scholarly journals In for a penny, in for a pound: examining motivated memory through the lens of retrieved context models

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 445-456
Author(s):  
Deborah Talmi ◽  
Deimante Kavaliauskaite ◽  
Nathaniel D. Daw
Keyword(s):  
Retention Interval ◽  
Emotional Memory ◽  
Recent Model ◽  
Retrieval Model ◽  
Emotional Context ◽  
Null Effect ◽  
High Reward ◽  
Context Models ◽  
Larger Sample ◽  
Better Than

When people encounter items that they believe will help them gain reward, they later remember them better than others. A recent model of emotional memory, the emotional context maintenance and retrieval model (eCMR), predicts that these effects would be stronger when stimuli that predict high and low reward can compete with each other during both encoding and retrieval. We tested this prediction in two experiments. Participants were promised £1 for remembering some pictures, but only a few pence for remembering others. Their recall of the content of the pictures they saw was tested after 1 min and, in experiment 2, also after 24 h. Memory at the immediate test showed effects of list composition. Recall of stimuli that predicted high reward was greater than of stimuli that predicted lower reward, but only when high- and low-reward items were studied and recalled together, not when they were studied and recalled separately. More high-reward items in mixed lists were forgotten over a 24-h retention interval compared with items studied in other conditions, but reward did not modulate the forgetting rate, a null effect that should be replicated in a larger sample. These results confirm eCMR's predictions, although further research is required to compare that model against alternatives.

scholarly journals In for a pound, in for a penny: How the opportunity to gain reward influences the competition for memory resources

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Talmi ◽  
Deimante Kavaliauskaite ◽  
Nathaniel D. Daw
Keyword(s):  
Retrieval Model ◽  
Local Competition ◽  
Emotional Context ◽  
General Account ◽  
Memory Resources ◽  
Better Than

AbstractWhen people encounter items that they believe will help them gain reward, they later remember them better than those that do not. While it is adaptive to preferentially remember experiences that will be useful later, it is unknown how the competition for memory resources is implemented in time, through the processes of encoding, consolidation, and retrieval. In two experiments we promised participants £1 for remembering some pictures, but only 10 pence for remembering others. Their ability to describe the pictures was tested after one minute and after 24 hours. Memory at immediate test showed effects of list composition, suggesting local competition at encoding and/or retrieval. These results are consistent with our recently-proposed emotional Context Maintenance and Retrieval model, supporting it as a general account of motivated memory. In contrast, relative to this baseline, more valuable memories were not preferentially retained following delay, suggesting no detectable role of competition for consolidation.

scholarly journals A retrieved context model of the emotional modulation of memory

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Talmi ◽  
Lynn J. Lohnas ◽  
Nathaniel D. Daw
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Memory ◽  
Temporal Context ◽  
Composition Effect ◽  
Context Model ◽  
Emotional Modulation ◽  
Emotional Information ◽  
Retrieval Processes ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Context Models ◽  
Evolutionary Fitness

AbstractEmotion enhances episodic memory, an effect thought to be an adaptation to prioritise the memories that best serve evolutionary fitness. But viewing this effect largely in terms of prioritising what to encode or consolidate neglects broader rational considerations about what sorts of associations should be formed at encoding, and which should be retrieved later. Although neurobiological investigations have provided many mechanistic clues about how emotional arousal modulates item memory, these effects have not been wholly integrated with the cognitive and computational neuroscience of memory more generally.Here we apply the Context Maintenance and Retrieval Model (CMR, Polyn, Norman & Kahana, 2009) to this problem by extending it to describe the way people may represent and process emotional information. A number of ways to operationalise the effect of emotion were tested. The winning emotional CMR (eCMR) model reconceptualises emotional memory effects as arising from the modulation of a process by which memories become bound to ever-changing temporal and emotional contexts. eCMR provides a good qualitative fit for the emotional list-composition effect and the emotional oddball effect, illuminating how these effects are jointly determined by the interplay of encoding and retrieval processes. eCMR explains the increased advantage of emotional memories in delayed memory tests through the limited ability of retrieval to reinstate the temporal context of encoding.By leveraging the rich tradition of temporal context models, eCMR helps integrate existing effects of emotion and provides a powerful tool to test mechanisms by which emotion affects memory in a broad range of paradigms.

scholarly journals Performance in Nonword Repetition Tasks among Mandarin- English Bilingual Children in Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chai Ping Woon ◽  
Ngee Thai Yap ◽  
Hui Woan Lim
Keyword(s):  
Language Impairment ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Nonword Repetition ◽  
Developmental Trend ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Development Delay ◽  
Qualitative Measure ◽  
Larger Sample ◽  
Better Than

The nonword repetition (NWR) task has been used to measure children’s expressive language skills, and it has been argued to have potential as an early language delay/ impairment detection tool as the NWR task can be conducted rather easily and quickly to obtain a quantitative as well as a qualitative measure of children’s attention to lexical and phonological information. This paper reports the performance of two NWR tasks among thirty bilingual Mandarin-English preschoolers between the age of four through six. The study indicated that performance in the NWR tasks showed a developmental trend with older children performing better than younger children. Word length also had a significant effect on performance, possibly an effect from better short-term memory capacity as the child grew older. The children also performed better in the Mandarin NWR task compared to the English NWR task. These findings suggest potential clinical applications for diagnosis of children with language impairment or at risk of language development delay. However, further studies should improve on the tasks to verify its efficacy and to obtain norms for performance with a larger sample of children at various age groups.

scholarly journals To be better to be equal: In search of gender-based performance effects in financial statements of Italian unlisted company boards

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 90-101
Author(s):  
Massimo Cecchi
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Financial Statement ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Performance Effects ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Larger Sample ◽  
Better Than

Although Italy is characterized by a Rhine model of capitalism, with an underdeveloped stock exchange, previous studies on gender inequality have focused only on the analysis of the country’s few listed companies. Our study examines, instead, a larger sample of approximately 15,000 Italian limited companies, which include, in particular, unlisted companies. In the absence of estimates of these firms’ value on a stock market, the study measures performance based on financial statement data and ratios. No statistically significant correlations between performance and gender emerge. Therefore, if women have to “be better” to be treated “equally”, we can conclude that women do not seem to perform better than their male counterparts. However, women are not found to perform worse, either. Hence, we can also conclude that their underrepresentation can only be the result of sociocultural discrimination. We believe that this reversal of perspective should also be considered in future studies in search of overperformance to justify leading roles for women

Long-Term Study of Borrelia and Babesia Species Distribution in Ixodes Ricinus and Dermacentor Recticulatus Ticks Removed From Humans in Poland, 2016-2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Welc-Falęciak ◽  
Małgorzata Bednarska ◽  
Adrianna Hamera ◽  
Emilia Religa ◽  
Milena Poryszewka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Risk ◽  
Babesia Species ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Questing Ticks ◽  
Tick Borne Disease ◽  
Larger Sample ◽  
Better Than

Abstract Monitoring changes in the prevalence of different Borrelia genospecies/ species in ticks might be an important indicator of risk assessment and of differences in pathogenicity in humans. Furthermore, the evaluation of pathogens in feeding ticks represents the risk of human exposure better than studies on questing ticks. The objective of our study was to assess the prevalence and distribution of Borrelia and Babesia species in ticks removed from humans, in a larger sample collected for several months during four years of studies. We confirmed high Borrelia prevalence, including B. miyamotoi, in ticks removed from humans as well as the shift in Borrelia genospecies/ species frequency of occurrence during the four-year study. Despite the fact that Babesia prevalence was relatively low, the majority of tested isolates are considered to be pathogenic for humans. The results of our study have also shown that Borrelia and Babesia coinfections in ticks are more common in Borrelia-infected ticks. Even if the overall risk of developing Lyme borreliosis after a tick bite in Europe is rather low, the knowledge of prevalence and distribution of Borrelia and Babesia species in ticks might be an important indicator of both tick-borne disease risk and pathogenicity assessment.

Emotional Memory in the Human Brain

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard Faul ◽  
Kevin S. LaBar
Keyword(s):  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Emotional Memory ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Memory Processing ◽  
Memory Modification ◽  
Better Than

Across a lifetime, people tend to remember some experiences better than others, and often these biases in memory are fueled by the emotions felt when initially encoding an event. The neuroscientific study of emotional memory has advanced considerably since researchers first detailed a critical role for the amygdala in enhancing memory consolidation for arousing experiences. It is now known that the influence of emotion on memory is both a more selective and multifaceted process than initially thought. Consequently, the neural mechanisms that govern emotional memory involve an expansive set of distributed connections between the amygdala and other medial temporal lobe structures, along with prefrontal and sensory regions, that interact with noradrenergic, dopaminergic, and glucocorticoid neuromodulatory systems to both enhance and impair items in memory. Recent neurocognitive models have detailed specific mechanisms to explain how and why the influence of emotion on memory is so varied, including arousal-based accounts for the selective consolidation of information based on stimulus priority, as well as top-down cognitive factors that moderate these effects. Still other lines of research consider the time-dependent influence of stress on memory, valence-based differences in neural recapitulation at retrieval, and the mechanisms of emotional memory modification over time. While appreciating these many known ways in which emotions influence different stages of memory processing, here we also identify gaps in the literature and present future directions to improve a neurobiological understanding of emotional memory processes.

scholarly journals Cash or Credit? Compensation in Psychology Studies: Motivation Matters

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly J. Bowen ◽  
Elizabeth A. Kensinger
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Undergraduate Student ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
The Other ◽  
Behavioral Task ◽  
High Reward ◽  
Reward Motivation ◽  
Motivation To Participate ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Course Credit

It is common practice for psychology researchers to recruit their sample of participants from the undergraduate student population. Participants are typically compensated with partial course credit or a monetary payment. The current study reveals that the motivation to participate in a study (cash versus course credit) can relate to performance on a behavioral task of rewarded memory. In Experiment 1, undergraduate participants were recruited and compensated for their time with either partial course credit or cash. Potential performance-based cash rewards were earned during a rewarded memory task, where correct recognition of half the stimuli was worth a high reward and the other half a low reward. Memory for high reward items was better than low reward items, but only for the cash group. The credit group did not modulate their performance based on the value of the stimuli. In Experiment 2, undergraduates were compensated with partial course credit for their time and given the opportunity to earn a bonus credit for performance on a memory test. The findings were in line with the results from the credit group of Experiment 1, suggesting that the modulation of performance in the cash group of Experiment 1 cannot be accounted for by congruency between motivation to participate and reward for task performance. Of methodological importance, the findings indicate that recruiting and compensating participants with cash versus course credit may influence the results on a rewarded memory task. This factor should be taken into consideration in studies of reward motivation.

A Novel Literature Retrieval Model of Digital Library Based on Wiki Technology

2010 ◽  
Vol 34-35 ◽  
pp. 1309-1313
Author(s):  
Gui Fen Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Digital Library ◽  
Retrieval System ◽  
Retrieval Model ◽  
Communication Mode ◽  
Quality Of Information ◽  
Wiki Technology ◽  
Research Domains ◽  
New System ◽  
Better Than

Wiki technology is one of the hottest research domains nowadays. The idea of integrating Wiki with digital library brings us new way to improve the quality of information retrieval and service in digital library. This paper presents a new retrieval model based on Wiki technology in literature retrieval system. Experiments designed show that the recall and precision of the new system are much better than the traditional ones. But the method also has some disadvantages, for example it does not change computer's communication mode essentially. Our work will deal with these problems mentioned above to provide better service in the digital library in the future.

scholarly journals Better than expected: the influence of option expectations during decision-making

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1893) ◽  
pp. 20182472
Author(s):  
Francesco Rigoli ◽  
Raymond Dolan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Recent Model ◽  
Option Value ◽  
Sequential Order ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Better Than

Our choices often arise from a consideration of options presented in a sequence (e.g. the products in a supermarket row). However, whether the precise sequential order of option presentation affects decision-making remains poorly understood. A recent model of choice proposes that, in a set of options presented sequentially, those that are better than expected will be perceived as more valuable, even when options are objectively equivalent within the set. Inspired by this proposal, we devised a novel decision-making task where we manipulated the order of option presentation together with expectations about option value. Even when we compared trials that were exactly equivalent except for option order, we observed a striking preference for options that were better than expected. Our findings show that expectations about options affect which option will be favoured within a sequence, an influence which is manifested as a preference for better-than-expected options. The findings have potential practical implications, as for example they may help policymakers in devising nudge strategies that rely on ad hoc option orders.

Unlearning in Free Learning as a Function of Context Change and Retention Interval

1969 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 943-946 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Abra ◽  
Patricia S. Belton
Keyword(s):  
Retention Interval ◽  
The Other ◽  
Context Change ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
The Third ◽  
Group Control ◽  
Learning Trials ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Better Than

A list of 20 words was presented 4 times to 3 groups of Ss. After each presentation, Ss attempted to recall as many of the words as possible, in any order they wished. Two experimental groups then learned a second unrelated list for 6 such free-learning trials, while the third group (control) did not. One of the experimental groups had a changed environment for List-2 learning, while the other group was unchanged. Retention of both lists (MMFR) was tested either after List-2 learning or 24 hr. later. The control recalled List 1 better than the two experimental groups, which did not differ from each other. List-1 recall in the experimental groups did not change over time.

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