scholarly journals Dispersal patterns of Trypanosoma cruzi in Arequipa, Peru

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander S.F. Berry ◽  
Renzo Salazar-Sánchez ◽  
Ricardo Castillo-Neyra ◽  
Katty Borrini-Mayorí ◽  
Claudia Arevalo-Nieto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Animal Movement ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Domestic Animal ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Population Genomic ◽  
The City

AbstractAnthropogenic environmental alterations such as urbanization can threaten native populations as well as create novel environments that allow human pests and pathogens to thrive. As the number and size of urban environments increase globally, it is more important than ever to understand the dispersal dynamics of hosts, vectors and pathogens of zoonotic disease systems. For example, a protozoan parasite and the causative agent of Chagas disease in humans, Trypanosoma cruzi, recently colonized and spread through the city of Arequipa, Peru. We used population genomic and phylogenomic tools to analyze whole genomes of 123 T. cruzi isolates collected throughout Arequipa to determine patterns of T. cruzi dispersal. The data show significant population genetic structure within city blocks-parasites in the same block tend to be very closely related - but no population structure among blocks within districts - parasites in neighboring blocks are no more closely related to one another than to parasites in distant districts. These data suggest that T. cruzi dispersal within a block occurs regularly and that occasional long-range dispersal events allow the establishment of new T. cruzi populations in distant blocks. Movement of domestic animals may be the primary mechanism of inter-block and inter-district T. cruzi dispersal.Author SummaryUrbanization creates environments that are ideal for some human pests and pathogens. As the number and size of urban environments increases globally, it is becoming vital to understand how human disease-causing pathogens, their vectors, and their non-human hosts disperse through urban landscapes. Here we study a population of Trypanosoma cruzi – the protozoan parasite and causative agent of Chagas disease in humans – that recently colonized the city of Arequipa, Peru. We use population genomic and phylogenomic tools to understand how this parasite population dispersed through the city to achieve its current distribution and abundance. We show that T. cruzi collected from the same city block tend to be very closely related, while those from neighboring blocks are often as distantly related as those from blocks in distant districts. The data suggest that vectors facilitate frequent within-block dispersal of the parasite, while domestic animal movement may facilitate the relatively infrequent inter-block and interdistrict dispersal.

scholarly journals Immigration and establishment of urban Trypanosoma cruzi populations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander S.F. Berry ◽  
Renzo Salazar-Sánchez ◽  
Ricardo Castillo-Neyra ◽  
Katty Borrini-Mayorí ◽  
Claudia Chipana-Ramos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
South American ◽  
Environment Impact

AbstractChanging environmental conditions, including those caused by human activities, reshape biological communities through both loss of native species and establishment of non-native species in the altered habitats. Dynamic interactions with the abiotic environment impact both immigration and initial establishment of non-native species into these altered habitats. The repeated emergence of disease systems in urban areas worldwide highlights the importance of understanding how dynamic migratory processes affect the current and future distribution and abundance of pathogens in urban environments. In this study, we examine the pattern of invasion of Trypanosoma cruzi—the causative agent of human Chagas disease—in the city of Arequipa, Peru. Phylogenetic analyses of 136 T. cruzi isolates from Arequipa and other South American locations suggest that only one T. cruzi immigrant established a population in Arequipa as all T. cruzi isolated from vectors in Arequipa form a recent monophyletic group within the broader South American phylogeny. We discuss several hypotheses that may explain the limited number of established T. cruzi lineages despite multiple introductions of the parasite.Author SummaryHuman-associated pests and pathogens, who benefit from the abundance of humans and human-associated hosts or vectors, commonly invade environments altered by human activities. As the number and size of human-disturbed environments increase, so does the importance of identifying ecological and environmental factors that affect the probability that disease systems immigrate to, subsequently establish populations in, urban environments. We examined the number and timing of immigration and establishment events of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, in a currently endemic area. Phylogenetic analyses of 136 T. cruzi isolates suggests that the current population descended from a single, recent immigration event. We discuss historical and ecological hypotheses that can explain the limited T. cruzi diversity in this region.

Temperature, Mitochondria, and Reye's Syndrome

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 985-985
Author(s):  
RIF S. EL-MALLAKH
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Mitochondrial Enzyme ◽  
Reye's Syndrome ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
Mitochondrial Defect ◽  
Intracellular Protozoan Parasite

To the Editor.— Mitochondrial failure, manifest by changes in mitochondrial enzyme activity1-3 and morphology,4-5 is central to Reye's syndrome (RS).6 Although it has been variously hypothesized that the mitochondrial changes are secondary to an exogenous toxin,7-12 or an intrinsic mitochondrial defect,6 the actual cause remains obscure. Electron microscopic studies have shown sweelling and loss of cristate in mitochondria of patients with RS. It is interesting that very similar changes occur in Trypanosoma cruzi.13-16 T cruzi is an extracellular/intracellular protozoan parasite which causes Chagas' disease.17

scholarly journals The epidemiologic profile and prevalence of cardiopathy in Trypanosoma cruzi infected blood donor candidates, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil

2005 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 321-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Divina Seila de Oliveira-Marques ◽  
Ana Maria Bonametti ◽  
Tiemi Matsuo ◽  
Francisco Gregori Junior
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Blood Donor ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Family Income ◽  
State University ◽  
Cardiac Symptoms ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Epidemiologic Profile ◽  
The City

To describe the epidemiologic profile and prevalence of cardiopathy in 163 Trypanosoma cruzi serum positive blood donor candidates, a descriptive study was carried out between August, 1996 and November, 1997 at the Londrina State University Chagas Disease Outpatient Clinic. The profile found was: young, average age 42.95 ± 8.62 years; male (65%); Caucasian (84%); low level of schooling; low family income; agricultural worker (26%); born in the state of Paraná (67%); from rural areas (85%); migrated to the city (85%); and the vector as the main mechanism of transmission. During the clinical characterization a chronic cardiac form was found in 38% of the patients and classified as cardiac suggestive form in 21% and little suggestive of Chagas disease in 17%. No significant difference was found among age group distribution, sex and the presence of cardiac symptoms in patients with or without cardiopathy. This study emphasizes the importance of expanding medical services to areas with a greater prevalence of infected individuals, in a hierarchical manner and aiming at decentralization.

scholarly journals Discovery and Optimization of a Compound Series Active against Trypanosoma cruzi, the Causative Agent of Chagas Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 3066-3089
Author(s):  
Justin R. Harrison ◽  
Sandipan Sarkar ◽  
Shahienaz Hampton ◽  
Jennifer Riley ◽  
Laste Stojanovski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Compound Series

scholarly journals Identification of Inhibitors to Trypanosoma cruzi Sirtuins Based on Compounds Developed to Human Enzymes

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3659
Author(s):  
Tanira Matutino Bastos ◽  
Milena Botelho Pereira Soares ◽  
Caio Haddad Franco ◽  
Laura Alcântara ◽  
Lorenzo Antonini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Drug Target ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Disease Treatment ◽  
Specific Parasite ◽  
Specific Inhibitors

Chagas disease is an illness caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, affecting more than 7 million people in the world. Benznidazole and nifurtimox are the only drugs available for treatment and in addition to causing several side effects, are only satisfactory in the acute phase of the disease. Sirtuins are NAD+-dependent deacetylases involved in several biological processes, which have become drug target candidates in various disease settings. T. cruzi presents two sirtuins, one cytosolic (TcSir2rp1) and the latter mitochondrial (TcSir2rp3). Here, we characterized the effects of human sirtuin inhibitors against T. cruzi sirtuins as an initial approach to develop specific parasite inhibitors. We found that, of 33 compounds tested, two inhibited TcSir2rp1 (15 and 17), while other five inhibited TcSir2rp3 (8, 12, 13, 30, and 32), indicating that specific inhibitors can be devised for each one of the enzymes. Furthermore, all inhibiting compounds prevented parasite proliferation in cultured mammalian cells. When combining the most effective inhibitors with benznidazole at least two compounds, 17 and 32, demonstrated synergistic effects. Altogether, these results support the importance of exploring T. cruzi sirtuins as drug targets and provide key elements to develop specific inhibitors for these enzymes as potential targets for Chagas disease treatment.

Comparative high-throughput analysis of the Trypanosoma cruzi response to organometallic compounds

Metallomics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 813-828
Author(s):  
M. Florencia Mosquillo ◽  
Pablo Smircich ◽  
Martín Ciganda ◽  
Analía Lima ◽  
Dinorah Gambino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Expression Pattern ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Gene Expression Pattern ◽  
Organometallic Compounds ◽  
Global Gene Expression ◽  
High Throughput Analysis

An in-depth, comparative look at the effects of two structurally related organometallic Pd and Pt compounds on the global gene expression pattern of T. cruzi epimastigotes. This parasite is the causative agent of Chagas disease.

Proteome analysis of the causative agent of Chagas disease: Trypanosoma cruzi

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 881-886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Parodi-Talice ◽  
Rosario Durán ◽  
Nicolás Arrambide ◽  
Victoria Prieto ◽  
Marı́a Dolores Piñeyro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Proteome Analysis

scholarly journals Lipophilic Antifolate Trimetrexate Is a Potent Inhibitor of Trypanosoma cruzi: Prospect for Chemotherapy of Chagas' Disease

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 3234-3238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Senkovich ◽  
Vandanajay Bhatia ◽  
Nisha Garg ◽  
Debasish Chattopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Dihydrofolate Reductase ◽  
Drug Target ◽  
Potent Inhibitor ◽  
Pneumocystis Carinii ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Track Record

ABSTRACT Trypanosoma cruzi, a protozoan parasite, is the causative agent for Chagas' disease, which poses serious public health problem in Latin America. The two drugs available for the treatment of this disease are effective only against recent infections and are toxic. Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) has a proven track record as a drug target. The lipophilic antifolate trimetrexate (TMQ), which is an FDA-approved drug for the treatment of Pneumocystis carinii infection in AIDS patients, is a potent inhibitor of T. cruzi DHFR activity, with an inhibitory constant of 6.6 nM. The compound is also highly effective in killing T. cruzi parasites. The 50 and 90% lethal dose values against the trypomastigote are 19 and 36 nM, and the corresponding values for the amastigote form are 26 and 72 nM, respectively. However, as TMQ is also a good inhibitor of human DHFR, further improvement of the selectivity of this drug would be preferable. Identification of a novel antifolate selective against T. cruzi would open up new therapeutic avenues for treatment of Chagas' disease.

scholarly journals LEVANTAMENTO DA OCORRÊNCIA DE TRIATOMÍNEOS EM ÁREA PERIURBANA NA CIDADE DE PORTO VELHO – RO

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Paulo de Tarso Nunes Silva da Costa Júnior ◽  
Alda E. F. Lobato da Cunha
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Control Center ◽  
Medical Entomology ◽  
Molecular Tests ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
The City ◽  
Rhodnius Robustus ◽  
Porto Velho

Os triatomíneos, popularmente conhecido como barbeiro, sendo tal o agente transmissor da doença de Chagas no Brasil e nas Américas. Em Porto Velho, município de Rondônia, ainda não se tem estudos de notificações que venha divulgar números de casos da doença de Chagas notificado. O objetivo do estudo foi realizar um levantamento da ocorrência do vetor da doença de Chagas em uma área periurbana da cidade Porto Velho, no bairro Ronaldo Aragão, na linha Progresso. Esta localidade foi selecionada por constante ocorrência do inseto vetor, os quais após coletados por moradores do domicilio foram enviados ao laboratório de entomologia do Centro de Controle de Zoonoses e posteriormente ao LACEN-RO. As coletas entomológicas tiveram duas etapas, em campo e em laboratório, a análise do material coletado foi no laboratório de entomologia médica no LACEN-RO. Os resultados obtidos das 16 coletas, através de busca ativa, com nenhum registro do vetor da Chagas. Mas das buscas passivas, obteve-se um total de 14 exemplares de triatomíneos, das quais houve prevalência da espécie Rhodnius robustus e apenas 01 exemplar de Rhodnius pictipes, e dentre estes, um triatomíneo estava positivo com Trypanosoma cruzi. Sugerimos novas coletas entomológicas, objetivando um maior numero de exemplares de triatomíneos, tanto na área deste estudo, como em outras localidades neste município e outros ecótopos, e ainda realizar o isolamento das amostras de Trypanosoma cruzi para fins da possibilidade da realização de testes moleculares.ABSTRAT The triatomíneos, popularly are known as barber, being such the transmitter agent of the Chagas disease in Brazil and in the Americas. In Porto Velho, city of Rondonia, there are not studies of notifications that come to divulge numbers of cases of chagas notified. The objective of the study was to do a survey of the occurrence for Chagas’ disease vector in the suburbs of the city of Porto Velho, in the Ronaldo Aragao, neighborhood ,in the line Progress. This locality was selected by constant occurrence of the insect vector, which after collected for inhabitants of the home are sent to the laboratory of entomology of the Control Center of Zoonoses and later to the LACEN-RO. The entomologicals collections had two stages, in field and in laboratory, the analysis of the collected material was in the laboratory of medical entomology in the LACEN-RO. The obtained results of the 16 collections, through passive searches, it was obtained a total of 14 types of of triatomíneos , of which had prevalence of the Rhodnius robustus species and only 01 type of Rhodnius pictipes, and among these, a triatomíneo was positive with Trypanosoma cruzi. We suggested new entomologicals collections, objectifying a larger number of triatomíneos types, so much in the area of this study, as in other localities in this city and other environments, and still to do through the isolation of the samples of Trypanosoma cruzi for ends of the possibility of accomplishment of molecular tests.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Trypanosoma Cruzi antibodies in blood donors from the Sao Paulo State, Brazil, between 2012 and 2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (03) ◽  
pp. 277-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetoslav Nanev Slavov ◽  
Katia Kaori Otaguiri ◽  
Mariana Tomazini Pinto ◽  
Vanderléia Bárbaro Valente ◽  
Eugênia Maria Amorim Ubiali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
São Paulo State ◽  
The Cost

Introduction: American tripanosomiasis (Chagas disease), the second most neglected disease in the world, is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Though natural transmission by insect vectors has been controlled, there is significant risk of T. cruzi transmission by blood transfusion in non-endemic regions, generally due to immigration processes from endemic areas. Methodology: The objective of this study was to evaluate anti-T. cruzi seroprevalence in blood donors from the western part of São Paulo State, Brazil, by serologic and immunofluorescence confirmation tests for the period between 2012 and 2014. Currently, this region is regarded as a non-endemic area for Chagas disease. Results: The confirmed overall T. cruzi seroprevalence among blood donors was 0.10%, which can be considered low compared to other Brazilian regions. Nevertheless, the distribution of the anti-T. cruzi antibodies within the examined region was uneven, and some areas of significantly higher prevalence were observed. Conclusions: We could consider two tendencies in the prevalence of T. cruzi: (i) residual older undiagnosed cases from São Paulo State, and (ii) immigration from endemic Brazilian or South American regions. The discordance obtained for T. cruzi prevalence by serologic and immunofluorescence methods demonstrates that more specific routine diagnosis is needed to diminish the cost of the assays and the loss of blood supply once all seropositive blood bags are immediately discarded.

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