The effects of the cross-anisotropy of different materials of the asphalt surface layer and the depth-temperature relationship on pavement responses and damage are investigated. A three-dimensional Finite-Element Model (FEM) of the pavement, which considers the depth-temperature relationship
of the surface layer under moving tire load, is developed. Pavement damage models are established to evaluate the damage ratio for primary rutting and fatigue cracking. The results show that the compressive strain at the bottom of the surface layer increases as the temperature increases, and
the cross-anisotropy (n-value) decreases, indicating that a decrease in the horizontal modulus of different materials of the surface layer increases the damage ratio for primary rutting at high temperatures. The tensile strain at the bottom of the surface layer declines as the n-value
increases to 1. For the same change in the n-value, the rate of change of the damage ratio for fatigue cracking is greater at low temperatures than at high temperatures, demonstrating that the number of allowable load repetitions is more sensitive at low temperatures. In addition, the
effect of cross-anisotropy and temperature on the vertical stress are larger on the top of the base than in the subbase and subgrade.
Maltese cross anisotropy in
Ho0.8Lu0.2B12
antiferromagnetic metal with dynamic charge stripes
