Tunable X-ray polarization reflector with perfect crystals

1999 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 955-962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Hasegawa ◽  
Y. Ueji ◽  
K. Okitsu ◽  
J. M. Ablett ◽  
D. P. Siddons ◽  
...  

The possibility of a transmission-type X-ray linear polarizer is investigated using a thin Bragg reflector as a polarizing filter. In this device, the transmitted beam (rather than the Bragg-reflected beam) is the useful output of the device. Consequently, the position and the direction of the transmitted beam are unchanged as the energy is changed, or even when the polarization direction to be filtered out is changed. Theoretical considerations as well as preliminary transmissivity measurements are presented. The use of perfect crystals of silicon and diamond is examined. A polarization ratio, defined as I_H/I_V, higher than 105 was observed in experiments to measure the performance characteristics of the proposed X-ray polarizing reflector. The transmission-type X-ray linear polarizer is well suited for spectroscopic measurements with polarized X-rays.

1998 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 738-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Hasegawa ◽  
Y. Ueji ◽  
K. Okitsu ◽  
J. M. Ablett ◽  
D. P. Siddons ◽  
...  

Even though conventional X-ray polarizers with multiple-reflection channel-cut structures perform well, they suffer from the disadvantage that the polarized beam is non-stationary as the energy is scanned. In this paper the possibility of using a thin Bragg reflector as a polarizing filter is investigated, so that the transmitted beam (rather than the Bragg-reflected beam) is used. Consequently, the position and direction of the transmitted beam are unchanged as the energy is changed, or even when the polarization direction to be filtered out is changed. Theoretical considerations as well as experimental results on the performance characteristics of the proposed transmission-type X-ray linear polarizer are presented. A polarization ratio, defined as I H /I V , higher than 105 was obtained.


1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (S2) ◽  
pp. 376-377
Author(s):  
P. Cloetens ◽  
J. Baruchel ◽  
J.P. Guigay ◽  
W. Ludwig ◽  
L. Mancini ◽  
...  

X-ray imaging started over a century ago. For several decades its only form was absorption radiography, in which contrast is due to local variations in beam attenuation. About forty years ago, a new form of X-ray imagery, Bragg-diffraction imaging or X-ray topography, developed into practical use. It directly reveals crystal defects in the bulk of large single crystals, and paved the way to microelectronics by leading to the growth of large, practically perfect, crystals. The advent of third-generation synchrotron radiation sources of X-rays such as ESRF and APS is now making possible, through the coherence of the X-ray beams, a novel form of radiography, in which contrast arises from phase variations across the transmitted beam, associated with optical path length differences, through Fresnel diffraction. Phase radiography and its three-dimensional companion, X-ray phase tomography, are providing new information on the mechanics of composites as well as on biological materials.


2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (a1) ◽  
pp. C1760-C1760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Wright

For accurate synchrotron data collection it is important to know the precise X-ray wavelength and to be able to monitor this value. Due to the high heat load on the X-ray optics from modern sources significant drifts may occur. Any change in wavelength is reflected as a change in the unit cell parameters derived from the data and this is especially problematic for measurements of strain. A conceptually simple device has been developed to allow measurements and monitoring of the X-ray wavelength by measuring the transmission of a silicon single crystal wafer in transmission. As the crystal is rotated in the beam different hkl reflections are diffracted leading to a loss of intensity in the transmitted beam. By measuring the incident and transmitted intensity the angles of all of these peaks can be measured with high precision while rotating the crystal, with a setup rather similar to a conventional EXAFS experiment. A similar device has also recently been developed for polychromatic experiments [1]. For high energy X-rays the wafer can be left in the beam throughout the experiment and individual reflections can be scanned to monitor the wavelength as a function of time. The rich diffraction pattern which can be recorded in this geometry should contain a wealth of information as all single rocking curves are measured with high resolution on an absolute scale in comparison to the crystal absorption. The figure shows an example scan collected at 42 keV using a silicon wafer.


2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 1155-1162 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. Toellner ◽  
J. Collins ◽  
K. Goetze ◽  
M. Y. Hu ◽  
C. Preissner ◽  
...  

A high-resolution silicon monochromator suitable for 21.541 keV synchrotron radiation is presented that produces a bandwidth of 0.27 meV. The operating energy corresponds to a nuclear transition in151Eu. The first-of-its-kind, fully cryogenic design achieves an energy-alignment stability of 0.017 meV r.m.s. per day, or a 100-fold improvement over other meV-monochromators, and can tolerate higher X-ray power loads than room-temperature designs of comparable resolution. This offers the potential for significantly more accurate measurements of lattice excitation energies using nuclear resonant vibrational spectroscopy if combined with accurate energy calibration using, for example, high-speed Doppler shifting. The design of the monochromator along with its performance and impact on transmitted beam properties are presented.


The investigation of the biological action of homogeneous X-radiation of different wave-lengths was commenced because many clinical observations point to the existence of what has been termed differential action, although theoretical considerations do not support such a view. Differential action may be defined as the association of changes in living matter with certain special wave-lengths in the X-ray spectrum. The investigation was performed with the chorio-allantoic membrane of the embryo which. The X-ray spectrometer was used as a source of the different radiations. A fine pencil of X-rays impinges on a crystal, various component wave-lengths being reflected at corresponding angles connected by the formula the investigation of the biological action of bomogeneous X-radiation of different wave-lengths was commenced because m any clinical observations point to the existence of what has been termed differential action, although theoretical considerations do not support such a view. differential action may by defined as tbs association of changes in living matter with certain special wave-lengths in the X-ray spectrum. The investigation was performed with chorio-allantoic membrane of the embryo which. The X-ray spectrometer was used as a source of the different radiations. A fine pencil of X-rays impinges on a crystal, various component wave-lengths being reflected at corresponding angles connected by the formula λ = 2 d sin θ (fig. 1, p. 405.). This gives a radiation which is very nearly homogeneous, but the energy is exceedingly small, a fact which has no doubt deterred many previous workers from using this method. The present paper is an extension and confirmation of certain observations contained in a preliminary communication to the ' Medical Journal of Australia .' A selective action by different wave-lengths is described and the subject matter is arranged as follows: ( a ) The chorio-allantoio membrane and related structures are described; ( b ) the technical procedure of exposing the specimen to X-radiation is given, followed by ( c ) an account of the X-ray effects obtained, with details of their development and their relation to control experiments; ( d ) a systematic exploration of the X-ray spectrum is then described, giving microscopic results, which are expressed graphically, and details of confirmatory experiments, followed by ( e ) a brisk account of the microscopic examination. A general discussion ( f ) follows, in which the form, graphical expression, and the relationship of stimulation to destruction is considered. An apparent neutralisation between different wave-lengths in their biological action is also discussed and the technical procedure and form of tire graphs is considered in this respect. In the concluding remark ( g ) Zeleotive action is considered in relation to the atomic structure of the tissue and the main deductions are summarised.


Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1561
Author(s):  
Nataliya Klimova ◽  
Irina Snigireva ◽  
Anatoly Snigirev ◽  
Oleksandr Yefanov

The highest-quality X-ray optics can be made of single-crystal materials such as silicon, germanium, or, even better, diamond. Unfortunately, such X-ray optics have one drawback: diffraction losses or the “glitch effect”. This effect manifests itself as follows: at some energies of X-rays, the intensity of the transmitted beam drops due to the fact that some crystalline planes have satisfied the diffraction condition. Diffraction losses are usually observed in spectroscopic experiments when the energy of the X-rays changes in a certain range. However, this effect might also influence any experiment using X-rays, especially at higher energies. In this paper, we propose a method to overcome the glitch problem in transmissive optics. This is achieved using small rotations of the optical element. We describe the algorithm for “glitch-free” measurements in detail and the theory behind it.


2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying-Yi Chang ◽  
Sung-Yu Chen ◽  
Shih-Chang Weng ◽  
Chia-Hung Chu ◽  
Mau-Tsu Tang ◽  
...  

An overview is given of the study on X-ray focusing using the Fabry-Perot type multi-plate silicon crystal cavities consisting of compound refractive lenses. Silicon (12 4 0) is used as the back reflection for cavity resonance at the photon energy of 14.4388 keV. Measurements of focal length of the transmitted beam through the crystal cavities show enhanced focusing effect due to the presence of back diffraction. Also, an incident beam with ultrahigh energy resolution can improve the focusing owing to the wider acceptance angle of the back diffraction. Considerations based on the excitation of dispersion surface within the framework of X-ray dynamical diffraction theory are also presented to reveal the origin of this enhanced focusing.


Author(s):  
Kathleen Lonsdale

Extinction is the increase in absorption that is to be expected when Bragg reflection of X-rays takes place in single crystals, and the corresponding decrease in intensity of reflection observed.The increase of absorption was directly observed in 1914 in two ways. Using the ionization spectrometer, W. H. Bragg found that the amount of radiation transmitted by a crystal section was notably decreased when the transmitted beam had suffered reflection from a set of crystal planes.


2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 1203-1208
Author(s):  
Yan-Zong Zheng ◽  
Ting-Wei Wu ◽  
Lien-Kuang Yu ◽  
Yong-Cheng Wei ◽  
Wen-Chung Liu ◽  
...  

A method for the simultaneous determination of nine strain coefficients, both shear and tensile, of crystalline bilayers is proposed and realized. The X-ray diffraction peak intensities along 2θ (vertical) and β (horizontal) scans relative to the plane of incidence of three Bragg reflections whose atomic planes are not parallel to each other can be used to obtain shear and tensile strain coefficients. The theoretical considerations and experimental examples for single-crystal GeSi/Si overlayers are reported. It is also demonstrated that, for GeSi/Si, the shear and tensile strain coefficients of the Si substrate tend to vanish when the GeSi layer is thicker than 40 nm.


1957 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 439-453
Author(s):  
Robert E. Ogilvie

AbstractWhen two metals are allowed to diffuse into one another, a diffusion aone is formed, the shape of which is determined by the relative diffusivities of the two elements, the time and temperature of the diffusion, and the number of phases existing in equilibrium at the diffusion temperature.An X-ray absorption technique has been developed to analyze such concentration gradients. This involves the preparation of a thin section from a typical diffusion couple parallel to its axis. This is then scanned with a monochromatic X-ray beam and the transmitted X-rays are measured with a Gejger counter. The intensity of the transmitted beam is determined by the composition of the area in question and the absorption coefficients of the two elements.


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