with 2% Co-Ral in June, and subclinical toxicosis in calves sprayed with 1% Co-Ral in August.

scholarly journals Insecticidal, Repellent and Antifeedant Activity of Essential Oils from Blepharocalyx cruckshanksii (Hook. & Arn.) Nied. Leaves and Pilgerodendron uviferum (D. Don) Florin Heartwood against Horn Flies, Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae)

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (22) ◽  
pp. 6936
Author(s):  
Javier Espinoza ◽  
Cristian Medina ◽  
Washington Aniñir ◽  
Paul Escobar-Bahamondes ◽  
Emilio Ungerfeld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Antifeedant Activity ◽  
Haematobia Irritans ◽  
Horn Fly ◽  
Horn Flies

Haematobia irritans is a cosmopolitan obligate blood-feeding ectoparasite of cattle and is the major global pest of livestock production. Currently, H. irritans management is largely dependent on broad-spectrum pesticides, which has led to the development of insecticide resistance. Thus, alternative control methods are needed. Essential oils have been studied as an alternative due to their wide spectrum of biological activities against insects. Thus, the main aim of this study was to evaluate the insecticidal, repellent and antifeedant activity of the essential oils from Blepharocalyx cruckshanksii leaves and Pilgerodendron uviferum heartwood against horn flies in laboratory conditions. The composition of the essential oils was analyzed using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Accordingly, α-pinene (36.50%) and limonene (20.50%) were the principal components of the B. cruckchanksii essential oil, and δ-cadinol (24.16%), cubenol (22.64%), 15-copaenol (15.46%) and δ-cadinene (10.81%) were the most abundant compounds in the P. uviferum essential oil. Mortality of flies and feeding behavior were evaluated by non-choice tests, and olfactory response was evaluated using a Y-tube olfactometer. Both essential oils were toxic to horn flies, with LC50 values for B. cruckchanksii essential oil of 3.58 µL L−1 air at 4 h, and for P. uviferum essential oil of 9.41 µL L−1 air and 1.02 µL L−1 air at 1 and 4 h, respectively. Moreover, the essential oils exhibited spatial repellency in the olfactometer using only 10 µg of each oil, and these significantly reduced the horn fly feeding at all doses evaluated. Although further laboratory and field studies related to the insectistatic and insecticide properties of these essential oils against H. irritans are necessary, B. cruckshanksii leaves and P. uviferum heartwood essential oils are promising candidates for horn fly management.

scholarly journals Identification of Sindhi cows that are susceptible or resistant to Haematobia irritans

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-472
Author(s):  
Márcia Alves de Medeiros ◽  
Antonio Thadeu Medeiros de Barros ◽  
Franklin Riet-Correa ◽  
Ana Rita Marques ◽  
José Radmácyo Gomes Lopes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Models ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Selective Breeding ◽  
Observational Method ◽  
Lower Quartile ◽  
Random Factor ◽  
Haematobia Irritans ◽  
Horn Fly ◽  
Best Linear Unbiased ◽  
Horn Flies

Abstract To identify susceptible and resistant Haematobia irritans cows, horn flies were counted biweekly for 3 years in a herd of 25 Sindhi cows. Repeated measures linear mixed models were created including cow as a random factor. The results were analyzed by: 1) observing horn fly counts, considering fly-susceptible cows with infestations appearing in the upper quartile more than 50% of the weeks and in the lower quartile less than 20% of the weeks, and fly-resistant cows those that the number of flies was in the lower quartile more than 50% of the weeks and in the upper quartile less than 20%; 2) by the best linear unbiased predictions (BLUPs), to evaluate the cow effect on fly counts. Fly-susceptible cows were those in which the infestation appeared in the 90th percentile of the BLUPs, whereas fly-resistant cows appeared in the 10th percentile. For the observational method the individuals identified as resistant varied between 8% and 20% and 8% to 12% were susceptible. For the BLUP method, the rates of susceptible and resistant cows were 12%. The agreement among methods suggests that susceptible cows can be identified by observations of fly counts, allowing for selective breeding, culling or treatment.

SIMULATING DEVELOPMENT OF IMMATURE HORN FLIES, HAEMATOB1A IRRITANSIRRITANS (L.) (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE), IN ALBERTA

1992 ◽  
Vol 124 (5) ◽  
pp. 841-851 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.J. Lysyk
Keyword(s):  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Rate Equations ◽  
Adult Eclosion ◽  
Haematobia Irritans ◽  
Horn Fly ◽  
Horn Flies ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fluctuating Temperatures

AbstractDevelopmental times were determined at constant temperatures for an Alberta population of horn flies, Haematobia irritans irritans (L.). Prepupal (egg and larval) developmental time was determined at seven constant temperatures and ranged from 8.9 days at 20.1°C to 3.5 days at 34.5°C. Prepupal development averaged 44.8% of the preadult (egg, larval, and pupal) developmental time. Preadiilt developmental time was determined at 43 constant temperatures and ranged from 41.6 days at 15°C to 8.4 days at 35°C. The relationship between preadult developmental rate and constant temperature was used in a model to simulate developmental times of horn fly immatures exposed to fluctuating temperatures. The model simulated adult eclosion times well. Deviations of simulated from observed (observed – simulated) mean developmental times averaged 0.4 (SD = 1.3) days, and were less than those found when previously published developmental rate equations were used.

DYNAMICS OF PYRETHROID RESISTANCE IN HORN FLY, HAEMATOBIA IRRITANS (L.) (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE), POPULATIONS ON TAGGED AND UNTAGGED CATTLE IN MANITOBA

1993 ◽  
Vol 125 (5) ◽  
pp. 839-845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix S. Mwangala ◽  
Terry D. Galloway
Keyword(s):  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Haematobia Irritans ◽  
Horn Fly ◽  
Horn Flies

AbstractInitially, fenvalerate and permethrin tags at two tags per animal and one tag for every other animal nearly eliminated horn flies [Haematobia irritons (L.)] at Glenlea Research Station, Manitoba. However, fly numbers increased 8 weeks post-treatment in 1987 and 6 weeks post-treatment in 1988. LC50 values of the flies to fenvalerate and permethrin increased toward the end of each season but the slope of regression lines decreased in 1987. In 1988, initial LC50 values were lower compared with those observed at the end of the 1987 season. When tags were applied in 1988, LC50 values increased from 0.42 to 3.14 μg per cm2 for fenvalerate and from 2.06 to 10.76 μg per cm2 for permethrin. Mortality observed at discriminating concentrations of fenvalerate (0.625 μg per cm2) and permethrin (5 μg per cm2) during the season decreased from 67.9 to 2.8% and from 66.8 to 5.7%, respectively. Cattle at Glenlea and in a second herd at Libau were not treated in 1989; susceptibility of flies resistant to pyrethroids did not change significantly during the season in these herds. Discontinuing use of pyrethroid-impregnated ear tags for one season was not long enough for substantial reduction in resistance to occur.

USE OF LIFE HISTORY PARAMETERS TO IMPROVE A REARING METHOD FOR HORN FLY, HAEMATOBIA IRRITANS IRRITANS (L.) (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE), ON BOVINE HOSTS

1991 ◽  
Vol 123 (6) ◽  
pp. 1199-1207 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.J. Lysyk
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Generation Time ◽  
Larval Rearing ◽  
Improved Method ◽  
Single Female ◽  
Haematobia Irritans ◽  
Horn Fly ◽  
History Information ◽  
Horn Flies ◽  
Immature Survival

AbstractAn improved method for rearing horn flies, Haematobia irritans irritans (L.), on bovine hosts is reported in which adult flies were confined in cages fastened to the backs of stanchioned cattle. Survival of females was 75% per day and longevity averaged 3.5 days. Oviposition began when females were 2 days old. The number of eggs produced per female entering the population averaged 20.1, and a single female could produce up to 112 eggs in her lifetime. Immature survival averaged 48.9%. The generation growth rate was 4.91 females per female. Generation time was 20 days at 25°C. Approximately 1–3.8 g of manure per egg is recommended for larval rearing. Pupae can be stored at 10°C for up to 18 days with little loss in viability. Methods for using the life history information for optimizing rearing are discussed.

scholarly journals Laboratory Methods for Rearing Horn Flies (Diptera: Muscidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris J Holderman ◽  
Ulises A Sanchez-Sandoval ◽  
Jovannah Ramirez ◽  
Brandon G Smythe
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Laboratory Environment ◽  
Haematobia Irritans ◽  
Horn Fly ◽  
Research Programs ◽  
Horn Flies

Abstract The horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), is an obligate hematophagous ectoparasite of cattle, and one of the most important pests of cattle causing unrealized gains or losses in meat and milk production. The present study describes the difficulties that arise when research programs have attempted to maintain this pest, both on-host and off-host, in a laboratory environment. Suggestions aimed at assisting future researchers in successfully colonizing horn flies in the laboratory are provided.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of field populations of Haematobia irritans to fipronil in Uruguay

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia Miraballes ◽  
Antonio Thadeu M. Barros ◽  
Martin Lucas ◽  
Guilherme M. Klafke ◽  
Luísa N. Domingues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research Laboratory ◽  
Probit Analysis ◽  
Rhipicephalus Microplus ◽  
Susceptible Strain ◽  
Single Population ◽  
Haematobia Irritans ◽  
Horn Fly ◽  
Horn Flies ◽  
Fly Control

ABSTRACT: Fipronil was registered in Uruguay in 1997, and, since then, it has been used for the control of Haematobia irritans irritans and Rhipicephalus microplus. The susceptibility of H. irritants to this drug has not been evaluated. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to evaluate the resistance of H. irritans to fipronil. Additionally, a survey was carried out with the farmers to evaluate the use of fipronil for H. irritans control in the ranches where the flies came from. For the bioassays, 31 field populations of H. irritans were exposed to 10 concentrations of fipronil (3.2-16.0μg.cm2), and their LC50 values were calculated using probit analysis. A bioassay was performed with horn flies from the susceptible colony maintained at the USDA-ARS Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory for comparison and calculation of resistance ratios (RRs). All 31 field populations surveyed in the study were susceptible to fipronil, with resistance ratios ranging from <0.5 to 2.2. Four populations with RRs >1 did not differ significantly from the susceptible strain. A single population showed an RR >2.2. Overall, the survey shows that fipronil was mostly used for R. microplus control, and in only three ranches, which were free of R. microplus, was fipronil used for horn fly control. Seventeen farmers did not use fipronil at all in the last three years. It is concluded that, in Uruguay, field populations of horn flies remain susceptible to fipronil.

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