Patterns of negative affective biases associated with depressive symptoms and during remission in large community-based sample

Background: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is associated with negative affective cognitive biases. Differences on population level however remain unclear, including whether they normalise with remission. This study investigated associations between affective cognition and MDD within a large community-based sample.Methods: Participants from Generation Scotland (N=1,179) completed three affective tasks: (i) Bristol Emotion Recognition Task (BERT), (ii) Face Affective Go/No-go (FAGN), and (iii) Cambridge Gambling Task (CGT). After exclusions, individuals were classified as MDD-current (n=43), MDD-remitted (n=282), or non-MDD controls (n=784). Main analyses tested for hypothesised associations between affective bias summary measures and depressive symptoms, and for differences in affective biases between MDD-remitted versus non-MDD subjects. Exploratory analyses examined responses per task condition in more detail.Results: We found an association between greater depressive symptom severity and lower risk adjustment (CGT win, standardised coefficient =-0.02, p=0.03). This was attenuated when non-affective cognition (g) was accounted for, or when restricting analysis to those not currently taking antidepressant medication. Main analysis revealed no further clear evidence of affective biases, neither for MDD-remitted individuals. Exploratory analyses however suggested more subtle negative biases associated with depressive symptoms.Conclusions: Individuals with high depressive ratings were less likely to bet more despite increasingly favourable win conditions, which may indicate lower reward motivation, but could also be explained by lower non-affective cognitive functioning. Overall, results from this community-based sample showed limited evidence for overarching cognitive affective differences in MDD, though subtle negative biases related to current symptom severity suggested by exploratory analyses across the whole sample.

Implementation of Qur'anic Verses and Hadiths About Work Behavior, Responsibility and Motivation

Islam as a religious teaching that has a vision of rahmatan lil'alamin contains teachings that are able to shape a person's personality who implements divine messages (Alquran) and prophetic messages (hadith) in daily behavior -day. The obligation to study, work, hold fast and convey the mandate, and accountability for deeds before Allah SWT is a small part of Islamic teachings that allow a Muslim to have good work behavior. Commitment, motivation and job satisfaction (either together or separately) will be higher when HR policies create workforce capabilities, reward motivation and provide opportunities for participation. Fourth, HR policies to develop capabilities, motivation and opportunities must exist and reinforce each other. HR policies and reward practices that are implemented and enforced by the leadership can trigger discretionary behavior which is characterized by a change in attitude. It can increase or weaken if the policy is not in accordance with the organizational culture and values adopted. The success of the work done will provide experience that can help in acting in the future.

Objective measures of reward sensitivity and motivation in people with high vs low anhedonia

Background. Anhedonia, a diminished interest or pleasure in activities, is a core self-reported symptom of depression which is poorly understood and often resistant to conventional antidepressants. This symptom may occur due to dysfunction in one or more sub-components of reward processing: motivation, consummatory experience, and/or learning. However, the precise impairments remain elusive. Dissociating these components (ideally, using cross-species measures) and relating them to the subjective experience of anhedonia is critical as it may benefit fundamental biology research and novel drug development. Methods. Using a battery of behavioural tasks based on rodent assays, we examined reward motivation (Joystick-Operated Runway Task, JORT; and Effort-Expenditure for Rewards Task, EEfRT) and reward sensitivity (Sweet Taste Test) in a non-clinical population who scored high (N = 32) or low (N = 34) on an anhedonia questionnaire (Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale). Results. Compared to the low anhedonia group, the high anhedonia group displayed marginal impairments in effort-based decision-making (EEfRT) and reduced reward sensitivity (Sweet Taste Test). However, we found no evidence of a difference between groups in physical effort exerted for reward (JORT). Interestingly, whilst the EEfRT and Sweet Taste Test correlated with anhedonia measures, they did not correlate with each other, lending support for the possibility of sub-groups within anhedonia. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that reward motivation and reward sensitivity are dissociable when tested in the same group of participants, and that anhedonia is a heterogenous symptom associated with impairments in reward sensitivity and effort-based decision-making.

Citizen Science in Schools: Predictors and Outcomes of Participating in Voluntary Political Research

Citizen science research has been rapidly expanding in the past years and has become a popular approach in youth education. We investigated key drivers of youth participation in a citizen social science school project and the effects of participation on scientific and topic-related (i.e., political) interest and efficacy. Findings suggest that females, more politically and scientifically interested and more scientifically efficacious adolescents were more motivated to learn from the project. Science efficacy was also positively related to external reward motivation (i.e., winning an award). Both learning and external reward motivation increased the likelihood of participation. Pre- and post-measurement further indicated that participation in the project slightly increased science interest, but not science efficacy. However, it did increase both political interest and efficacy. Furthermore, our data revealed a decrease in science efficacy and interest in those who did not participate in the project, indicating an increasing gap in adolescents’ scientific involvement.

Reward enhances memory via age-varying online and offline neural mechanisms across development

Reward motivation enhances memory through interactions between mesolimbic, hippocampal, and cortical systems - both during and after encoding. Developmental changes in these distributed neural circuits may lead to age-related differences in reward-motivated memory and the underlying neural mechanisms. Converging evidence from cross-species studies suggests that subcortical dopamine signaling is increased during adolescence, which may lead to stronger memory representations of rewarding, relative to mundane, events and changes in the contributions of underlying subcortical and cortical brain mechanisms across age. Here, we used fMRI to examine how reward motivation influences the "online" encoding and "offline" post-encoding brain mechanisms that support long-term associative memory from childhood to adulthood. We found that reward motivation led to both age-invariant as well as adolescent-specific enhancements in associative memory after 24 hours. Furthermore, reward-related memory benefits were linked to age-varying neural mechanisms. During encoding, interactions between the prefrontal cortex and ventral tegmental area (VTA) were associated with better high-reward memory to a greater degree with increasing age. Pre- to post-encoding changes in functional connectivity between the anterior hippocampus and VTA were also associated with better high-reward memory, but more so at younger ages. Our findings suggest that there may be developmental shifts - from offline subcortical to online cortical processes - in the brain mechanisms supporting reward-motivated memory.

The Influence of Knowledge, Compensation for Documentation Upbringing Treatment through Motivation Nurse in Mamuju Regional General Hospital

This study aims to know (1) The direct influence of Knowledge, Compensation on motivation, (2) The direct influence of Knowledge, Compensation, and motivation on documentation, (3) The Effect of Knowledge, Compensation on documentation through motivation. This research was conducted at the Mamuju Regional General Hospital from 15 September to 15 October 2019. This type of analysis used a quantitative study by using a descriptive design with a path analyst approach. This study's sample was all nurses who documented nursing care and had a minimum education of D3 Nursing, totaling 147 respondents with total sampling. Data was taken by using a questionnaire. This research concludes that there is a direct effect of Knowledge and compensation on motivation, the immediate effect of Knowledge, reward, motivation on documentation, and the indirect impact of the experience, payment on documentation through motivation.

The effects of positive or negative self-talk on the alteration of brain functional connectivity by performing cognitive tasks

Self-talk can improve cognitive performance, but the underlying mechanism of such improvement has not been investigated. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of self-talks on functional connectivity associated with cognitive performance. We used the short form of Progressive Matrices Test (sRPM) to measure differences in performance improvements between self-respect and self-criticism. Participants were scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging in the following order: baseline, during-sRPM1, post-sRPM1, self-respect or self-criticism, during-sRPM2, and post-sRPM2. Analysis was conducted to identify the self-talks' modulatory effects on the reward-motivation, default mode, and central-executive networks. Increase in sRPM2 score compared to sRPM1 score was observed only after self-criticism. The self-talk-by-repetition interaction effect was not found for during-sRPM, but found for post-sRPM; decreased nucleus accumbens-based connectivity was shown after self-criticism compared with self-respect. However, the significant correlations between the connectivity change and performance change appeared only in the self-respect group. Our findings showed that positive self-talk and negative self-talk differently modulate brain states concerning cognitive performance. Self-respect may have both positive and negative effects due to enhanced executive functions and inaccurate confidence, respectively, whereas self-criticism may positively affect cognitive performance by inducing a less confident state that increases internal motivation and attention.