Iron loss in FSPMM: 2D FEA-based comparative study between single and double-layer topologies

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asma Masmoudi ◽  
Ahmed Masmoudi
Keyword(s):  
Double Layer ◽  
Eddy Current ◽  
Permanent Magnets ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Iron Loss ◽  
Permanent Magnet Machines ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Constant Torque ◽  
Harmonic Content ◽  
Iron Losses

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to compare the study between two topologies of fractional-slot permanent-magnet machines such that: double-layer topology and single-layer one. The comparison considers the assessment of the iron loss in the laminated cores of the magnetic circuit as well as in the permanent magnets (PMs) for constant torque and flux weakening ranges. Design/methodology/approach – The investigation of the hysteresis and eddy-current loss has been carried out using 2D transient FEA models. Findings – It has been found that the stator iron losses are almost the same for both topologies. Whereas, the single-layer topology is penalized by higher iron loss especially the eddy-current ones taking place in the PMs. This is due to their denser harmonic content of the armature air gap MMF spatial repartition. Originality/value – The analysis of the iron loss maps in different parts of each machine including stator and rotor laminations as well as the PMs, in one hand, and the investigation of their variation with respect to the speed, in the other hand, represent the major contribution of this work.

Iron loss simulation using a local material model

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 1224-1234
Author(s):  
Benedikt Groschup ◽  
Silas Elfgen ◽  
Kay Hameyer
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Material Model ◽  
Edge Length ◽  
Iron Loss ◽  
Local Magnetization ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Local Loss ◽  
Cut Edge ◽  
Iron Losses ◽  
Local Material

Purpose The cutting process of the electric machine laminations causes residual mechanical stress in the soft magnetic material. A local magnetic deterioration can be observed and the resulting local and global iron losses increase. A continuous local material model for the consideration of the changing magnetization properties has been introduced in a previous work as well as an a priori assessment of iron losses. A local iron loss calculation considering both a local magnetization and local loss parameters misses yet. The purpose of this study is to introduce a local iron loss calculation model considering both a local magnetization and local loss parameters. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, an approach for local iron loss simulation is developed and a comparison to the cut-edge length-dependent loss model is given. The comparison includes local loss distribution in the lamination as well as the impact on the overall motor efficiency and vehicle range in an electric vehicle driving cycle. Findings For an analysis of the resulting local iron loss components, both the local magnetization and iron loss parameters must be considered using physically based models. Consistently, a local iron loss model is presented in the work. The developed model can be used to gain detailed information of the local loss distribution inside the machine. The comparability of this local iron loss with the cut-edge length approach for overall system characteristics, e.g. efficiency or driving range, is shown. Originality/value A local iron loss simulation approach is a physical accurate model to describe the influence of cutting techniques on electric machine characteristics. A comparison with the less complicated a priori assessment gives detailed information about the necessity of the local model under consideration of the given problem.

Investigation of magnet segmentation techniques for eddy current losses reduction in permanent magnets electrical machines

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belli Zoubida ◽  
Mohamed Rachid Mekideche
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Finite Elements ◽  
Eddy Current ◽  
Permanent Magnets ◽  
Skin Effect ◽  
Electrical Machines ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Finite Elements Analysis ◽  
Eddy Current Losses ◽  
Content Type

Purpose – Reducing eddy current losses in magnets of electrical machines can be obtained by means of several techniques. The magnet segmentation is the most popular one. It imposes the least restrictions on machine performances. This paper investigates the effectiveness of the magnet circumferential segmentation technique to reduce these undesirable losses. The full and partial magnet segmentation are both studied for a frequency range from few Hz to a dozen of kHz. To increase the efficiency of these techniques to reduce losses for any working frequency, an optimization strategy based on coupling of finite elements analysis and genetic algorithm is applied. The purpose of this paper is to define the parameters of the total and partial segmentation that can ensure the best reduction of eddy current losses. Design/methodology/approach – First, a model to analyze eddy current losses is presented. Second, the effectiveness of full and partial magnet circumferential segmentation to reduce eddy loss is studied for a range of frequencies from few Hz to a dozen of kHz. To achieve these purposes a 2-D finite element model is developed under MATLAB environment. In a third step of the work, an optimization process is applied to adjust the segmentation design parameters for best reduction of eddy current losses in case of surface mounted permanent magnets synchronous machine. Findings – In case of the skin effect operating, both full and partial magnet segmentations can lead to eddy current losses increases. Such deviations of magnet segmentation techniques can be avoided by an appropriate choice of their design parameters. Originality/value – Few works are dedicated to investigate partial magnet segmentation for eddy current losses reduction. This paper studied the effectiveness and behaviour of partial segmentation for different frequency ranges. To avoid eventual anomalies related to the skin effect an optimization process based on the association of the finite elements analysis to genetic algorithm method is adopted.

Characterization of rotor losses in permanent magnet machines

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 1215-1226
Author(s):  
Antomne Caunes ◽  
Noureddine Takorabet ◽  
Sisuda Chaithongsuk ◽  
Laurent Duranton
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Permanent Magnet ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Permanent Magnets ◽  
Eddy Currents ◽  
Computing Time ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Permanent Magnet Machines ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rotor Losses

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a synthesis of the analysis and modeling of the rotor losses in high speed permanent magnets motors. Design/methodology/approach Three types of losses are as a result of eddy currents in the conductive parts of the rotor. The analysis includes their characterization and the setup of a numerical model using finite element method. The adopted methodology is based on the separation of the losses which allows a better understanding of the physical phenomena. Each type of losses will be modeled and computed separately. Findings It is possible to make a precise estimate of the different losses in the rotor while keeping a relatively short computing time. Research limitations/implications The analysis is applied on a high-speed permanent magnet motor for avionic application. The model is validated with the commercial finite element model (FEM) software Flux2D. Originality/value The developed model allows an important save in terms of CPU-time compared to commercial FEM software while staying accurate. The separation of each losses and their sources is important for motor engineers and was requested for them to improve the designs more easily.

Simulation of iron losses in induction machines using an iron loss model for rotating magnetization loci in no electrical steel

2022 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Marco Nell ◽  
Benedikt Schauerte ◽  
Tim Brimmers ◽  
Kay Hameyer
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Flux Density ◽  
Core Loss ◽  
Induction Machine ◽  
Iron Loss ◽  
Magnetic Flux Density ◽  
Loss Model ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Iron Losses ◽  
Loss Models

Purpose Various iron loss models can be used for the simulation of electrical machines. In particular, the effect of rotating magnetic flux density at certain geometric locations in a machine is often neglected by conventional iron loss models. The purpose of this paper is to compare the adapted IEM loss model for rotational magnetization that is developed within the context of this work with other existing models in the framework of a finite element simulation of an exemplary induction machine. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, an adapted IEM loss model for rotational magnetization, developed within the context of the paper, is implemented in a finite element method simulation and used to calculate the iron losses of an exemplary induction machine. The resulting iron losses are compared with the iron losses simulated using three other already existing iron loss models that do not consider the effects of rotational flux densities. The used iron loss models are the modified Bertotti model, the IEM-5 parameter model and a dynamic core loss model. For the analysis, different operating points and different locations within the machine are examined, leading to the analysis of different shapes and amplitudes of the flux density curves. Findings The modified Bertotti model, the IEM-5 parameter model and the dynamic core loss model underestimate the hysteresis and excess losses in locations of rotational magnetizations and low-flux densities, while they overestimate the losses for rotational magnetization and high-flux densities. The error is reduced by the adapted IEM loss model for rotational magnetization. Furthermore, it is shown that the dynamic core loss model results in significant higher hysteresis losses for magnetizations with a high amount of harmonics. Originality/value The simulation results show that the adapted IEM loss model for rotational magnetization provides very similar results to existing iron loss models in the case of unidirectional magnetization. Furthermore, it is able to reproduce the effects of rotational flux densities on iron losses within a machine simulation.

Influence of end-effect on torque-speed characteristics of various switched flux permanent magnet machine topologies

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 525-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
M,M.J, Al-ani ◽  
Z.Q. Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Permanent Magnet ◽  
Permanent Magnets ◽  
End Effect ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Constant Torque ◽  
Rotor Pole ◽  
Lower Torque ◽  
Power Capability ◽  
Electromagnetic Performance ◽  
Flux Leakage

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate and compare the influence of end-effect on the torque-speed characteristics of three conventional switched flux permanent magnet (SFPM) machines having different stator/rotor pole combinations, i.e. 12/10, 12/13 and 12/14 as well as three novel topologies with less permanent magnets (PMs), i.e. multi-tooth, E-core and C-core. Design/methodology/approach – SFPM machines combine the advantages of simple and robust rotor and easy management of the temperature due to the location of the PMs and armature windings on the stator. However, due to spoke location of the PMs a large flux leakage in the end region, i.e. end-effect, can be observed which could result in a large reduction in the electromagnetic performance. Therefore, the influence of end-effect on the torque-speed characteristics is investigated. 3D-finite element analyses (FEA) results are compared with their 2D-FEA counterparts in order to account for the end-effect influence. Findings – It has been concluded that due to end flux leakage, lower torque capability in the constant torque region is observed in the six machines. However, improved flux-weakening capability in the conventional machines can be exhibited at high current levels, whereas due to the large inductance lower power capability in the multi-tooth, E-core and C-core machines is obtained. Research limitations/implications – The influence of temperature rise on the performance is not included. Originality/value – This paper has analysed the influence of end-effect on the torque-speed characteristics of several SFPM machines.

Design and implementation of fake two-piece fully formed process for blouse

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Biqin Zhan ◽  
Xian Huang ◽  
Chenyuan Cai ◽  
Honglian Cong
Keyword(s):  
Double Layer ◽  
Layer Structure ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Expansion Method ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Design System ◽  
Development Mode ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Double Layer Structure ◽  
Clothing Style

PurposeFully formed knitting technology is a cutting-edge technology in the design and production of knitted apparel. Using this technology and its supporting design system, a new development mode of fully formed knitted apparel with double-layer structure and fake two-piece knitwear is proposed.Design/methodology/approachBased on the upper body structure feature points of human body characteristics and single-layer knitted garment prototype, a double-layer structure knitted garment pattern was established by pattern expansion method. The model was introduced into SDS-APPEX3 design system for process design, including three aspects consists: the inner vest, the outer blouse and double-layer joint part, analysis of the process and forming principle. Weaving on four-needle bed computerized flat knitting machine of MACH-2XS, through the setting of the machine parameters. Finally, a full-shaped fake two-piece knitted blouse was formed.FindingsOn the basis of single-layer knitted garment pattern, a double-layer garment pattern is constructed, and the design and weaving are completed on the four-needle bed computerized knitting machine of MACH-2XS and its supporting SDS-APPEX3 design system through the fake two-piece double-layer garment style design. The double-layer joint model is an effective reference for the construction of this kind of fake two-piece fully formed knitted clothing.Originality/valueIn this paper, a design and knitting method of fully formed double-layer structure fake two-piece knitted garment is proposed. The integrated knitting of fully formed double-layer structure sweater is realized for the first time, which provides ideas for the development of fully formed double-layer structure knitted clothing style and enriches the fully formed clothing style.

Effect of mechanical stress on different iron loss components up to high frequencies and magnetic flux densities

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 580-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Karthaus ◽  
Simon Steentjes ◽  
Nora Leuning ◽  
Kay Hameyer
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Stress ◽  
Electrical Steel ◽  
Mechanical Stresses ◽  
Iron Loss ◽  
Content Type ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
Steel Sheets ◽  
Iron Losses ◽  
Loss Component ◽  
Electrical Steel Sheets

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the variation of the specific iron loss components of electrical steel sheets when applying a tensile mechanical load below the yield strength of the material. The results provide an insight into the iron loss behaviour of the laminated core of electrical machines which are exposed to mechanical stresses of diverse origins. Design/methodology/approach The specific iron losses of electrical steel sheets are measured using a standardised single-sheet tester equipped with a hydraulic pressure cylinder which enables application of a force to the specimen under test. Based on the measured data and a semi-physical description of specific iron losses, the stress-dependency of the iron loss components can be studied. Findings The results show a dependency of iron loss components on the applied mechanical stress. Especially for the non-linear loss component and high frequencies, a large variation is observed, while the excess loss component is not as sensitive to high mechanical stresses. Besides, it is shown that the stress-dependent iron loss prediction approximates the measured specific iron losses in an adequate way. Originality/value New applications such as high-speed traction drives in electric vehicles require a suitable design of the electrical machine. These applications require particular attention to the interaction between mechanical influences and magnetic behaviour of the machine. In this regard, knowledge about the relation between mechanical stress and magnetic properties of soft magnetic material is essential for an exact estimation of the machine’s behaviour.

The prediction of iron losses under PWM excitation using the classical Preisach model

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 1996-2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sajid Hussain ◽  
David Lowther
Keyword(s):  
Harmonic Component ◽  
Total Iron ◽  
Iron Loss ◽  
Magnetic Flux Density ◽  
Preisach Model ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Iron Losses ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Harmonic Components ◽  
Dynamic Inverse

Purpose The losses incurred in ferromagnetic materials under PWM excitations must be predicted accurately to optimize the design of modern electrical machines. The purpose of this paper is to employ mathematical hysteresis models (i.e. classical Preisach model) to predict iron losses in electrical steels under PWM excitation without compromising the computational complexity of the model. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, a novel approach based on the dynamic inverse Preisach model is proposed to model the iron losses. The PWM magnetic flux density waveform is decomposed into its harmonic component using Fourier series and a weighted Everett function is computed based on these harmonic components. The Preisach model is applied for the given flux waveform and results are validated against the measurements. Findings The paper predicts the total iron loss by computing a weighted Everett function based on the harmonics present in PWM waveform. Moreover, it formulates the possibility of utilizing the classical Preisach model to predict iron losses under PWM excitation. Research limitations/implications The approach is still limited in terms of its application at high frequencies. This work may eventually lead toward the accurate prediction of iron loss under PWM excitation in electromagnetic machine design. Practical implications The paper provides a simple approach applying the Preisach model for the prediction of iron losses under PWM excitation. The proposed approach does not require additional experimental data beyond B-H loops measured under sinusoidal excitation. Originality/value A novel approach is presented to incorporate the frequency dependence into a static inverse Preisach model. The approach extends the ability of the static Preisach model to compute total iron loss under PWM excitation using a weighted Everett function.

Adaptation and parametrization of an iron loss model for rotating magnetization loci in NO electrical steel

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedikt Schauerte ◽  
Martin Marco Nell ◽  
Tim Brimmers ◽  
Nora Leuning ◽  
Kay Hameyer
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Flux ◽  
Flux Density ◽  
Electrical Steel ◽  
Electrical Machines ◽  
Iron Loss ◽  
Magnetic Flux Density ◽  
Loss Model ◽  
Content Type ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Iron Losses

Purpose The magnetic characterization of electrical steel is typically examined by measurements under the condition of unidirectional sinusoidal flux density at different magnetization frequencies. A variety of iron loss models were developed and parametrized for these standardized unidirectional iron loss measurements. In the magnetic cross section of rotating electrical machines, the spatial magnetic flux density loci and with them the resulting iron losses vary significantly from these unidirectional cases. For a better recreation of the measured behavior extended iron loss models that consider the effects of rotational magnetization have to be developed and compared to the measured material behavior. The aim of this study is the adaptation, parametrization and validation of an iron loss model considering the spatial flux density loci is presented and validated with measurements of circular and elliptical magnetizations. Design/methodology/approach The proposed iron loss model allows the calculation and separation of the different iron loss components based on the measured iron loss for different spatial magnetization loci. The separation is performed in analogy to the conventional iron loss calculation approach designed for the recreation of the iron losses measured under unidirectional, one-dimensional measurements. The phenomenological behavior for rotating magnetization loci is considered by the formulation of the different iron loss components as a function of the maximum magnetic flux density Bm, axis ratio fAx, angle to the rolling direction (RD) θ and magnetization frequency f. Findings The proposed formulation for the calculation of rotating iron loss is able to recreate the complicated interdependencies between the different iron loss components and the respective spatial magnetic flux loci. The model can be easily implemented in the finite element analysis of rotating electrical machines, leading to good agreement between the theoretically expected behavior and the actual output of the iron loss calculation at different geometric locations in the magnetic cross section of rotating electrical machines. Originality/value Based on conventional one-dimensional iron loss separation approaches and previously performed extensions for rotational magnetization, the terms for the consideration of vectorial unidirectional, elliptical and circular flux density loci are adjusted and compared to the performed rotational measurement. The presented approach for the mathematical formulation of the iron loss model also allows the parametrization of the different iron loss components by unidirectional measurements performed in different directions to the RD on conventional one-dimensional measurement topologies such as the Epstein frames and single sheet testers.

Novel hybrid excited machine with flux barriers in rotor structure

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 1489-1499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Wardach ◽  
Ryszard Palka ◽  
Piotr Paplicki ◽  
Michal Bonislawski
Keyword(s):  
Permanent Magnet ◽  
Permanent Magnets ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Permanent Magnet Machines ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Flux Control ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Field Weakening ◽  
Rotor Structure

Purpose Permanent magnet (PM) electrical machines are becoming one of the most popular type of the machines used in electrical vehicle drive applications. The main drawback of permanent magnet machines, despite obvious advantages, is associated with the flux control capability, which is limited at high rotor speeds of the machine. This paper aims to present a new arrangement of permanent magnets and flux barriers in the rotor structure to improve the field weakening control of hybrid excited machines. The field weakening characteristics, back-emf waveforms and efficiency maps of this novel machine have been reported. Design/methodology/approach In the study, finite element analysis was used to perform simulation research. Then, based on the simulation studies, an experimental model was built. The paper also presents selected experimental results. Findings Obtained results show that the proposed machine topology and novel control strategy can offer an effective flux control method allowing to extend the maximal rotational speed of the machine at constant power range. Practical implications The proposed solution can be used in electric vehicles drive to extend its torque and speed range. Originality/value The paper presents original design and results of research on a new solution of a hybrid excited machine with magnetic barriers in a rotor.

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