How do government regulations and policies respond to the growing online-enabled transportation service (OETS) in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Taiwan?

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dyah Mutiarin ◽  
Achmad Nurmandi ◽  
Hazel Jovita ◽  
Mukti Fajar ◽  
Yao-Nan Lien
Keyword(s):  
Sharing Economy ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
High Income ◽  
Income Country ◽  
High Income Country ◽  
Government Regulations ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
Transportation Service

Purpose This paper aims to explore the dynamic context of the sharing economy in the transportation sector. This paper looks into the development of government regulations on the growing business of transportation network companies in Indonesia, the Philippines (represented as middle-income countries) and Taiwan (high-income country). How do government regulations and policies respond to the growing online-enabled transportation service (OETS) in Indonesia, the Philippines and Taiwan? Design/methodology/approach This study is qualitative-comparative research. Data on the transportation sector of each country have been gathered from reputable online sources. Findings Authors found evidence that the policy responses made by the Governments of Indonesia, Philippines and Taiwan to the sharing economy in the transportation sector are incremental and trial-error based policies. Research limitations This paper has not addressed the policy issues’ relationship between driver and platform companies. Practical implications The future of the relationship between sharing firms and local governments suggests that the focus should be on stronger consumer protections, deeper economic redistribution and achievement of other policy aims (Rauch and Schleicher, 2015). Originality/value This is a comparative study on different levels of economy, particularly between low- or middle-income and high-income country.

scholarly journals Evolution of catastrophic health expenditure in a high income country: incidence versus inequalities

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlota Quintal
Keyword(s):  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Catastrophic Health Expenditure ◽  
High Income ◽  
Income Country ◽  
High Income Country ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Financial Protection ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Catastrophic Payments

Abstract Background Catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) is well established as an indicator of financial protection on which there is extensive literature. However, most works analyse mainly low to middle income countries and do not address the different distributional dimensions of CHE. We argue that, besides incidence, the latter are crucial to better grasp the scope and nature of financial protection problems. Our objectives are therefore to analyse the evolution of CHE in a high income country, considering both its incidence and distribution. Methods Data are taken from the last three waves of the Portuguese Household Budget Survey conducted in 2005/2006, 2010/2011 and 2015/2016. To identify CHE, the approach adopted is capacity to pay/normative food spending, at the 40% threshold. To analyse distribution, concentration curves and indices (CI) are used and adjusted odds ratios are calculated. Results The incidence of CHE was 2.57, 1.79 and 0.46%, in 2005, 2010 and 2015, respectively. CHE became highly concentrated among the poorest (the respective CI evolved from − 0.390 in 2005 to − 0.758 in 2015) and among families with elderly people (the absolute CI evolved from 0.520 in 2005 to 0.740 in 2015). Absolute CI in geographical context also increased over time (0.354 in 2015, 0.019 in 2005). Medicines represented by far the largest share of catastrophic payments, although, in this case concentration decreased (the median share of medicines diminished from 93 to 43% over the period analysed). Contrarily, the weight of expenses incurred with consultation fees has been growing (even for General Practitioners, despite the NHS coverage of primary care). Conclusions The incidence of CHE and inequality in its distribution might progress in the same direction or not, but most importantly policy makers should pay attention to the distributional dimensions of CHE as these might provide useful insight to target households at risk. Greater concentration of CHE can actually be regarded as an opportunity for policy making, because interventions to tackle CHE become more confined. Monitoring the distribution of payments across services can also contribute to early detection of emerging (and even, unexpected) drivers of catastrophic payments.

The value of food resources

2015 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 431-442
Author(s):  
Wenbiao Wu
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Food Resources ◽  
High Income ◽  
Income Country ◽  
High Income Country ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Real Value

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to help understanding the value of food resources (FRs). This may raise global awareness on their importance in macro- and micro-economics. Design/methodology/approach – The relationship of FRs with human life was analyzed through literature review to illustrate their real value. Association of FRs production with the probability of becoming a high income country was estimated by analyzing the relevant data published by FAOSTAT, World Bank and United Nations to illustrate their value in macro-economy. Analyzing the interrelationship of prices with their attributes through literature review and the correlation of the relevant data published by FAOSTAT and OECD was undertaken to create a mathematical model for pricing FRs. Findings – The real value of FRs is unaccountable, which makes their economic value (price) be not always determined on market. Increase in the probability of becoming a high income country with increase in FRs production indicates that their shortage may bottleneck macro-economic development. A mathematical model has been created for estimating the economic value of FRs. Practical implications – These findings are applicable for managing (or administrating), pricing or evaluating FRs, analyzing their economic status, developing business and predicting tendency in micro-economy. They are also vital for managing or developing macro-economy. The findings should be useful for farmers, food companies, governmental agents, individuals, etc. Originality/value – This is the first to report these findings. This is a significant progress in FRs research and valuable for education.

scholarly journals Global kidney chains

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (36) ◽  
pp. e2106652118
Author(s):  
Afshin Nikzad ◽  
Mohammad Akbarpour ◽  
Michael A. Rees ◽  
Alvin E. Roth
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Kidney Failure ◽  
Middle Income Country ◽  
High Income ◽  
Income Country ◽  
High Income Country ◽  
Financial Barriers ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Kidney Exchange ◽  
Middle Income Countries

Kidney failure is a worldwide scourge, made more lethal by the shortage of transplants. We propose a way to organize kidney exchange chains internationally between middle-income countries with financial barriers to transplantation and high-income countries with many hard to match patients and patient–donor pairs facing lengthy dialysis. The proposal involves chains of exchange that begin in the middle-income country and end in the high-income country. We also propose a way of financing such chains using savings to US health care payers.

Training low–middle-income (LMIC) pediatric surgeons in a high-income country (HIC) program

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Baird ◽  
Phyllis Kisa ◽  
Arlene Muzira ◽  
Anne S. Wesonga ◽  
John Sekabira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Income ◽  
Income Country ◽  
High Income Country ◽  
Middle Income

Breast Cancer in South East Asia: Comparison of Presentation and Outcome Between a Middle Income and a High Income Country

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 2838-2846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nakul Saxena ◽  
Mikael Hartman ◽  
Nirmala Bhoo-Pathy ◽  
Jennifer N. W. Lim ◽  
Tar-Ching Aw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
East Asia ◽  
High Income ◽  
Income Country ◽  
High Income Country ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Middle Income

scholarly journals Contributions to the American Society of Hematology Meeting From Low- and Middle-Income Countries: An In-Depth Analysis and Call to Action

2021 ◽  
pp. 622-631
Author(s):  
Andrés Gómez-De León ◽  
Perla R. Colunga-Pedraza ◽  
Luz Tarín-Arzaga ◽  
Emmanuel Bugarín-Estrada ◽  
Lilian Sung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
High Income ◽  
Income Country ◽  
High Income Country ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
American Society ◽  
Low And Middle Income

PURPOSE: Establishing research capacity in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is key for improving the outcomes of patients with hematologic diseases globally. Few studies have analyzed the contributions of LMICs to global hematology. The American Society of Hematology Meeting (ASH) is the largest international academic event where peer-reviewed contributions in our field are presented. METHODS: In this cross-sectional analysis, all abstracts accepted to ASH 2018 selected for a poster or oral presentation were reviewed. Those that had a contributing author from an LMIC were identified. The proportion of LMIC abstracts across categories was analyzed. Country of origin, high-income country participation, the presence of a conflict of interest (COI), and sponsorship were determined. RESULTS: From 4,871 abstracts reviewed, 506 had a contributing author from an LMIC (10.4%), with 277 (54.7%) contributions in partnership with a high-income country. LMIC-independent contributions corresponded to 19 of 1,026 oral abstracts (1.9%) and 209 of 3,845 posters (5.4%). Most abstracts from LMICs were clinical (n = 311; 61.5%) and multicentric in nature (n = 353; 69.8%). COI statements with the pharmaceutical industry were common (n = 214; 42.3%). Collaboration between LMICs was infrequent (n = 33; 6.5%). Upper-middle–income countries had 466 participations (81.5%), in comparison with 96 (16.8%) in low-middle–income and 10 (1.7%) in low-income countries. CONCLUSION: LMICs were responsible for a small fraction of abstracts at ASH18; low-income countries were practically absent. Almost half of accepted works represented a form of international collaboration, with clinical, multicenter studies predominating and COI disclosures a frequent and unexpected feature, reflecting the instrumental nature of LMIC participation and a lack of independent, robust, locally developed hematology research.

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